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Application of fiber-optic techniques in the transport and access

transmission networks of mobile systems.

Conference Paper · July 2011

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Program book
 Application of Fiber-Optic Techniques in the
Transport and Access Transmission Networks
of Mobile Systems
Dr.Attila Hilt László Pozsonyi
NPO, Network Planning and Optimization, NPO, Network Planning and Optimization,
Nokia Siemens Networks Kft., Nokia Siemens Networks,
H-1092 Köztelek utca 6., Budapest, Hungary, A-1030 Guglgasse 15., Wien, Austria,
attila.hilt@nsn.com laszlo.pozsonyi@nsn.com

Abstract — fixed access networks widely employ fiber-optical
techniques due to the extremely wide bandwidth offered to
subscribers. In the recent years enormous increase of user data is
visible in mobile systems too. Therefore the importance of fiber-
optical techniques within the fixed transmission/transport part of
mobile systems is inevitably increasing. This paper summarizes a
few reasons and gives examples why and how fiber-optic
techniques are employed efficiently in 2G networks.
Index Terms — mobile networks, GSM, access transmission,
transport, SDH, IP, mobile data, EDGE deployment,
modernization, network upgrade
the possibility of simultaneous optimization [2-5]. GSM
network modernization aspects are presented with special
emphasis on the application of fiber-optical techniques in the
fixed access transmission (TRS) and transport parts of second
generation (2G) mobile systems. The paper shows some
examples for the modernization of the 2G network elements
(NE) in order to enable higher data rates in the existing GSM
networks.

I. INTRODUCTION

D IGITAL mobile telephony systems have been originally

developed for circuit switched (CS) voice traffic.
Continuously increasing demand for mobile data services such
as mobile Internet access resulted in an evergreen development
and modernization of the initially pure circuit switched digital
mobile networks towards the packet switched (PS) domain.
Such services like mobile Internet, video streaming, gaming,
navigation, banking, or mobile television (TV) require
efficient networks that can provide very high user data rates.
Fig.1 demonstrates the trend of enormous increase of user data
rates in wireless systems in the last decade [1]. As a
comparison wireline techniques are also shown on the chart.
Fig.1. Increasing data in rates in fixed and mobile services
In Europe nowadays, the very first digital mobile networks
(NW) are in operation for already two decades. Therefore in
II. MOBILE SYSTEMS: ARCHITECTURE AND
the past years a continuous upgrade and modernization of
INCREASING ROLE OF FIBER OPTIC TECHNIQUES
mobile networks were visible in terms of both hardware (HW)
and software (SW) of the existing components. In order to The role of fiber-optic techniques in the fixed part of
support higher and higher user data rates, major technology mobile access networks is continuously increasing. One main
steps were the introduction of GPRS and EDGE in 2G, as well reason is already mentioned in the introduction, namely the
as launching 3G or UMTS, WiMax and recently LTE services. continuously increasing amount of subscribers’ data.
In this paper the main focus is on GSM networks, that are Microwave (MW) radio links and copper-based leased lines
part of the above mentioned wireless/wireline access field. (LL) are extensively used in mobile access and transport
Modernization and optimization of actual GSM networks give networks (Fig.2.).
a continuous job for both network operators and equipment However, the offered bandwidths of MW and LL are
vendors. Modernization of mobile networks inherently offers limited due to several technical and financial reasons, such as
_________________
#978-963-8111-76-0
available radio spectrum, bandwidth, interference, hop
distance, radio frequency or leased line fees and installation
costs, etc. (Fig.2.). Recent trend is therefore to further extend
the fiber-optic techniques from the BackBone/Transport part
towards the Access Network. MW and LL technologies are
more and more moving to the last mile of the access networks.
Access Network, BackBone,
Cell sites Last mile Aggregation
Microwave Radios NG-SDH/SONET
BTS BTS
Eth
E1/T1 Eth
Copper-based Carrier Ethernet
Broadband Access (L2 MPLS, PBB-TE)
NB NB
E1/T1 Eth
Fiber-optics in
ATM, L3 MPLS, IP
I-HSPA
LTE
WiMAX Broadband Access
Eth Eth
Fig.2. Fiber-optic techniques in the fixed part of mobile broadband access
Without completeness, two more important reasons are
discussed here focusing only on 2G systems. First we refer to
modernization projects that involve the network elements of
the mobile systems. Then the access transmission and transport
part mentioned briefly. Both within the last-mile and in the
aggregation layer parts there are several modernization and
optimization possibilities. Proper selection of transmission
protocols and physical media significantly influence the life-
time of the network and in longer term may lead to future
proof investments for the network operators.
A. Architecture of GSM Networks
In second generation mobile systems the BSC (Base
Station Controller) is responsible for the control of the base
transceiver stations (BTS). In third generation (3G) systems
similar task is performed by the Radio Network Controller
(RNC). The general architecture of GSM network is shown in
Fig.3. The first technology supporting data calls in GSM was
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD). Even though
HSCSD has very limited data speed, it is still in use in several
networks. Next evolution step was General Packet Radio
Service (GPRS), which employs packet-switching (PS)
protocols in GSM networks. Supporting GPRS in GSM
networks, SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) and GGSN
(Gateway GSN) have to be installed as shown in Fig.3. GGSN
provides interworking functions with external PS networks.
SGSN on the other hand, keeps track of individual mobile
stations’ location and provides security and access control. The
advantage of GPRS compared to HSCSD is in the more
efficient resource utilization at the air-interface. One GSM air-
timeslot (TSL) can be shared between several GPRS users.
SGSN GGSN
Gn
Packet Switched
BTS Gb Core Network
BSC
Abis
Controller / MGW and MSS
gateway site
Ater
Access
BSC BSC Transmission
BTS Network
Circuit Switched
E1/T1 GE
Radio Network Core Network
RNC RNC Fig.3. Architecture of the GSM network supporting PS data services
STM1/
GE
OC1
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) became
the next step after HSCSD and GPRS to provide data services
GGSN
eGSN-U
ASN-
GW
with further increased user throughputs (TP) [2-9]. The
GE GE Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation method
of GSM is replaced with eight-state Phase Shift Keying (8-
PSK) in EDGE. Due to three bits that are sent in one symbol,
8-PSK allows higher bit rate. The price paid for higher bit
rates is the smaller coverage that affects the radio frequency
(RF) network planning. EDGE and GSM use the same
200 kHz carrier spacing so they coexist within 2G mobile
networks. The main differences between EDGE and GPRS are
summarized in [2-9]. EDGE allows up to 59.2 kbit/s user
throughput per air-TSL. Increased mobile user data rates
require increased capacities in the fixed access TRS NW
serving the base stations (BTS) [1-17].
B. Network Elements with Optical Interfaces
One typical goal in network modernization projects is to
reduce the number of old radio controller elements (BSCs or
RNCs), thus achieving OPEX reduction in the network
operation and maintenance. New BSCs (and RNCs) can
control more BTSs (or Node-Bs), serve more cells, handle
bigger traffic and have increased performance. Last but not
least new generation BSCs provide more logical and physical
ports for connectivity. There are optical interfaces available for
the required transmission methods and protocols. The
transmission cards of the new generation BSCs provide
electrical and optical ports with PDH/SDH and Ethernet
interfaces (e.g. Fast or Gigabit Ethernet) (Fig.4.) [7-15].
Optical ports are necessary in order to handle the significantly
increased amount of traffic via fiber-optical connections. New
base stations provide optical interfaces for mobile
backhauling. One good example is NSN multiradio (MR) with
optical Gigabit Ethernet connection as shown in Fig.5.
However, the removal of old BSCs from the existing
network results in increased load on the transmission/transport
network. It is due to the fact that the radio controllers perform
concentration task. Therefore increased traffic can be expected
in the existing access and transport part of the network when
old BSCs are removed. The following examples in part III will
show the effect of the removal of the BSCs and the calculated
traffic increase on the existing fiber-optical SDH network.
 core network modernization projects (e.g. from Rel.99
to Rel.4 core networks),
 introducing ‘multipoint A’ interface (IF) feature for the
new BSCs,
 introducing A interface over IP,
 MSS pooling for load balancing and resource sharing
 transition of signalling from SS7 to SIGTRAN,
 OAM / OSS modernization (e.g. introduction of OSS
over IP instead of old X.25 or CNLS),
 changing the access transmission of 2G from TDM
based PDH / SDH to packet transmission (Ethernet/IP),
 protection planning e.g. diversity routes or introducing
ring topology for redundancy [4, 5, 19-22].

Furthermore, there are several other scenarios that are not

Fig.4. NSN FlexiBSC with configurable electrical/optical interfaces. ETS2
card is shown beside the BSC cabinet. The ETS2 card has four optical
ports, each having STM-1.
Fig.5. NSN MultiRadio (2G/EDGE/3G/LTE base station) with transport
module providing electrical/optical (Gigabit Ethernet) transmission
interfaces.
C. Modernization in GSM, in Access and Aggregation Layers
directly related to the modernization of the existing 2G
network itself, however inherently offer optimization and
modernization possibilities:
 launching 3G, HSPA or LTE services on co-sites and
therefore providing optical fiber for 2G sites too [17],
 providing a common transmission / mobile backhaul
solution to the same physical location for all radio
layers in case of 2G, 3G and/or LTE co-siting (Fig.5.),
 refarming (e.g. extending UMTS in 900 MHz GSM
radio-frequency band),
 changing the ATM / SDH based 3G access
transmission to hybrid (e.g. ATM for real-time and
packet for non-real time applications) or pure Iub over
IP (packet transmission fro all 3G services),
 multi-layer optimization (MLO) projects [23, 24].
All of the above have significant influence on the traffic
over the existing access networks. Careful strategic decisions
should be done to support future-proof network investments
meanwhile preserving the quality of the network and the
offered services. As an example, Fig.6 shows the typical
evolution path of a mobile backhaul network that is used
commonly for 2G/3G/LTE.
2G
Classic

The main aspects that are usually considered in the case of 3G

I-HSPA PDH/SDH/ATM
modernization of existing 2G networks are typically the LTE
WiMAX
following: cell site controller

 deployment of EDGE service to provide higher data 2G

Hybrid

rates than that of HSCSD or GPRS [2-4], 3G PDH/SDH/ATM

I-HSPA
 coverage or capacity extension of existing EDGE LTE Packet
WiMAX
service (e.g. to reduce congestion of data calls in the cell site controller

existing radio network) [2-4],

2G
Packet

 BSC modernization projects (SW and/or HW upgrades, 3G

I-HSPA Packet
swaps resulting in BTS re-homings) [10-16], LTE
WiMAX controller
 removing transcoders (TCSM) from the 2G network cell site

(as transcoding function is possible in MGWs in

Rel.4 networks) [15], Fig.6. Different connection possibilities within mobile networks between
 Gb interface migration from FR (Frame Relay) to IP, controller and cell sites
 The mobile backhaul modernization starts from the
classical transmission methods of PDH/SDH for 2G and
PDH/SDH/ATM for 3G. Introducing HSPA and LTE requires
packet based transmission for more efficient usage of available
bandwidths over the access network. In case of 2G BTS co-
sited with 3G Node-B or LTE site, this may result in offering
packet-transmission based 2G services as discussed later. In
co-siting scenarios of Fig.6 we quickly reach the transmission
bandwidth demands in the range of 100…200 Mbit/s per
single site. Cell sites and controller site NEs therefore must
have optical interfaces and the application of fiber-optical
techniques becomes straightforward [16].
D. Protection Principles for Optical Ater Connections
Different protection possibilities in the aggregation and
core parts increase the overall network reliability and
redundancy. However, they may also require increase of
existing capacities in the actual transmission network. A few
examples are mentioned here. Port and card level MSP SDH
protection methods are shown in Fig.7 and Fig.8, respectively.
Fig.7. Port level MSP SDH protection of the Ater interface between BSC
and MGW. Protection port is located on the same transmission card.
Fig.8. Transmission card level MSP SDH protection of Ater interface
between BSC and MGW. At the BSC side the protection port is on a
separate transmission card.
Fig.9 shows the network scenario when SDH MSP is
combined with ‘multi A’ feature. In this example the BSC is
connected to two different MGWs by optical fibers. The
connection is at SDH STM-1 level and the SDH optical ports
are protected at transmission card level at the BSC side.
Fig.9. Transmission card protection at BSC side combined with
implementation of multipoint A interface feature.
III. CAPACITY UPGRADE EXAMPLES DUE TO
NETWORK MODERNIZATION
Let us consider a mobile network modernization case with
NW parameters that are typical for a medium or small size
European country. The initial 2G network consists of 48 old
generation BSCs and 2400 sites. This means that in average
there are 50 BTS connected to each old BSC. EDGE is not yet
or only partly deployed in the initial network. The typical
access transmission bandwidth provided for each BTS is
therefore only 1 E1. In the modernized network the goal is to
have only 6 new BSCs. The new BSCs should be located only
at a few Core Nodes (CN). Finally the target is to enable
EDGE service on all the sites.
As shown in Fig.10, one new generation BSC will replace
in average 8 old BSCs. This means that the new BSC should
serve in average 400 BTS. The PDH access network connects
the BTSs to the old BSCs. The access network is typically a
combination of PDH, hybrid or Ethernet microwave links
(MW) and Leased Lines (LL). LLs are either copper cables or
more and more often optical-fibers, when the 2G site is co-
located with a UMTS NodeB or LTE site.
Each node in the figure is an old BSC and simultaneously
an SDH equipment location. The old BSCs are connected to
the core nodes by the high capacity transport network. The
transport network is typically composed of SDH sections,
where the physical media of the SDH transport network is
mainly optical-fiber. In very few cases –where the
implementation of the fiber-optical cables would be very
difficult e.g. time consuming or too expensive – SDH network
may contain SDH level MW links. In our example the SDH
network is composed of STM-4 connections.
 The actual utilization rate of the SDH network is around from the network. Naturally, such a modernization project
75% (which value is quite a good assumption, however it is cannot be carried out without a careful assessment of the
very difficult to get the exact values from real networks). In existing SDH network.
other words within the STM-4 level backbone one entire STM-
old BSC
1 is available for network expansions. It is recommended for removed
network operational efficiency that the SDH utilization should
remain always below 95%. The example is calculated first for
the simplest chain/star topology. Then SDH ring scenarios are SD
no ade
H
r

no gra
considered. up g

up

SD de
H
A. Chain/star topology no SDH
upgrade but
A regional portion of the entire access transmission and utilization
75% →89%
transport network of the mobile system is shown in Fig.10. new
400 sites are connected to 8 old BSCs in chain/star topology. STM-1
H ut
As each BSC location is an SDH node, each old BSCs can SD e b n
no rad tio %
reach the core network via fiber-optical network. The core g iza 89
up til →
u %
node hosts the old TCSM and MSC and the new MGW and 75
MSS. The SGSN is located in the CN location too.

SDH node
old BSC core node: SDH STM-4
new Flexi BSC MGW & SGSN access PDH

Fig.11. The GSM network after BSC modernization. 8 old BSCs removed
from the network. New STM-1 connections are needed in three cases.

The accurate figure of traffic concentration thanks to BSCs

SDH node
old BSC core node: SDH STM-4
new Flexi BSC MGW & SGSN access PDH
Fig.10. Fiber-optic network providing SDH STM-n backbone for
GSM network - chain topology
Now the old BSCs must be removed due to modernization.
As shown in Fig.11, the modernized network will contain only
one new BSC, which is located at the same core node where
the new MGW, MSS and SGSN are located. All the 400 BTSs
will be connected to the new BSC after modernization. For the
sake of roll-out speed the PDH network is neither re-designed
nor optimized. This means that majority of the Abis
connections should contain SDH portion after the
modernization. In our example 350 BTS – BSC lines that were
originally at PDH level will have now an SDH portion too. As
seen in Fig.11, capacity upgrades are required due to the fact
that concentration elements (old BSCs) have been removed
in 2G mobile networks is very network dependent. It is
determined by several parameters, such as allowed Ater
blocking ratio (typically 0.1%), Gb interface type, network
topology and protection methods used. The traffic increase
over the SDH portion per demolished old BSC can be
approximated in terms of required new E1 lines as the
difference of new Abis lines and the sum of old Ater and Gb
interface lines. With the simplified assumption of old Abis/old
(Ater+Gb) ratio of ~ 3.6 we will need 36 new E1 lines over the
SDH network for each removed BSC. Naturally, the ratio of
Abis ~ 3.6(Ater+Gb) is a rough assumption. Exact values
should come from real NW planning and measurement data.
However, our figure describes reasonably well several recent
modernization cases. This value is even higher if
simultaneously to the BSC modernizations the EDGE service
is launched or capacity upgraded.
As a result of the example, the requirement of 36 new E1s
per demolished old BSC mean a significant traffic increase.
For star connected BSCs the utilization over the SDH transport
network will increase from 75% to 89%. In the STM-4 chains
of the existing SDH network in practice only one old BSC can
be removed without capacity extension.
B. Ring topology
Fig.12 shows a more realistic scenario when –instead of
chains- a ring topology is employed in the transport network
part [19]. With the same parameters that were used in the
chain/star topology, now in the ring topology case only two
old BSCs can be removed from the existing network without
capacity upgrade on the SDH part. The two BSCs that can be
removed without SDH upgrade are the one connected directly
to the new BSC/MGW location and any other one from the
ring (or chain connected to the ring).
no gra
The conclusions of the presented examples are:
 Application of fiber-optic techniques play essential role
in mobile network modernizations.
 NW modernization projects need very careful
assessment of the existing transmission/transport
network (topology, utilization, redundancy, upgrades).
 The concentration of major network elements into a
few core nodes may significantly increase the load on
the existing transmission/transport network.
 Insufficient capacities on transmission/transport

network may slow down or block modernization

up

SD de
H

STM-4 ring,
actual 75% utilization →
only 2 BSCs can be removed
without SDH upgrade: the one
connected directly to new
BSC/MGW location and one
from the ring or chain
connected to the ring
SDH node
old BSC core node:
new Flexi BSC MGW & SGSN
projects.
 The concentration of major network elements into a
very few core nodes may reduce network flexibility and
reliability. Outage of any major network element or
entire core node may have crucial impact on the
network and the availability of the offered services.
Therefore proper protection/redundancy methods must
be applied.
 Decision of having a highly centralized versus
decentralized network should be a trade – off
considering not only technical but economical factors
SDH STM-4
too (OPEX/CAPEX).
access PDH

Fig.12. Fiber optic network example with ring topology providing

STM-4 backbone
Finally, the last scenario is shown in Fig.13 where Add
Drop Multiplexers (ADMs) are also taken into account [19-
22]. Here several sites are connected to the BSCs by a
combination of access network types. A portion of the access
network is composed of MW links or leased lines reaching the
ADM. Then, from the ADM to the BSC the Abis traffic is
carried via SDH over fiber. In the example it is assumed that
20% of the sites reach their BSC over ADM and SDH. As seen
in Fig.13, 3 old BSCs can be removed and the one in the core
node can be replaced by the new generation BSC. The removal
of the remaining four old BSCs requires capacity upgrade in
the SDH ring.
old BSC
new Flexi BSC
SDH node
core node:
no gra
up
IV. ACCESS TRANSMISSION NETWORK:
MIGRATION FROM PDH TOWARDS ETHERNET/IP
Mature mobile operators heavily utilize the available
access transmission network capacities [3-5, 17, 19, 23, 24].
To satisfy bandwidth demand increases network costs may
lead to unacceptable levels. Therefore any new capacity
demand may require optimization. Modernization projects
inherently offer the possibilities of optimizing and upgrading
the transmission networks. Use of IP protocol within 2G Abis
transmission will result in significant capacity savings. It may
have different implementation methods. Fig.14. shows a
legacy TDM network. Over existing TDM network Packet
Abis can implemented using MLPPP. MLPPP is a protocol
providing packet transport for 2G over TDM E1 lines. The
operator can utilize the existing installed TDM Infrastructure,
easing the introduction of the Packet Abis solution. Packet
Abis over TDM offers significant bandwidth savings in
comparison with traditional TDM transport since it introduces
a very efficient and fully integrated Abis optimization
capability. Bandwidth can be shared by CS, PS and signalling

SD de

MGW & SGSN traffic as transmission resources are used as pools. Pooling
H

1 old BSC STM-4 ring,

SDH STM-4
can be
removed
actual 75% utilization →
only 3 BSCs can be removed
results as reduced number of TDM lines or reduced bandwidth
access PDH
without SDH upgrade: the one
connected directly to new
with Microwave radios/SDH transmission. Resource
ADM (no BSC)
BSC/MGW location and two
from the ring or chain
overbooking is also possible. This solution offers the
connected to the ring
advantage that network operators can partly or entirely keep
the existing access transmission network until that is
modernized to be fully Ethernet capable. This is especially
2 old BSC can
important for sites that are running over LLs where the LL
be removed
provider cannot transform its actual service to Leased Ethernet
Fig.13. Fiber optic network with ring topology and ADM (LE). Another example is existing PDH/TDM MW radios.
 BSC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Packet Abis The authors acknowledge Zsolt Borcsiczky, Ivan Lesic,

TDM
MLPPP
TDM László Lisztes, Marc Rinofner, Szabolcs Sülle and Pál
E1/T1/FB Network Packet Abis
MLPPP
Szabadszállási for their valuable comments and support during
TDM
E1/T1/SDH the projects that gave contribution to the paper preparation.
FlexiEDGE

Fig.14. Packet Abis over legacy TDM network

ABBREVIATIONS

A interface between BSC and MSC in GSM

Finally we mention the packet Abis over Ethernet solution Abis interface between BSC and BTSs in GSM
(Fig.15). On one hand significant bandwidth savings are ADM Add Drop Multiplexer
available compared to TDM based 2G access transmission ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line
networks. The difficulties discussed in part III can be Ater interface between BSC and TCSM (or MGW) in GSM
significantly reduced by the bandwidth savings that expected ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
to reach 50%. However, on the other hand some new problems BER Bit Error Rate
are arising too. Technical considerations must be taken into BSC Base Station Controller
account about quality of service (QoS), packet loss, delay,
BTS Base Transceiver Station (or base station)
synchronization and data security. In mobile networks the base
stations derive their frequency reference signals from the CAPEX Capital Expenditure
timing inherently provided by the TDM links carrying the CLNS (ISO/OSI) ConnectionLess Network Service
incoming traffic itself. When these TDM based links (Fig.14) CN Core Node: location of core NW elements
are replaced by Ethernet-based ones (Fig.15) the frequency CS Circuit Switched
reference is lost. Timing over Packet (ToP) is one solution that DSM L3 Dynamic Spectrum Management Level 3
is already used in several networks successfully [18]. But one E1 European primary rate, 2 Mbit/s path, often called as PCM
main drawback still remains: just a few network operators channel
have their own PS network already countrywide available with EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
sufficient bandwidth and QoS. EGPRS enhanced GPRS
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
BSC
FR Frame Relay (means also Full Rate CODEC)
Packet Abis Gb interface between BSC and SGSN
Eth
UDP/ IP Packet Switched GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node
Ethernet Network Packet Abis
UDP/ IP GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying
Eth

FlexiEDGE
Ethernet
GPON Gigabit Passive Optical Network
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
Fig.15. Packet Abis over Ethernet GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data
V. CONCLUSIONS HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
First GSM networks are already 20 years old in Europe. HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
Better system performance, increasing number of subscribers,
HW hardware
growing traffic as well as introduction of new services require
IP Internet Protocol
continuous upgrades, modernizations and replacements in the
Iub interface between NodeB and RNC
existing GSM networks. Modernization of mobile networks
LL Leased Line
must lead to significant increase in offered traffic and available
user data rates. Higher data rates and better network LTE Long Term Evolution
performance are only possible with the efficient employment MGW Media GateWay
of fiber-optic techniques. This paper showed some examples MIMO multiple-input multiple-output (antenna system)
of using optical fibers in the access transmission and transport MLO Multi-layer optimization
part of mobile systems. Effect of BSC modernization was MLPPP Multi Link Point to Point Protocol
investigated. It was shown that BSC removals may MSC Mobile Switching Center
significantly increase the load on the existing transmission MSP Multiplex section protection (as in ITU-T Rec.G841)
network. Some possibilities were mentioned how to cope with MSS MSC Server
these challenges. MW microwave (frequency, radio or link, e.g. 38 GHz)
NE Network Element
NG PON Next Generation PON Modernization Project for EDGE Deployment”, Networks 2008,
NG SDH Next Generation SDH 13th International Telecommunications Network Strategy and
Planning Symposium, Budapest, Hungary, October 2008.
Node-B 3G base station (often simply called as BTS too)
[5] A.Hilt, P.Berzéthy: “Recent trends in reliable access networking
NSN Nokia Siemens Networks
for GSM systems”, Proceedings of the Conference on Design of
NW network Reliable Communication Networks, DRCN’2000, pp.91-98,
OAM Operation and Maintenance Budapest, Hungary, October 2001.
OSI Open Systems Interconnection [6] ETSI TS 145 001 V5.7.0: “Digital cellular telecommunications
OSS Operations Support System system (Phase 2+); Physical layer on the radio path; General
OPEX Operating Expenditure description”, Technical Specification, 3GPP TS 45.001 version
5.7.0 Release 5, http://www.etsi.org, Nov. 2003.
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
[7] ETSI TS 145 002 V5.11.0: “Digital cellular telecommunications
PCU Packet Control Unit (in BSC) system (Phase 2+); Multiplexing and multiple access on the
PDH Plesiosynchronous Digital Hierarchy radio path”, Technical Specification, 3GPP TS 45.002 version
PON Passive Optical Network 5.11.0 Release 5, http://www.etsi.org, Aug. 2003.
PS Packet Switched or packet-switching protocol [8] ETSI TS 145 003 V5.10.0: “Digital cellular telecommunications
QoS Quality of Service system (Phase 2+); Channel coding”, Technical Specification,
3GPP TS 45.003 version 5.10.0 Release 5, http://www.etsi.org,
RF Radio Frequency
Aug. 2004.
RNC Radio Network Controller
[9] ETSI TS 145 004 V6.0.0: “Digital cellular telecommunications
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy system (Phase 2+); Modulation”, Technical Specification, 3GPP
SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node TS 45.004 version 6.0.0 Release 6, http://www.etsi.org, Jan.
STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 2005.
STM-1 155 Mbit/s or 63 E1s [10] Nokia BSC/TCSM, Rel. S12, Product Documentation S11.5,
S12, © Nokia Siemens Networks.
STM-4 4 x 155 Mbit/s
[11] Nokia GSM/EDGE BSS, Rel. BSS13, BSC and TCSM, Rel.
SW software
S13, Product Documentation, Nokia BSS Transmission
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[19] Trevor Manning: “Microwave Radio Transmission Design
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Network Upgrade in a Nationwide Mobile Network
 ICUMT2011 - 3rd International Congress on Ultra Modern
Telecommunications and Control Systems

October 6, 2011 I thursday

ROOM 7
FOAN
13:00-14:50 Session III: Integrated and fiber optics - Part I.
Chair: Edvin Škaljo
INVITED TALK
1. Jacket  Matrix coding in Access Network
Ho Moon Lee
Analytical Evaluation of Splice and Bending Losses of Photonic Crystal Fibers based on Empirical Relations
2.
George Kliros
Low-Crosstalk 3x3 Optical Cross-Connect Using Fiber Bragg Gratings
3.
Shien-Kuei Liaw
Practical Aspects of Access Network Indoor Extensions Using Multimode Glass and Plastic Optical Fibers
4.
Gerd Keiser
14:50-15:10 Coffee break
FOAN
15:10-15:30 Session III: Integrated and fiber optics - Part II.
Chair: Edvin Škaljo
Photonic Sampled and Electronically Quantized Analogue to Digital Conversion in Access Networks
1.
Mohammadreza Behjati
FOAN
15:30-17:00 Session IV: Radio over fiber and wireless networking
Chair: Attila Gábor Hilt
High Speed MIMO LTE Applications Based On Matrix Inversion Algorithms Using Floating Point DSP
1.
Md. Sarker
UltraWide-Band Impulse Radio over Fibre System
2.
Gábor Fehér
Application of Fiber-Optic Techniques in the Transport and Access Transmission Networks of Mobile Systems
3.
Attila Gábor Hilt
Closing
4.
Gerd Keiser

17
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