1.
Systematic radiographic technical
evaluation is an important aspect to
evaluative, effective radiography.
2. The process of collecting large volumes
of data and then using statistics and
other data analysis techniques to
identify trends, patterns, and insights.
3. Although the use of plain radiographic
technical evaluation seems overtly
academic, radiographers will
subconsciously go over a checklist like
this after every examination.
4. Two mnemonics are commonly used
when assessing a radiographic image
5. What is P to PACEMAN?
6. What is A to PACEMAN?
7. What is C to PACEMAN?
8. What is E to PACEMAN?
9. What is M to PACEMAN?
10. What is A to PACEMAN?
11. What is N to PACEMAN?
12. What is I to IMAACREAP?
13. What is M to IMAACREAP?
14. What is A to IMAACREAP?
15. What is A to IMAACREAP?
16. What is C to IMAACREAP?
17. What is R to IMAACREAP?
18. What is E to IMAACREAP?
19. What is A to IMAACREAP?
20. What is P to IMAACREAP?
21. Tells how much information there is in
an event. In general, the more certain or
deterministic the event is, the less
information it will contain. More clearly
stated, information is an increase in
uncertainty or entropy.
22. is a form of radar that is used to create
two-dimensional images or
three-dimensional reconstructions of
objects, such as landscapes.
23. The concept of this describes how much
randomness (or uncertainty) there is in
a signal or an image; in other words,
how much information is provided by
the signal or image.
24. In statistical modeling, , a is
a set of statistical processes for
estimating the relationships between a
dependent variable and one or more
independent variables.
25. is more complicated because it usually
deals with an ensemble; in addition,
images may be available up to a planar
transformation.
26. borrows the modeling techniques of
spatial correlation from spatial
statistics, such as SAR and AR models.
(X-ray, CT, or MRI scans.)
27. s a large class of techniques in image
processing. The purpose is to reduce
the amount of data while ensuring a
certain visual quality while reducing the
space required for image storage and
time required for transmission.
28. is the process of converting the
encoded image back to a uncompressed
bitmap which can then be rendered on
the screen. This involves the exact
reverse of the steps involved in
encoding the image.
29. is one that exhibits a bounded response
to a bounded input.
30. is one that exhibits an unbounded
response to a bounded input
31. refers to analog and/or digital
manipulation of a signal. The signal
could be an electric current or voltage,
as is the case in magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI).
32. is a form of signal processing in which
the manipulations are performed on a
digitized image.
33. is a process by which a time-varying
(analog) signal is converted to a
digitized form (i.e., a series of 0s and 1s)
that can be recognized by a computer.
34. An understanding of, aa
basic understanding of the concept of
frequency domain and Fourier
transform (FT) because most of the
“processing” of a signal is accomplished
in the frequency domain and, at the
end, the results are converted back
into the time domain.
35. states that a periodic signal must be
sampled at more than twice the highest
frequency component of the signal. In
 practice, because of the finite time
available, a sample rate somewhat
higher than this is necessary.
36. An understanding of signal processing
requires a basic understanding of the
concept of , a and ,
abecause most of the “processing” of a
signal is accomplished in the frequency
domain and, at the end, the results are
converted back into the time domain.
37. One of the key concepts in signal
processing, is the
38. An understanding of the sampling
procedure allows one to appreciate the
relationship between the samples of a
signal (, a ) and its
bandwidth (in the frequency domain).
39. An understanding of the sampling
procedure allows one to appreciate the
relationship between the samples of a
signal (in the time domain) and its b
and th (in the frequency
domain).
40. Once this concept is grasped, the issue
of aliasing ( ) artifact can be
explained very easily.
41. can be applied to an image to convert it
from one domain to another. Viewing an
image in domains such as frequency or
Hough space enables the identification
of features that may not be as easily
detected in the spatial domain.
42. Also called as image preprocessing
that prepares data for a target workflow.
43. are used to create 2-D and 3-D images
from sets of 1-D projections. These
reconstruction techniques form the
basis for common imaging modalities
such as CT, MRI, and PET, and they are
useful in medicine, biology, earth
science, archaeology, materials science,
and nondestructive testing.
44. Isolation of the subject of a photo and
wipe the rest of the image clean.
Background removal typically consists
of applying a mask of the region of
interest that you create using
morphological operations or other
segmentation techniques.
45. is a common task in digital image
processing, where you try to remove
unwanted or random variations in pixel
values from an image. And can degrade
the quality and clarity of an image, and
affect its usefulness for analysis or
display.
46. One example of it is skull stripping,
which removes the skull and other
background regions from MRI images of
the brain.
47. is implemented to remove the Speckle
Noise present in ultra sound images or
MRI brain images. In this technique, the
average value of the surrounding pixel
or neighboring pixels replaces the noisy
pixel present in the image which is
based on Gaussian distribution.
48. Person involved in Gaussian blur
49. In image processing, a Gau ssian
blur (also pr Gaussian smoothing) is the
result of blurring an image by a
Gaussian function (Carl Friedrich
Gauss).
50. is a process applied to a graphics file to
minimize its size in bytes without
degrading image quality below an
acceptable threshold. By reducing the
file size, more images can be stored in a
given amount of disk or memory space.
51. to digital images to decrease the
amount of space required to store an
image and increase the speed with
which the image can be retrieved or
transmitted.
52. The objective of image compression is
to u s, to be able to store or
transmit data in an efficient form.
53. It is concerned with minimizing the
number of bits required to represent an
image and may be lossy or lossless.
54. The major goal of it in medical imaging
is to alter or change an image to
enhance diagnostic interpretation. For
example, images can be postprocessed
for the purpose of image enhancement,
image restoration, image analysis, and
image compression.
55. In image processing and analysis, these
are used for de-blurring and smoothing.
In addition, with the help of the filters
 some facts which are clear in the reducing the size, dimensions, or
original image will be blurred and the complexity of an image, often with
final image will be enhanced. specific goals in mind, such as saving
56. These filters gives the best result space, simplifying processing, or
compared to the other filters for the extracting relevant information.
Speckle Noise, Gaussian Noise and 68. Refers to the process of aligning or
Poisson noise matching two or more images or image
57. The process of adjusting digital images frames so that they are in the same
so that the results are more suitable for coordinate system or have the same
display or further image analysis. For spatial orientation. This alignment can
example, you can remove noise, be essential for various purposes, such
sharpen, or brighten an image, making as comparing images, fusing multiple
it easier to identify key features. images, or performing further analysis
58. typically refers to a transformation or on them.
operation that reduces the size or 69. Some common scenarios where image
dimensions of an image. registration is used are
59. Contraction can be done for various
70. In applications like medical imaging or
reasons, such as
remote sensing, different imaging
60. Refer to reduction of the spatial
modalities may be used to capture
resolution of an image to decrease its
different aspects of the same scene. An
file size, making it more manageable for
this is used to align these images so that
storage or transmission. This is often
they can be fused or combined to
done in image compression algorithms
provide a more comprehensive view.
like JPEG.
71. In tasks like overlaying a map or a
61. Reducing the number of pixels in an
template onto an image, registration
image. This can be done for various
ensures that the map or template is
purposes, such as creating thumbnails
correctly positioned and scaled relative
or reducing computational
to the image.
requirements for further processing.
72. In computer vision and surveillance
62. Scaling down an image is a form of
applications, image registration can be
contraction where the entire image is
used to track the movement of objects
reduced in size while maintaining its
across multiple frames or cameras.
aspect ratio. This is commonly used
73. In creating panoramic images from
when you need to fit an image into a
multiple photographs taken at different
smaller display area.
angles, image registration is used to
63. In some image processing techniques
align the images seamlessly.
like morphological operations (e.g.,
74. In medical imaging, registration is used
erosion), contraction refers to reducing
to align images taken at different times
the size of objects or shapes within the
or using different imaging modalities to
image.
aid in diagnosis and treatment planning.
64. Contraction can also be used in this
75. In satellite or aerial imagery, image
technique to reduce the dimensionality
registration is used to align images
of the image data while retaining
captured at different times or from
important information. Principal
different sensors for analysis and
Component Analysis (PCA) is an
monitoring.
example of a technique that can achieve
76. These are crucial aspects of medical
this.
imaging and healthcare. They involve
65. PCA
the techniques and tools used to view
66. refers to reducing the size of objects or
and interpret medical images, making
shapes within the image.
them understandable and useful for
67. Overall, in image processing means
 diagnosis, treatment, planning, and
research.
77. It means uncertainty
78. SAR
79. because most of the “processing” of a
signal is accomplished in the?
80. Specialized software is used to display
medical images. It allows radiologists,
clinicians, and other healthcare
professionals to view images in different
formats and manipulate them for
analysis.
81. High-quality medical-grade monitors
are essential for displaying medical
images accurately. These monitors are
calibrated to ensure color and
brightness consistency, which is critical
for accurate diagnosis.
82. This standard is widely used for storing
and displaying medical images. Its
viewers are capable of reading and
displaying images and associated
patient data.
83. is used to perform quantitative analysis
on medical images. It can measure sizes
of lesions, calculate volumes, and
perform other quantitative
assessments. Some image analysis tools
use artificial intelligence (AI) and
machine learning algorithms for
automated detection and
characterization of abnormalities.
84. A software specifically designed to
open, view, and manipulate medical
images in DICOM format. It allows
healthcare professionals, such as
radiologists and clinicians, to scroll
through image slices, apply image
enhancement techniques, and make
measurements or annotations.
85. It is used to create 3D reconstructions
and renderings of anatomical structures
from 2D medical images, such as CT and
MRI scans. These tools are valuable for
surgical planning, visualizing complex
structures, and enhancing
86. Its often integrate with the display
workstation to provide a seamless user
experience.
87. Some medical disciplines, such as
interventional radiology and surgery,
require such workstations that support
real-time 3D navigation and image
guidance during procedures.
88. It allows healthcare professionals to
access patient images and reports
electronically, improving workflow
efficiency
89. These workstations often include
specialized input devices like 3D mice
or haptic feedback devices.
90. are used for reviewing and managing
image archives.
91. These tools within medical image
software allow users to mark regions of
interest, draw attention to
abnormalities, and add notes to images.
92. It assist in generating structured reports
that include findings, measurements,
and conclusions for patient records.
93. is a specialized computer system
equipped with high-quality
medical-grade monitors and software
for viewing and analyzing medical
images. These workstations are
designed to meet stringent standards
for color accuracy, brightness, and
contrast, ensuring that medical images
are displayed accurately for diagnosis.
94. are commonly used, as they can handle
images in the DICOM format, which is
the standard for medical imaging.
95. Healthcare environments must adhere
to strict security and privacy
regulations. Tools for encryption, access
control, and audit logs are essential to
ensure compliance with regulations
96. Displaying a 2D image is
straightforward. The most common
approach is to display the pixel values
directly, where each pixel corresponds
to a color or grayscale value
97. Algorithms for these images are used to
display images at different
magnifications while preserving image
quality. Bilinear or bicubic interpolation
is often used to fill in pixel values when
scaling.
98. is often used to fill in pixel values when
scaling.
99. Techniques like contrast stretching,
 histogram equalization, and spatial
filtering are used to enhance the
visibility of features in 2D images,
making them more informative for
analysis.
100. Algorithms for this such as rotation,
translation, and shearing, allow you to
modify the orientation and position of a
2D image.
101. In medical imaging, annotations and
overlays are often used to highlight
regions of interest, measurements, or
other information on top of the original
image.
102. a technique used to visualize 3D
volumetric data (e.g., CT or MRI scans)
by projecting it onto a 2D screen. It can
produce realistic renderings of complex
anatomical structures and allows for the
exploration of the entire volume.
103. is used to display surfaces within a
3D volume dataset that have a specific
intensity value. It is particularly useful
for visualizing structures like bones or
tumors.
104. involves cutting through a 3D
volume dataset to display 2D
cross-sectional images. This is often
used for viewing individual slices in CT
and MRI scans.
105. These techniques create orthogonal
(e.g., axial, sagittal, coronal) 2D views
from a 3D volume dataset, allowing
healthcare professionals to examine a
structure from different perspectives.
106. this technique generates 3D
representations of surfaces within a
volume, which is useful for visualizing
complex structures in fields like
computer-aided design (CAD) and 3D
modeling.
107. is a computationally intensive method
for volume rendering that simulates the
interaction of rays with the volume data
to generate high-quality 3D
visualizations.
108. is a volume rendering technique
that highlights the maximum intensity
value along each ray, making it effective
for displaying vasculature and other
high-intensity structures.
109. For medical imaging, the choice of
algorithm may be influenced by?
110. In computer graphics and scientific
visualization, the choice of algorithm
may be driven by?
111. In practice, modern software often
combines several of these techniques to
provide u s and u s 2D
and 3D visualization capabilities.
112. is a technique used to visualize and
display 3D volumetric data. It is
commonly used in fields such as
medical imaging (e.g., CT and MRI
scans), scientific visualization, and
engineering simulations.
113. 3D volume rendering typically works
with 3D datasets where each voxel (3D
pixel) contains a value representing a
property, such as density in medical
imaging or scalar values in scientific
simulations.
114. In 3D volume rendering, the entire
volume is visualized, allowing for the
exploration of complex structures within
the data. It provides a way to create 3D
images that convey information about
the interior of the volume, including
structures, materials, and properties.
115. is a common method used in volume
rendering.
116. can be employed, including ray casting,
texture mapping, and shading, to create
visual representations of the 3D data.
117. This allows for the representation of
transparent and semi- transparent
structures within the volume.
118. 3D volume rendering can be
computationally intensive, especially for
high-resolution datasets. Efficient
algorithms and hardware acceleration
are often used to achieve real-time or
interactive rendering.
119. is a rendering technique used to
generate highly realistic images by
simulating the behavior of light rays as
they interact with objects in a scene. It
is commonly used in computer graphics,
animation, and the film industry.
120. Ray tracing primarily works with
geometric models of scenes, where
objects are described in terms of their
 geometry, materials, and light sources.
121. Ray tracing produces images that
appear as if they were captured by a
camera in a virtual 3D environment. It is
known for its ability to produce
photorealistic images with accurate
lighting, shadows, reflections, and
refractions.
122. Ray tracing follows the path of
individual rays of light as they interact
with surfaces, materials, and light
sources in the scene. It calculates the
color of each pixel by tracing rays from
the camera through the scene and
simulating the interactions.
123. Ray tracing is computationally
intensive and often requires significant
computational power, especially for
scenes with complex geometry and
advanced lighting effects. Real-time ray
tracing has become possible with the
advancement of powerful graphics
hardware.
124. is used to visualize and explore
volumetric data, making it valuable in
fields like medical imaging and scientific
visualization.
125. is focused on creating highly
realistic images by simulating the
behavior of light rays, making it popular
in computer graphics and animation for
achieving photorealistic visual effects.
126. is a computer-generated simulation
of a three-dimensional environment
that can be interacted with and explored
by a person using special hardware and
software. VR immerses users in a
synthetic world, often designed to
mimic the real world or create entirely
fictional environments.
127. is the primary hardware component of
VR. It is a headset that users wear over
their eyes, which typically includes one
or two displays (for each eye), lenses,
and sensors.
128. HMD
129. to enable user interaction with the
virtual world. Common examples
include handheld controllers, gloves
with sensors, and haptic feedback
devices. These input devices allow users
to manipulate objects, navigate within
the virtual space, and interact with the
environment.
130. to generate and render 3D graphics
at high frame rates. High-performance
computers or gaming consoles are
typically used to run VR experiences.
131. is crucial for a convincing VR
experience. Various tracking systems,
including inside-out and outside-in
tracking, are used to monitor the user's
movements and position within the
virtual environment.
132.Tracking can involve cameras, infrared
sensors, or other technologies to
monitor the HMD and input device
positions.
133. is an integral part of VR. 3D spatial
audio systems deliver sound that
corresponds to the virtual
environment's objects and spatial
positioning.
134. are used to create realistic
soundscapes, enhancing the sense of
presence.
135. VR experiences are powered by
specialized by this
136.VR users can navigate and interact with
the virtual environment through various
means, such as teleportation, hand
gestures, or using physical movements.
User interfaces are designed to be
intuitive and provide a seamless
experience.
137. These are , entertainment, education,
healthcare (medical simulations and
therapy), architecture and design
(virtual walkthroughs), training and
simulations (military, aviation,
automotive), and social interaction
(social VR platforms), what?
138. overlays digital information onto the
real world
139.combines aspects of both, allowing
interaction with digital objects while still
being aware of the real environment.
140. motion sickness, the need for
high-quality content, hardware costs,
and the requirement for comfortable
and user-friendly HMDs.
141. has advanced rapidly in recent years,
 with ongoing development in both
hardware and software, making it an
exciting and evolving field with a wide
range of potential applications and
experiences.
142. the choice of network topology and
protocols is critical to ensure
143. refers to the physical and logical layout
of the network used to connect
radiology equipment, Picture Archiving
and Communication Systems (PACS),
Radiology Information Systems (RIS),
and other devices used in the radiology
department.
144. Where each device is connected to
a central hub (such as a server or
switch). This design is often used in
radiology networks to centralize image
storage and management.
145. Common network topologies are:
146.devices are connected in a circular
manner. However, this is less common
in radiology networks due to the
potential for network interruptions if
one device or cable fails.
147. devices are connected to a single cable.
It's less common in modern radiology
networks due to its limitations in terms
of scalability and fault tolerance.
148. involves each device being
connected to every other device. It
offers high redundancy but can be
complex and expensive.
149.refers to the presence of backup
components, paths, or resources that
can be used in the event of a failure or
outage to maintain network availability,
reliability, and fault tolerance.
150. are the set of rules and conventions
that govern how data is transmitted and
received in a network. In radiology,
specific protocols are chosen to ensure
the secure and efficient transmission of
medical images and patient data.
151. is the standard protocol used in
radiology for the communication and
sharing of medical images and related
information. It ensures interoperability
between different imaging devices and
PACS systems.
152. is used for the exchange of patient
information and clinical data within
healthcare systems. It complements
DICOM by handling patient data and
administrative information.
153. is a fundamental protocol suite for
the Internet and is used for network
communication in healthcare, including
radiology.
154. TCP/IP
155. HTTP/HTTPS
156. These protocols are often used to
access radiology reports and images
through web-based applications.
157. FTP
158. can be used to transfer radiology
images and data between different
systems or facilities.
159. is a paramount concern in
radiology, and healthcare institutions
need to implement appropriate security
measures, including encryption, access
controls, and compliance with HIPAA
(Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act) regulations to
protect patient data and images.
160. HIPAA
161. is a central component of radiology
networks. It serves as the primary
storage and retrieval system for medical
images. The network structure typically
revolves around PACS, with various
components connecting to it.
162. is used for managing patient
information, scheduling appointments,
and tracking radiology procedures ans
is integrated with PACS to link patient
data with specific imaging studies.
163.is a standardized protocol used for the
exchange and transmission of medical
images and related data. It ensures
interoperability between different
imaging devices, such as X-ray
machines, MRIs, and CT scanners.
164. These are the imaging devices like
X-ray machines, MRI scanners, and CT
scanners. They capture the medical
images and use DICOM to transmit the
images and associated data to the
PACS.
165. These use by radiologists to access
and interpret medical images stored in
 the PACS. These workstations are
equipped with specialized radiology
software for image viewing and analysis.
166.Radiologists generate reports based on
their interpretation of medical images.
These reports are stored electronically
and associated with the patient's
records.
167. (NAS)
168. (SAN)
169.are used to store the large volume of
radiological images and data.
170.is the central component responsible for
receiving, storing, and managing
medical images. It uses DICOM to
communicate with imaging modalities,
and it often integrates with the RIS for
patient data.
171. manages patient scheduling,
registration, and reporting. It also
interfaces with the PACS server to link
patient information with specific
imaging studies.
172.facilitates communication between
imaging modalities (which may use
various versions of DICOM) and the
PACS server by translating DICOM
messages as needed.
173. Radiologists use specialized
workstations equipped with
diagnostic-quality monitors and
radiology software to view and interpret
images. They can also access patient
information and reports.
174. Many radiology systems provide this to
images and reports, enabling
authorized users to access the system
remotely.
175.are essential for storing and archiving
the growing volume of medical images.
Redundant storage configurations are
common for data integrity.
176. Radiology systems incorporate security
measures to protect patient data and
images, such as access controls,
encryption, and compliance with
healthcare data security standards like
177. Radiology systems incorporate security
measures to protect patient data and
images, such as access controls,
encryption, and compliance with
healthcare data security standards like
HIPAA
178. Implementing these solutions ensures
that data can be restored in the event of
system failures or unforeseen disasters.
179.facilitate the exchange of data between
various components in the radiology
network, ensuring seamless
communication between RIS, PACS,
EMR (Electronic Medical Records), and
other systems.
180. EMR
181. The network structure relies on a robust
that includes switches, routers, and
cabling to ensure reliable data
transmission.
182. is crucial for accurate diagnosis and
patient care.
183. are a critical aspect of healthcare,
enabling the sharing, storage, and
analysis of medical images such as
X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds.
184. DICOM images and data can be
transferred over the internet using
DICOM u s or other
secure transport mechanisms.
185. facilitate the exchange of medical
information, including images, between
different healthcare organizations, such
as hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic
centers.
186. HIE
187. often use standardized protocols,
including DICOM, to ensure
compatibility.
188. allows radiologists to remotely
interpret images from a different
location, which often involves sending
medical images electronically for review
and reporting.
189.offer scalable and cost-effective
solutions for image storage and sharing.
Images can be uploaded and
downloaded securely from the cloud.
190. typically ensure data security and
compliance with healthcare regulations.
191. provide a secure and encrypted
connection for the transfer of medical
images over public networks. They are
essential for protecting patient data
during transmission.
192. VPNs procedures.
193.Medical image data should be 205. These ensure the privacy and
encrypted u sduring security of sensitive patient data and
transmission to protect patient privacy images, and are used for transmitting
and comply with healthcare data radiology information over the internet.
security standards like HIPAA. 206. with internet connectivity can allow
194. Some healthcare providers use healthcare professionals to access
mobile apps to capture and transmit radiology images and reports on mobile
medical images. These apps should devices, improving accessibility and
adhere to security and privacy decision-making.
standards. 207. refers to the use of advanced
195. can be applied to reduce the size of information technology and
image data for faster transmission, computational systems to manage,
while maintaining diagnostic quality. process, store, and distribute medical
196.can be used for data recovery in case of images and associated data within a
unforeseen events. healthcare organization or across
197. Implementing this in data transfers multiple facilities.
ensures that images are not lost due to 208. facilitate communication and data
network failures. exchange between various components
198. (VNA) and systems within a healthcare
199.store medical images and data in a enterprise, ensuring that data flows
standardized, vendor-independent seamlessly.
format, making it easier to transfer data 209.
between different systems and 210.
healthcare facilities.
200. Implement mechanisms to verify
the integrity of transferred data to
ensure that the images are not
corrupted during transmission.
201. radiology play a crucial role in ANSWER:
modern healthcare by facilitating the
efficient transmission and exchange of 1. Quality Evaluation
medical images, patient data, and 2. Statistical Analysis
reports. 3. Quality Evaluation
202. a comprehensive internet-based 4. PACEMAN and IMAACREAP
service that enables healthcare 5. positioning
providers to store, manage, and share 6. is the anatomical area covered
medical images over the internet. adequately
Radiologists and other authorized 7. collimation present
healthcare professionals can access and
8. exposure is within range
interpret images remotely through
9. marker present and correct
secure connections.
203. These services use secure video 10. aesthetics
conferencing and image sharing to 11. name is correct
provide patient care remotely. 12. identification, ensuring correct patient
204. Enable the secure sharing of patient was imaged
records, including radiology images, 13. markers are present and correct
between different healthcare providers 14. anatomy of interest is assessed and
and organizations. This helps in adequately covered
comprehensive patient care and
15. artifacts are noted/assessed for
minimizes redundancy in imaging
16. collimation present 58. Contraction
17. relative position to the central beam 59. Compression, Downsampling, Scaling,
(centering) Morphological Operations, and
18. exposure is within range Feature Extraction
60. Compression
19. any additional imaging required?
(repeat, supplementary views) 61. Downsampling
20. pathology present that requires 62. Scaling
specialized projections i.e. horizontal 63. Morphological Operations
beam hip? 64. Feature Extraction:
21. Information Entropy 65. Principal Component Analysis
22. Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) 66. Contraction
23. Information Entropy 67. Contraction
24. regression analysis 68. Registration
25. Statistical Analysis of images 69. Image Fusion, Superimposition, Object
Tracking, Panorama Stitching, Medical
26. Image analysis
Image Analysis and Remote Sensing
27. Image coding
70. Image Fusion
28. Image decoding
71. Superimposition
29. stable system
72. Object Tracking
30. unstable system
73. Panorama Stitching
31. Signal processing
32. Image processing 74. Medical Image Analysis
33. Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) 75. Remote Sensing
34. signal processing 76. Medical Image Displaying,
35. Nyquist' s theorem Visualization, and Representation
36. frequency domain and Fourier 77. Entropy
transform (FT) 78. Synthetic-aperture radar
37. Nyquist sampling theorem. 79. frequency domain
38. in the time domain
80. Display Software
39. Bandwidth
40. Wraparound 81. Monitors
41. image transform 82. DICOM
42. Pre-Medical Image Processing 83. Image Analysis Software
43. Image reconstruction techniques 84. DICOM Viewer
44. Background Removal 85. 3D Visualization Software
45. Noise Removal
86. DICOM viewers
46. Background Removal
87. Advanced Visualization Workstations
47. Gaussian filter
48. Carl Friedrich Gauss 88. PACS (Picture Archiving and
49. Gaussian blur Communication System)
50. Image compression 89. Advanced Visualization Workstations
51. technique applied 90. PACS workstations
52. reduce irrelevance and redundancy of 91. Annotation tools
the image data 92. medical display workstation
53. Image compression 93. DICOM-compliant display workstations
54. digital image postprocessing 94. Security and Compliance Tools
55. Filtering 95. Security and Compliance Tools
56. Weiner filter and Median filter 96. Direct Display
57. Contraction and Enhancement 97. zooming and scaling
98. Bilinear or bicubic interpolation 143.Network topology
99. Image Enhancement 144. Star Topology
100. Geometric Transformations 145. Star Topology, Ring Topology, Bus
101.Image Overlay Topology and Mesh Topology
102. Volume rendering 146.Ring Topology
103. Isosurface Rendering 147. Bus Topology
104. Slicing 148. Mesh Topology
105. Multi-Planar Reconstruction 149.Redundancy
(MPR) 150. Network Protocols
106. 3D Surface Rendering 151. Digital Imaging and Communications in
107. Ray Casting Medicine
108. Maximum Intensity Projection 152. Health Level 7 or HL7
(MIP) 153. TCP/IP (Transmission Control
109. The need to accurately depict Protocol/Internet Protocol)
anatomical structures and abnormalities 154. Transmission Control
110. the desire for realism or efficient Protocol/Internet Protocol
rendering. 155. Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure
111. Versatile and interactive 156. Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure
112. 3D volume rendering 157. File Transfer Protocol
113. Data Representation 158. File Transfer Protocol
114. Visualization 159. Network Security
115. Ray casting 160. Health Insurance Portability and
116. rendering techniques Accountability Act
117. Transparency and Illumination 161. Picture Archiving and Communication
118. Complexity System
119. Ray tracing 162. Radiology Information System
120. Data Representation 163.Digital Imaging and Communication in
121. Visualization Medicine DICOM
122. Rendering Techniques 164. Radiology Modalities
123. Complexity 165. Workstations
124. 3D volume rendering 166.Radiology Reports
125.Ray tracing 167. Network Attached Storage
126.Virtual Reality (VR) technology 168. Storage Area Networks
127. Head-Mounted Display (HMD) 169.High-capacity storage systems
128. Head-Mounted Display 170.PACS server
129. input devices 171. RIS Server
130. Computing Hardware/computing 172.DICOM Gateway
power 173. Image Viewing Workstations
131. Tracking Systems 174. web-based access
132. Tracking Systems 175.High-capacity storage devices
133. Audio Systems 176. HIPAA
134. Binaural audio techniques 177. Security and Access Control
135. Content and Software 178. robust backup and disaster recovery
136. Interaction and Navigation 179. Integration engines
137. Applications 180. Electronic Medical Records
138. Augmented Reality (AR) 181. Communication infrastructure
139. Mixed Reality (MR 182. efficient functioning of radiology
140. Challenges and Considerations systems
141. VR technology 183. Medical image data transfers
142. Efficient, secure and reliable data 184. DICOM Web Services (DICOMweb)
exchange 185. HIE
186. Health Information Exchange
187. HIE
188. Teleradiology
189.Cloud-based medical imaging platforms
190. Cloud providers
191. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
192. Virtual Private Networks
193.Encrypted
194. Mobile Health (mHealth) Apps
195. Compression algorithms
196.Backup systems
197. Redundancy
198. Vendor-Neutral Archives
199.Vendor-Neutral Archives (VNAs)
200. Data Integrity and Verification
201. Internet services
202. PACS
203. Telehealth and Telemedicine
204. Internet-based health information
exchange networks
205. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) and
secure file transfer services
206. Mobile apps
207. Enterprise computing for medical
imaging informatics
208. Middleware and integration engines