ion (2022) 612018 ‘Content ists available at ScienceDirect, Heliyon journal homepage: www. cell.comiheliyan The effect of reinforcement ratio on the flexural performance of alkali-activated fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beam le Kefiyalew Zerfu"*’, Januarti Jaya Ekaputri” Degree of Ct paring, ma It of Tey, na rey pa * Dyprme of Gl Bape, Bat ToDo! Suh Neponbey Sab GOTT on come enw! peroance “kat eiveed fly ath (AFA) based peopaimner concrete Rrucae fs geting mention de vo Rr ec-redly ‘nonlinear ractre behavior. This paper sms to presen he enforcement ati elct o he lex perfomance ‘od no linear fracture character of ltl sctivated fy ath bated peopalynercnerete bea. Sixteen Bite lement (FE) and four experimental modes were wed Io sd the elles ofreiforement toon the Mexia ‘Compressive strength of 19.90 MPa, 3260 MPa, 38:20 MPa, and 41.70 Ma were willed der thi sudy. TO Investigate the eet af enforcement aio ot fleur performance of the beams, relalercement ratios of 0.03, (0.02, 0.045, an 0.053 were used foreach compressive strength clas The result showed thatthe ulimat ood carving expat ofthe beam showed signin! improvement by about 368% by inreasig of ceinforcement ‘ato fom 0.03 0.063 by beeping the compressive strength of canerete constant However, twas observed tht the effec ofcompresive strength was not uch substan a vlaforcement rato eabancing the late load ‘earageapaly. Th experlaiena esl showed tha the Increase a uldaate led by hepa the laorcerent satlocoastant[ about 12.20% for diferent compressive suength. Furthermore, the eck formation In the ‘concrete was bighlyesolaed with the tens reinforcement ro, Le, xallerreaforcement ati Ted to higher Strain grovith inthe cocrete Moreover, the validation study etween the numeral simulation and west resus Showed a good agreement 1. Introduetion ‘momentum a alternative materal due ois environmental benefits and an improved properties in hazardous environment and mechanical loads Sustainable and ecostienly construction materials have a substantial role inthe mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions to the environment. ‘An exponential urbanization and infrastructure development have ‘rented a vital need for a sustainable construction material with lower carbon dioxide (CO;) emision [1,2]. Researches confirmed that theres lout one kilogram of carbon dioxide emission per ane kilogram pro duction of Ordinary Portland Cement (PC) [3 é 5, 6] Thus, the con struction industry Is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. As 3 result, an innovative and eco-friendly cementitious material Is required as alternative binder material in the constuction industry. Currently, alkali-acivated fly ash (AAFA) based geopolymer eonerete is geting * Gonesponding author. + comerponding stor (7, 8h Alkal-ativated geopolymer concrete is concrete derived from ‘the reaction of an alkali solution with @ pozzolanie binder materials ‘Which have an adequate alumina and silica content dominant mazerials (9, 101 Previous studies reported that gcopolymer concrete resulted an {improved hardened engineering and physical properties as compared ‘0 (Ordinary Portiand Cement eonerete (11, 12,13, 14 Several studies were conducted on the engineering properties of, alkali setivated fly ash geopolymer concrete. According, to previous researches, the mechanical propertes of geopolymer conerete such as compressive strength and tensile stength is higher than as compared tthe OPC concrete [15, 16, 17, 18,19, 20, 21]. Is also found that Beal address lsiyslewzi@ailcom (Taf, onsets seid (0. Flap) -nupsy//doiorg/10.1016/nlyon 2022.012015 Received 26 January 202% Received in revised form 7 May 2022 Acepted 23 November 2022 2405-8440/0 2022 Te Author), Published by Elsevier Lt. This san open acces ale under he CC BY-NCND lense (np /ersativecommons orgies nend/407-Zo J har ‘the geopolymer concrete has superior flexural strength under the static loading [22]. On the other hand, the elastic modulus of geo polymer conerete is lower than conventional cement-based concrete [25, 24, 25]. However, the utilization of steel fiber enhances the clastic modulus of geopolymer concrete [25], Furthermore, ic has been reported that the comparative study for the bond strength of geo polymer concrete shows higher bond strength than OPC conerete for an equivalent compressive strength of concrete (26, 27]. This s due to the higher splitting tensile strength of geopolymer conerete than that Ordinary Portland Cement cancrete ofthe same compressive strength, ‘According to Abdulrahman etal. [25], the bond strength between the interface of reinforcing ber and the concrete matrix depends highly on ‘the spliting tensile strength than € the compresive strength of con ‘rete, Mahdi et a. [11] reported that goopolymer conerete depleted an Improved bond strength the OPC eonerete form an investigation of the effet of fy ash replacement level on the boad strength of reinforcing steel, Previous also indicated thatthe utilization of different such a8 alas, stel, polyethylene, and poly vinyl aleohol fibers showed an improved mechanical behavior of geopolymer concrete es compared to OPC conerete (29, 39, 81) ‘The flexural performance of reinforced concrete structures depends ‘on several factor such as concrete strength, cose-sectional parameters, reinforcement ratio, fiber content, shear span, water to cement ratio, aggregate types, curing and environmental conditions and related fc. tors. However, the effect of each factor as itsown degree of contribution that ranges from minor to sigifieant outcome on the strength of con ‘rete. For instance, a research work conducted by Du etal. (32) and Wu ct al. (95 shows thatthe beam depth and reinforcement ratio have significant effect on flexural performance of geopolymer concrete beam. Recently, the uilization of fiber in geopolymer concrete is becoming a ‘best choice to enhance the sructural performance. According to previous researches, the flexural performance of fiber reinforced geopolymer Concrete beams proven a superior performance s= compared to spec mens with 2ero fiber content, especially the ductility characteristics of _eopolymer concrete members [34% 35, 36,97, 38) ‘An adequate ductility in reinforced coserete structure Is very Important to avoid brittle flue of the structure by ensuring acceptable ‘curvature atthe ultimate limit state. Usually the ductility behavior of ‘materials described as the capacity ofthe material to undergo sufficient plastic deformation without a significant lssin its load- meses Fropeter nd ca ssi fa Enon Hg 24 (2020) Sob090- tn Eta brn Pay ow cand (ani 7-30. ety 8 (022) 12015, 100]. Pag, WX: Ho, W. Tu M. Pang Westy and mechani pope of sabato saa eet cae at apt, mas 101) Aruna, et fy nt eplscemen lle he bod seth ‘tocng la conete beams, 1. la 408.8 (015) 745-751 {a2} Ce $A Beal J Prov San 1G. Be, AR Riel, and SSL. Vis Deven, isn oy ato he ate a ede perso ascites ats sd ents, Cooter Bul. ter 49 (2013) las) 5A eral & ej, D. Cutie AL Pade, 3 Prov ED. Rogue, 5: Dasa, Cet ani Concece Reser of nt cote on the Peermue of alert sg eon, Cot Conc Res #2 (2011) 8 {04} cinder, Wonaity wd Seth of couse high ea yh feopayme, Cet ces. Cos 29 (2007 228-2, 15) RSet. Baves K Nespoe B.Ciner, FSi, Machanl Ppee ‘eaple Canc Applesby Reiss Dee by AS 300, Gon tna nae Cont 043 (06) Mich ets of ose of lace soaton an cing onan onthe Properiee nd durabty ofaaaend sg cones, Conte Mae (07) Na tan, A Sl, YN, Had seg fencing popenie of alan igh strength Oy ash bed geoplynee ad alate sag ‘once compe oodiaty Poland carat conse, Conc il Mat 16 cans) tots 100) ang, Wang. JG, . ng, Proper of oh an are fp ting bse opie cease ose 1 Cea. M27 (2020, 109] EX. Olay, rgd, Sah, Mechanical popes faa cet ym ain ed geoamer cance, Comers batt Mate 9 (2013) (ao) A Eannaeeh, MX Sara, Mechanica micrantha 1% seoplmer pss mrtar sod cnce enum oe wie ne ‘Sat by edu cron Jag C20), 107, (at) Aman A Abas Si Ch foe eran Aneed Nai Lng se ner of epatresonceot re,on S 22) ong io, PW. Yang ang Se einer ata ‘vad seopelyer concessions a explo a Dried ‘Sy ene Coote. ud. ster 26 (2020 (as) RA futon MN sbi HENS. isso of egierng pope of armen igh aenth yk tse! peopled acted sag Sesh pape remy en tt octet Bl Se 124) A Wardbnon,G Ganmcare, DV La, Sean, Comping te Fetooman:hetveen sa ctl ty ah pepper cnr ect ul: Mater 49 2017) 272278, (25) O eg Wo, Us W.Va ng Sc be efor aa ‘tv separ oncete fas sect trl a apo Hue ‘yee, Conteet Bb. Mater 246 (2020), 16447 (ao) ACs 5 eter, Sod sent beter Meade iad Cn Fy a fecpaomiesconcee wih el sree, Geet Coe as 72 (2015) 127) PX Sse, Bond sent of reson el embed in ys feopalgmer conte, Mater Suet 44 (2015) 102-1080, (an) AAs, A Albee, F AoA Abul LAs ¥. AS Bond Deore CFD an se els embeded een ae eopayme®| ‘Soeete,Seactes 27 (2020) 1582-15, lap) tannins, Sucve Concrete Corned ect ses fe a ste ber 09 ‘he spig ens seni of highsengh cone, I. J.P. 201) (30) 8. Nemo Sanya, Qa, EM. 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Bap, None ae cement yon element sie efi a incited at bed reared prplyer nce bam, Ce Sta Got Mae 15202, 0073. Ws ious Pang An danny demsge ede fr efor concrete ‘ih inins sub of materi pets, Compa Seu 8 (3008) ‘Viel Mark Parmeter ie ment dling of RC be sta, Aoabgs Users Col (2008 95-108. 5, A conser acter engi seared cig del Sat mer. etd og. 28 1985) 447s AC Mosla, GH Pau, Eetainay characterising meth for Seed rocking ke leet model te le. Aa: Des. 27 (987) 1S Genthonso, M.A Pon, Fn lamest ans of punehig shear of foneret sb esing doing pasty acelin ABAQUS, Hg, So 98 (205) 1G Commie 31, fuking Case Roque for Sane Concrete (ACL S18n9) ane commentary (AC 318R399) Suey Code Regen x an ‘iment (AC 318K099), 199, fritn snare aston, Erode 2 Dein of oer Stes art 1 ‘Gentes and Rls fr Bigs, Bosh Ss nt, 2008. {Ceovoco, sn ine rlfrment rao mi colltion fw dod feo forthe desig fence cone Scions Cae St Sac Ee. # ons. 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