CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that TANAY DEBNATH from class-XII (science)

SECTION =A. Roll number=45 has successfully completed the physics
project on the topic of “To investigate the relation between the ratio
of :-
1.Output and input voltage
2.Number of turns in the secondary coil”
under the guidance of respected. Suman Barman (P.G.T.
PHYSICS) during the year 2023-24 in the practical examination
conducted by the CBSE.

SIGNATUE OF PRINCIPAL SIR

MR.Sujit Dasgupta (principal)
Modern Higher secondary School

SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE OF
EXTERNAL EXAMINER INTERNAL EXAMINER

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our physics

teacher Respected.Suman Barman (P.G.T. PHYSICS) for his
guidece, support and encouragement throughout the duration of the
project. Without his motivation and help the successful completion of
this project would not have been possible.
I also like to thank our respected principal sir Mr. Sujit Dasgupta,
principal Modern Higher Secondary School for his support and
encouragement.
Last but not the least, I want to thank my family members and friends
for their unlimited support

TANAY DEBNATH
Class - XII
Stream - science
Section- A
Roll number-45
Modern Higher Secondary School
2
 INDEX

SL.NO TOPIC PAGE.NO

1 AIM OF PROJECT 3

2 INTRODUCTION 4

3 THEORY 5-12

4 APPARATUS REQUIRED 13

5 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 14

PROCEDURE 15
6
7 USES OF TRANSFORMER 16

SOURCES OF ERROR 17
8
CONCLUSION 18
9
PRECAUTION 19
10
BIBLIOGRAPHY 20
11
 OBJECTIVE
To understand and by the way of an experiment determine
the relationship between the
1. ratio of output voltage to input voltage in a
transformer And
2. The number of turns in the secondary coil compared to
the primary coil.

3
 INTRODUCTION
Transformer
Transformer is a device
is a device which
which increase
increase or decrease
or decrease the
the voltage . It is
basedvoltage
on the.principle
It is basedofon the principle
mutual of mutual
induction. induction.
According to this
According
principal, to this of
the amount principal,
magnetictheflux
amount
linkedofwith
magnetic
a coil flux
changing ,
linked
an e.m.f. is with
induceda coil
in changing , an e.m.f.
the neighbouring is induced in the
coil.
neighbouring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
A transformer
changing is an electrical
the A.C. voltages. device which
A transformer is used
is most widely
usedfor changing
device thelow
in both A.C.
andvoltages. A transformer
high current circuit. Asissuch
most widely
transformers used in
are built device in bothstrength
an amazing low and of high
sizes. In
currentmeasurement
electronic, circuit. As suchandtransformers are built
control circuits, in an
transformer
size amazing
may be sostrength of sizes.
small that In electronic,
it weight only a few tens of grams
wheremeasurement and control
as in high voltage powercircuits,
circuits,transformer
it may weightsize
mayof
hundred betones.
so small that it weight only a few tens of
grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it
may weight hundred
In a transformer, of tones.
the electrical energy transfer from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of
In aparts.
moving transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without thewhich
A transformer use ofincreases
moving the
parts.
voltages is called a
step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the
A.C.Avoltages
transformer which
is called increases the
a step-down voltages an
transformer.
is called
essential piecea step-up transformer.
of apparatus both forAhigh
transformer
and low current
which decreases the
circuits.
A.C. voltages is called a step-down
transformer. an essential piece of apparatus
both for high and low current circuits.

4
 THEORY
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coilp1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good-
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also
linked with the secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in
each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.'s induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and

d / dt = rate of change of flux in each,

turnoff the coil at this instant
we have,
EP=- NP d/dt (1) AND
ES=-NS d/dt (2)
SINCE THE ABOVE RELATIONS ARE TRUE AT EVERY
INSTANT , SO BY DIVIDING 2 BY 1,
ES/EP=-NS/NP
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due
to the difference(E-Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied
and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance 0, p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by.

Ip =E-Ep/Rp
E-Ep=IpRp
5
 When the resistance of the primary is
small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore.

E-Ep=0 or Ep=E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f/ input
emf=Ns/Np=K
Where K is constant, called turn or
transformation ratio.

6
IN A STEP
DOWN
TRANSFORMER

7
Es <Es oK <1, hence Ns < Np
If Ip = value of primary current at the same
instant.
And,
Is = value of secondary current at this instant,

then,
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip
and,
Output power at the same instant = Es
Is
If there are no losses of power in
the transformer.
then,

Input power = output power

Eplp=Esls 0

Es/Ep=Ip/ls=K

8
 IN A STEP-UP
TRANSFORMER

STEP UP TRANSFORMER

400V
100V 2.5A
10A

1000W
1000W

9
 Es >E so K> 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k>1,so lp>Is or ls<Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when

secondary voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down

transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we
gain in current in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps

down the current & a step down transformer

steps up the current.

10
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:-

Copper loss:- Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils
of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

Iron loss-Is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

Hysteresis loss:- Is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization

and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

Leakage of magnetic flux:- Occurs inspite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of P1P2.

Magneto striation:- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

12
MATERIALS REQUIRED

IRON ROD

COPPER WIRE

VOLT METER

AMMETER

13
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

14
 PROCEDURE
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large
number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. is a step down transformer.
Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current
using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of
turns in primary and secondary coil.

15
 USES OF
TRANSFORMER
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays
and NEON
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over
long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud
speakers and electric bells etc

16
 SOURCES OF ERROR

 Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

 Eddy current can change the readings.

17
 CONCLUSION

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage.

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a

transformer.
18
 PRECAUTIONS

 KEEP YOURSELF SAFE FROM HIGH VOLTAGE .

 WHILE TAKING THE READINGS OF CURRENT AND
VOLTAGE THE A.C. SHOULD REMAIN CONSTANT.

19
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 NCERT TEXTBOOK
 PHYSICS LAB MANNUAL
 WWW.WIKIPEDIA.COM

20
 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power
to the input power.
i.e.
n = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep
Ip
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n= 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
Output Power x 100%
Efficiency,nn =
Efficiency, Input Power

Input Power – Losses X 100%

=
Input Power

1-Losses X 100%
=
Input Power

11