PUENTES DE ARMADURA

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FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA

PROGRAMA ACADÉMICO PROFESIONAL

DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL AMBIENTAL

ESTATICA

INFORME

TEMA:
PUENTES DE ARMADURA

INTEGRANTES:

PORTAL MIDEROS, César Augusto

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DEDICATORIA......................................................................................................................................
AGRADECIMIENTO .............................................................................................................................
CAPÍTULO 1. DISEÑO DE PUENTES........................................................................................
Introduccion..............................................................................................................................1
Estudios preliminares............................................................................................................... 3
Estudios Topográficos........................................................................................................3
Hidrología e Hidráulica.......................................................................................................4
Estudios de Geología.........................................................................................................6
Ensayos de Campo y Laboratorio........................................................................................ 8
Resistencia Sísmica...........................................................................................................10
Impacto Ambiental.......................................................................................................... 12
Estudio de trafico.............................................................................................................15
Estudio de trazo y diseño vial de accesos...........................................................15
CAPÍTULO 2. TIPOS Y ANALISIS DE PUENTES......................................................................
Clasificación.......................................................................................................................... 20
Tipos de Armaduras................................................................................................................ 27
Métodos de Análisis..............................................................................................................34
CAPÍTULO 3. EQUILIBRIO EN LOS PUENTES .......................................................................
Fuerzas que actúan sobre un puente.......................................................................................37
Cargas Permanentes................................................................................................................37
Cargas Variables....................................................................................................................38
Fuerza Longitudinales............................................................................................................38
Cargas de Viento.................................................................................................................... 39
Fuerzas Centrífugas...............................................................................................................39
Presión de la Corriente.......................................................................................................... 39
Fuerzas de origen Sísmico.................................................................................................... 39
Fuerza de tracción.................................................................................................................40
Fuerza de compresión........................................................................................................... 41
Fuerza gravitatoria..................................................................................................42
Fuerza cortante......................................................................................................43
BIBLIOGRAFIA........................................................................................................44
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DEDICATORIA

A nuestros padres que siempre están ahí

Apoyándonos y preocupándose por nuestra

formación
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AGRADECIMIENTO

A nuestros profesores que incentivan la investigación temprana

con respecto a nuestra carrera y a todas las personas que hicieron esto posible
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CAPITULO 1: DISEÑO DE PUENTES

I. INTRODUCCION

Los puentes son probablemente de las estructuras más antiguas de las que se tiene
noticia. Tienen como finalidad el salvar un obstáculo, tal como un valle, río o
carretera, con el fin de comunicar dos puntos, permitiendo el paso de personas,
vehículos o trenes. La principal función de un puente, es la de unir dos puntos
alejados, con un margen adecuado de seguridad, por medio de una serie de elementos
estructurales que pueden ser de diversos materiales, tales como: madera, piedra,
ladrillo, concreto simple, concreto reforzado, acero estructural o mixtos.

La estructura de un puente está

formada por la súper-estructura, la
sub-estructura y la infra-estructura. La
súper-estructura está constituida por
un sistema de piso y por elementos
estructurales necesarios para resistir
las distintas cargas a las que se
encontrará sujeta la estructura. La
sub- estructura o cimentación consta
de una serie de pilas que a manera de
columnas, se desplantan a un nivel de
terreno capaz de desarrollar las
reacciones supuestas en el proyecto.
En algunos casos los apoyos extremos
además de transmitir fuerzas
verticales, tendrán que diseñarse
como muros de retención.

La infra-estructura es la transmite las cargas de la cimentación a los estratos de suelo

resistentes, por lo que se encuentra por debajo de la cimentación, y está constituida
por pilotes, cajones de cimentación, por citar algunas.

Los puentes pueden clasificarse de diversas maneras, como son:

 Por su uso: para caminos, ferrocarriles, peatonales, canales, tuberías, mixtos

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 Por la posición relativa del piso con respecto a los elementos principales de
soporte: de paso superior, de paso inferior de, paso a través.

PARTES DE UN PUENTE

 Subestructura

La subestructura sirve de apoyo a la superestructura, está conformada por la

cimentación, los estribos y las pilas.

 Cimentación

Encargada de transmitir al suelo de fundación las cargas propias de la subestructura,

de la superestructura y de las cargas que operan sobre el puente esta puede ser
superficial o profunda, superficial como zapatas de concreto reforzado o profundas
como Caisson o pilotes de concreto reforzado ya sea hincados (pilotes).

 Estribos

Son las estructuras ubicadas en los extremos de los puentes (accesos) y soportan la
superestructura, además sirven para contención de los terraplenes.

 Superestructura

Es la parte del puente que recibe directamente la carga viva. Su posición relativa con
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respecto a la subestructura es variable, pudiendo ser superior intermedia o inferior.

II. ESTUDIOS PRELIMINARES

Los estudios preliminares son todos aquellos que sirven para obtener los datos
necesarios para la elaboración de los anteproyectos y proyecto de un puente Los
estudios que pueden ser necesarios dependiendo de la magnitud y complejidad de la
obra son:

➢ Estudios topográficos
➢ Estudios Hidrológicos e Hidráulicos
➢ Estudios Geológicos y Geotécnicos
➢ Ensayos de Campo y Laboratorio
➢ Estudios de Riesgo sísmico
➢ Estudios de Impacto Ambiental
➢ Estudios de trafico
➢ Estudios de Trazo y Diseño Vial de accesos

1) ESTUDIOS TOPOGRÁFICOS
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d) Proporcionar información de base para los estudios de hidrología e hidráulica,

geología, geotecnia, así como la ecología y sus efectos en el medio ambiente.

Los estudios topográficos deberán comprender como mínimo lo siguiente:

✓ Levantamiento topográfico general de la zona del proyecto, documentado en

planos a escala entre 1:500 y 1:2000 con curvas de nivel a intervalos de 1m y
comprendiendo por lo menos 100 m a cada lado del puente en dirección
longitudinal (correspondiente al eje de la carretera) y en dirección transversal
(la del río u otro obstáculo a ser transpuesto).
✓ Definición de la topografía de la zona de ubicación del puente y sus accesos,
con planos a escala entre 1/100 y 1/250 considerando curvas de nivel a
intervalos no mayores que 1 m y con secciones verticales tanto en dirección
longitudinal como en dirección transversal. Los planos deberán indicar los
accesos del puente, así como autopistas, caminos, vías férreas y otras posibles
referencias. Deberán indicarse igualmente con claridad la vegetación existente.
✓ En el caso de puentes sobre cursos de agua deberá hacerse un levantamiento
detallado del fondo. Será necesario indicar en planos la dirección del curso del
agua y los límites aproximados de la zona inundable en las condiciones de
aguas máximas y mínimas, así como los observados en eventos de carácter
excepcional. Cuando las circunstancias lo ameriten, deberán indicarse los
meandros del río. Levantamiento catastral de las zonas aledañas del puente,
cuando existan edificaciones u otras obras que interfieran con el puente o sus
accesos o bien que requieran ser expropiadas.

2) ESTUDIOS HIDROLÓGICOS E HIDRÁULICOS

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Los objetivos de estos estudios son establecer las características hidrológicas de los
regímenes de avenidas máximas y extraordinarias y los factores hidráulicos que
conllevan a una real apreciación del comportamiento hidráulico del río que permiten
definir los requisitos mínimos del puente y su ubicación optima en función de los
niveles de seguridad o riesgos permitidos o aceptables para las características
particulares de la estructura.
Los estudios de hidrología e hidráulica para el diseño de puentes deben permitir
establecer lo siguiente:

• Ubicación optima del cruce.

• Caudal máximo de diseño hasta la ubicación del cruce.
• Comportamiento hidráulico del rio en el tramo que comprende el cruce.
• Área de flujo a ser confinada por el puente.
• Nivel máximo de aguas (NMA) en la ubicación del puente.
• Nivel mínimo recomendable para el tablero del puente.
• Profundidades de socavación general, por contracción y local
• Profundidad mínima recomendable para la ubicación de la cimentación según
su tipo.
• Obras de protección necesarias.

Los estudios hidrológicos e hidráulicos deben comprender lo siguiente:

• Evaluación de estudios similares realizados en la zona de ubicación del

puente; en el caso de un reemplazo de un puente colapsado es conveniente
utilizar los parámetros de diseño anteriores.
• Visita de campo; reconocimiento del lugar tanto en la zona de cruce como de
la cuenca global.
Recolección y análisis de información hidrométrica y meteorológica existente.
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• Determinación de las características hidráulicas del flujo.

• Determinación de las profundidades de socavación general por contracción
total y local.
• Recomendaciones de protección y/o consideraciones de diseño adicionales.
• Los puentes ubicados en el cruce con un curso de agua deben ser diseñados de
modo que las alteraciones y obstáculos que estos representen ante este curso
de agua sean previstos y puedan ser admitidos en el desempeño de la
estructura a lo largo de su vida útil o se tomen medidas preventivas. Para esto
deben establecerse las características hidrogeodinàmicas del sistema fluvial
con el objeto de determinar la estabilidad de la obra respecto al
comportamiento del cauce.

3) ESTUDIOS GEOLÓGICOS

Los objetivos de los estudios geológicos son establecer las características geológicas,
tanto local como general de las diferentes formaciones geológicas que se encuentran
identificando tanto su distribución como sus características geotécnicas
correspondientes.

El programa de estudios deberá considerar exploraciones de campo, cuya cantidad

será determinada con base a la envergadura del proyecto.

Los estudios geológicos comprenderán:

• Descripción Geomorfológico.
• Zonificación geológica de la zona.
• Identificación y características de fallas geológicas.
• Definición de zonas de deslizamientos, huaycos y aluviones sucedidos en el
pasado y de potencial ocurrencia en el futuro.
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El estudio debe considerar exploraciones de campo y ensayos de laboratorio, cuya

cantidad será determinada con base a la envergadura del proyecto en términos de su
longitud y las condiciones del suelo. Los estudios deberán comprender la zona de
ubicación del puente, estribos, pilares y accesos

Los estudios geotécnicos deberán comprender lo siguiente:

• Ensayos de campo en suelos y/o rocas

• Ensayos de laboratorio en muestras de suelo y/o roca extraídas en la zona
• Descripción de las condiciones del suelo, estratigrafía e identificación de los
estratos de suelo o base rocosa
• Definición de tipos y profundidades de cimentación adecuada, así como
parámetros geotécnicos preliminares para el diseño del puente al nivel de
anteproyecto
• Presentación de los resultados y recomendaciones sobre especificaciones
constructivas y obras de protección.

Sondajes

La cantidad y profundidad de sondajes deberá tomar en cuenta la magnitud y

complejidad del proyecto. En el caso de puentes de hasta 100 metros, se preverá
como mínimo un sondaje de exploración por cada componente, sea éste estribo,
zapata, pilar,
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Ensayos en Suelos:

• Ensayo de Penetración Estándar

(SPT).
• Ensayo de Cono Estático (CPT).
• Ensayo de Veleta de Campo.
• Ensayo de Presurometría.
• Ensayo de Placa Estático.
• Ensayo de Permeabilidad.
• Ensayo de Refracción Sísmica.

 Análisis En Los Suelos

• Capacidad de Soporte: Determinar la capacidad de soporte de los suelos

mediante martillo de impacto.

• Percolación: Pruebas de percolación en suelos, necesarias para el tratamiento

de las aguas servidas con el fin de minimizar el riesgo de contaminación e
impacto
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• Proctor: Determinar la densidad del material, se utiliza el Proctor Estándar

para suelos arcillosos y el Proctor Modificado para materiales con grava.
• Densidad en Sitio: Obtención de la relación densidad-humedad para un
esfuerzo de compactación dado sobre un suelo particular, Determinando la
densidad del suelo en el terreno.
• Contenido de Humedad: Determinar la cantidad de agua presente en una
cantidad dada de suelo en términos de su peso en seco.
• Clasificación de suelos con límites: Determinar su clasificación en suelos de
grano fino o suelo de grano grueso, utilizando los límites de Atterberg (por lo
menos los límites líquido y plástico) con un análisis parcial o total de
granulometría, y el proceso de eliminación para su clasificación.

Ensayos En Rocas

• Ensayo de Compresión Uniaxial en Roca

débil.

• Determinación de la Resistencia al Corte

Directo, en discontinuidades de roca.

• Ensayo de Carga en Placa Flexible.

• Ensayo de Carga en Placa Rígida.

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• Ensayo de compresión no-confinada.

• Ensayo triaxial no consolidado - no drenado.
• Ensayo triaxial consolidado - no drenado.
• Ensayo de consolidación.
• Ensayo de permeabilidad.
• Ensayo Proctor Modificado y CBR.

Ensayos en rocas:

• Determinación del módulo elástico.

• Ensayo de compresión triaxial.
• Ensayo de compresión no confinada.
• Ensayo de resistencia a la rotura

ESTUDIOS DE RIESGO SÍSMICO

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Requerimientos De Los Estudios

El alcance de los estudios de riesgo sísmico

dependerá de:

• La zona sísmica donde se ubica

el puente.
• El tipo de puente y su longitud
y altura.
• Las características del suelo.

VARIABLES A CONSIDERAR EN LA EVALUACIÓN DE LA

VULNERABILIDAD SÍSMICA DE PUENTES

Por lo comentado anteriormente se puede resumir que las variables que afectan la
respuesta sísmica de los puentes y que por consiguiente da una idea de su grado de
vulnerabilidad, poniendo énfasis en que la falla de las columnas repercute en el
desempeño global de la estructura, son las siguientes:

• Tipo de sistemas de apoyo: estribos y columnas.

• Forma y dimensiones de la sección transversal de los elementos de apoyo.

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El estudio de impacto ambiental es un instrumento

importante para la evaluación del impacto ambiental de
un proyecto. Es un estudio técnico, que se realiza para
predecir los impactos ambientales que pueden derivarse
de la ejecución de un proyecto, actividad o decisión
política permitiendo la toma de decisiones sobre la
viabilidad ambiental del mismo. Constituye el
documento básico para el proceso de Evaluación del
Impacto Ambiental.

La redacción y firma del estudio de impacto ambiental es tarea de un equipo

multidisciplinario compuesto por especialistas en la interpretación del proyecto y en
los factores ambientales más relevantes para ese proyecto concreto (por ejemplo
atmósfera, agua, suelos, vegetación, fauna, recursos culturales, etc.) que normalmente
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Específicos

• Identificar y evaluar los impactos ambientales que la obra podría ocasionar en el

medio ambiente, así como los que el entorno ambiental podría ocasionar sobre la
obra.

• Establecer las condiciones ambientales de la zona de estudio.

• Proponer medidas para mitigar el deterioro del entorno ambiental como consecuencia
de las obras de mantenimiento periódico.

• Identificar y evaluar, desde el punto de vista ambiental, la ubicación de campamentos,

canteras, planta de asfalto y botaderos que permitan mitigar con mayor precisión
los impactos generados por las obras del proyecto en el entorno ambiental.
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Información a las comunidades y a las autoridades sobre los impactos ambientales

En esta etapa hay que sintetizar los impactos para presentarlos al público que será
afectado por los impactos ambientales detectados; y a las autoridades políticas con
poder de decisión. La presentación deberá ser lo suficientemente objetiva para
mostrar las ventajas y desventajas que conlleva la ejecución del proyecto.

Plan de Monitoreo o Control Ambiental

Fundamentalmente en esta etapa se debe tener en cuenta las propuestas de las

medidas de mitigación y de compensación, en función de los problemas detectados en
los pasos previos considerados en el Estudio; asimismo, la supervisión ambiental
sustentada en normas legales y técnicas para el cumplimiento estricto de las
recomendaciones.

Información mínima que requieren los estudios de Impacto Ambiental en Puentes

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El estudio de tráfico vehicular tiene por objeto, cuantificar, clasificar y conocer el

volumen de los vehículos que se movilizan por la carretera, elemento
indispensable para la determinación de las características de diseño del Pavimento en
la carretera, así como para la evaluación económica del proyecto.

 METODOLOGIA

El tráfico se define como el desplazamiento de bienes y/o personas en los medios de

transporte; mientras que el tránsito viene a ser el flujo de vehículos que circulan por
la carretera, pero que usualmente se denomina tráfico vehicular. En el desarrollo del
Estudio de Tráfico, se contemplan:

• Recopilación de la información.
• Conteo de tráfico.
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Determinación de las características geométricas y dimensiones técnicas del

pavimento de los accesos, incluyendo la parte asfáltica, base y sub-base.

 Diseño de Señalización

Ubicación de cada tipo de señal con su croquis especifico.

LOCALIZACION

Hay tres consideraciones para tomar en cuenta:

✓ El sitio del puente debe ofrecer apropiadas alineaciones verticales

y horizontales.

✓ Sus suelos deben ser lo suficientemente fuertes para asegurar la estabilidad de

la estructura.
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➢ Condiciones locales

➢ Restricciones de fundación
➢ La decisión también debería basarse en comparaciones tales:
➢ Comportamiento estructural

➢ Aspectos económicos

➢ Estética
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• Sobre vías férreas: mínimo 5,50 metros. Se debe solicitar aprobación del MTC.

• Sobre ríos navegables: se debe hacer la consulta al MTC.

e) Sección transversal: en toda la longitud del puente se mantendrá la sección

transversal típica del ramo de la carretera en el cual se encuentra el puente.
Dicha sección debe comprender las bermas, aunque la norma permite algunas
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colgantes y atirantados, entre otras razones porque sus procedimientos de

construcción son más fáciles de llevar a cabo y requieren menos
medios, que otras. Ambos problemas, saber cómo va a ser el puente y
saber cómo se va a hacer, no se pueden separar, sino que en el momento de hacer
un proyecto se deberán tener en cuenta simultáneamente. La importancia del proceso
de construcción es tan grande y está tan presente en el ingeniero que, como hemos
visto, muchos tipos de puentes se conocen por su procedimiento de construcción.
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➢ Puentes de acueductos.

POR SU CONDICIÓN DE OPERACIÓN Y ESFUERSO:

➢ De viga simple
➢ En ménsula
➢ Colgantes.
➢ Atirantados.
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PUENTE DE ARCO

Están formados fundamentalmente por elementos horizontales que se apoyan en sus

extremos sobre soportes o pilares. Mientras que la fuerza que se transmite a través de
los pilares es vertical y hacia abajo y, por lo tanto, éstos se ven sometidos a esfuerzos
de compresión, las vigas o elementos horizontales tienden a flexionarse
como
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Consisten en varios de estos órganos, que, colocados paralelamente unos a otros con
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superior de las mismas, en el área situada sobre los soportes, pues allí es donde se
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Las torres han sido siempre los elementos más difíciles de proyectar de los puentes
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Un puente de arco es un puente con apoyos a los extremos de la luz, entre los cuales
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