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ScienceDirect
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Computer Science International
161 (2019) 1055–1063 Conference 2019

Determining Factors Influencing the Acceptance of Cloud

The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019
Computing Implementation
Determining
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Talmizie Amron a,b, Influencing
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Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Mohd Talmizie Amron a,b,
*, Teknologi
Universiti Roslinab Ibrahim
MARA,
a
Cawangan, Nur Azaliah
Terengganu, Abu Bakara, Suriayati
Malaysia
Chuprata
a
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract b
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Terengganu, Malaysia

Cloud computing (CC) has attracted many organizations to invest in this virtual storage technology since it is seen to be able to
help businesses in managing and sharing data in a more flexible, cost saving, and business scalability. However, there are many
Abstract
issues faced by CC, such as data security concern, the high cost during the set-up process, designing the cloud model as well as
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(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
unveil a new context in cloud computing studies as it provides more insights
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information on the factors
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Conference 2019
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Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +60-12-348-8047.
E-mail address: talmizie@gmail.com

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

*
Corresponding
This author.
is an open access Tel.:
article +60-12-348-8047.
under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
E-mail address:
Peer-review talmizie@gmail.com
under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019

1877-0509 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The Fifth Information Systems International Conference 2019.
10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.216
1056 Mohd Talmizie Amron et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 1055–1063
2 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Keywords: cloud computing; acceptance; literature review; acceptance model; influence factor

1. Introduction

The evolution of current technology has forced the organization to embed new technologies to become more
competitive. The rapid growth of information and the limited space has opened up a new dimension to data storage
technology or called as data centers [1,2]. The need for data centers is shifted from physical form to virtual form. The
virtual data center is preferred because of the advantages and benefits offered such as scalability of the business,
reduced IT costs, access flexibility, and strategic value [2,3,4,5,6]. The benefit of this technology is to give it an
advantage over the physical data store.
Cloud computing provides more options for users through the model and the type of services offered [7]. However,
it is not easy for users to adopt new technology, including cloud computing. There are some issues concerning the
users such as security of data, selecting the perfect cloud set-up, real-time monitoring requirements, dependency on
service providers, cost barrier, cloud management, and recovery of lost data. Recent studies have also highlighted that
many factors and conditions determine the acceptance of this technology by both users and organizations [4,7,8].
The purpose of this paper is to review the acceptance factors of cloud computing implementation in the
organizations, especially from the aspects of technology. To better understand acceptance factors, this paper also
investigates the underlying theories behind these factors. Commonly, there are several theories used to measure
technology acceptance such as; technology acceptance model (TAM), technology-organization-environment (TOE)
framework, the theory of reasoned action (TRA), social cognitive theory, and diffusion of innovations (DOI). Hence,
this paper provides a platform for studying the acceptance of cloud computing technology across the organization by
analyzing both the influencing factors and the related theories.

2. Cloud computing background

Cloud computing technology is used to store and access data as well as applications over the network in a private
storage hosting space. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defined cloud computing as “a model
for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources
that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction”
Sallehudin [9] simplified cloud computing as a model for providing on-demand access to computing services via the
Internet.
In cloud computing technology, all data is stored in a server connected through an internet network, where the user-
required software and applications are available on the server. However, Avram [10] mentioned that “Cloud
computing isn’t so much a technology as it is the combination of many pre-existing technologies. These technologies
have matured at different rates and in different contexts, and were not designed as a coherent whole; however, they
have come together to create a technology ecosystem for cloud computing.” Therefore, it shows that cloud computing
is a new platform for existing technologies to be used together as per the user's needs.

2.1. Cloud computing services

The wide range of services offered by the cloud provider can be categorized into three types. These three types of
services are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) [11].

 Software as a Service (SaaS) - With this service, users may use the software provided on request. The
service provider will install all the applications and software required and ready for use by the user.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) - PaaS provides a platform for computer users through the provision of
hardware, networking, and operating systems. Users will design and develop their application in this model.
PaaS is a link between two other services: SaaS and IaaS.
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 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - IaaS provides storage space and basic computing to users. Users can
use provided data center space to develop their application in their environment. For example, the user can
install the operating system, software, and app that you want to use.

2.2. Cloud computing models

It needs to be understood that not all types of cloud services are the same, and not one type is perfect for all users.
Several different models offer the service as appropriate for the organization's needs. The three types of service models
in cloud computing are as follows [11]:

 Public Cloud - This model provides services and infrastructure to the public and organizations in a shared
manner. This model supports multiple customers.
 Private Cloud - This model provides dedicated services and infrastructure to one organization. This private
cloud delivers very high controls on stored data and limited access. This model is ideal for organizations that
store sensitive data.
 Hybrid Cloud - This model is a combination of public and private cloud. It provides solutions to
organizations that require complex data storage management. For example, there is data that can be shared
through open access, and some are restricted to particular parties only.

Cloud computing technology was created to enable users to access shared resources globally, such as services,
applications, data, servers, and computer networks. Technically, this technology can be used either through third-party
servers placed on data centers or private providers. This makes access to data and content more reliable and efficient,
with minimum administration efforts. The use of cloud computing is more cost effective as it relies heavily on the
allocation of organizational resources to achieve the desired degree of consistency and in the current economic scale
[12].
However, there are many challenges and issues related to this technology. If organizations and users are not ready,
they may not be able to experience the benefits of using cloud computing fully. Implementation of cloud computing
is economically savvy, but to provide the platform that can meet the real needs of organizations can be costly [13].
For example, organizations need to make initial investments to subscribe to cloud computing services, provide
technical facilities that meet cloud requirements, and send staff for training and prepare to work in the cloud
environment. Even though organizations can save some money for management and maintenance, keep in mind that
long-term investments such as bandwidth enhancement, data storage space, and preventive maintenance can increase
costs.
Next is the reliability of the cloud service itself. The ability of a service provider is crucial and is a major concern
to ensure that the data is always accessible [14,15]. Data privacy is a big challenge to cloud computing users as any
stored information is sensitive and accessible only to authorized parties. Therefore, organizations need to have clear
policies to ensure the security of data is secured and controlled when it is accessed.

3. Technology acceptance

The users or organization's acceptance of new technology mainly depends on how technology can help them to
perform tasks more quickly and efficiently. The ability and greatness of technology are seen as a tool to facilitate the
task, but its effectiveness and benefits for users are subjective in many issues and circumstances. The definition of
‘acceptance' leads to two situations, whether ‘acceptable’ or ‘not accepted’. Davis [16] defines acceptance as users'
decision on how and when they will use technology. Looking at the challenges and issues that often dominate users
to accept and use new technologies, there are many things to be measured before users or organizations can accept it.
Many studies have been conducted in measuring users’ acceptance of the implementation and use of cloud
computing in both individual levels [9,17,18,19,20] and organizational levels [21,22,23,24]. Furthermore, these
models and theories introduce factors that can affect user acceptance. The followings are common theories used in
measuring acceptance and adoption in Information System:
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 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by Davis [16]. TAM explains the difference between consumer
behavior when it comes to new technology adoption and applications such as IS, electronic payments, online
business, and mobile technology [25].
 Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework by Tornatzky [26]. The framework sees a direct
connection between the adoption of IT technology with three contexts (technological, organizational, and
environmental) by organizations [27].
 Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory by Rogers [28] - Theory of DOI explains how innovation is acceptable
to users, how it is disseminated, and to what extent is it acceptable to it.
 Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) by Venkatesh [29]. This theory is developed
based on eight existing theories that have similarities in the acceptance of new technologies. This theory
explains the intent of the user to use IS and subsequent usage behavior.

These theories have become the basis for newer models for measuring acceptance and use of new technologies.
Acceptance of cloud computing technology itself is largely influenced by factors that are spinal out of those theories.

3.1. Cloud computing acceptance

Many studies from various fields and areas have been undertaken to explore the factors contributing to the adoption
and use of cloud computing technology. Two past studies [9,24] have listed six factors extracted from TOE and DOI
to measure acceptance of cloud computing among IT officers in the Malaysian public sector. The factors are relative
advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, IT innovativeness, and IT knowledge. These factors are also used
by [30] in his proposed model for measuring the acceptability of cloud computing among SMEs.
Ashtari [31] has adopted a TOE where five core constructs were measured in this framework, which was technology,
human, business, environment, and organization. The study has identified critical factors that affect the acceptance of
cloud computing in the healthcare sector in Saudi Arabia. While in Taiwan, researchers [32] have investigated the
factors of cloud computing in the hospital industry. The four core constructs measured in this study; human,
technology, organization, and environment. The significant factors for the healthcare industry are relative advantage,
technical competence, top management support, adequate resource, date security, complexity and cost, and industry
pressure.
A study by [22] has used DOI and a task-technology fit model to measure the acceptance of the implementation of
cloud computing in the e-Gov in Yemen. The six factors studied were a task, relative advantage, complexity,
compatibility, trialability, and security. Meanwhile, another study involving the implementation of cloud computing
in e-Gov was carried out by [33] when they used the Grounded Theory, which listed the five key group factors, namely;
cloud trust, technology driving, cloud provider support, organizational readiness, and environmental stimulus.
TAM, TOE, and DOI are also used in measuring the acceptance and effectiveness of cloud computing
implementation in the education sector. Studies conducted by [23,31,34] highlighted that there are almost similar
factors used and the most significant factors are complexity, capability, top management support, computer self-
efficacy and external pressure discovered in their studies.
Hence, this study believed that there are various factors such as relative advantage, perceived ease of use, IT
knowledge, and security behind the theory of technology acceptance which contributes to the implementation of cloud
computing either for individuals and organization level. Each factor has its roles in influencing users to make decisions
based on their interests and intentions to accept and use these cloud technologies.

4. Methodology

In the reviewing process, this study adopted the literature review paper (LRP) by [35] and also the method proposed
by [36]. The scope of the review is on the acceptance of cloud computing technology. The studies were accessed from
five literature databases, namely ScienceDirect, Emerald, IEEE Xplore, SpringerLink, and Wiley Online Library, as
these databases provide access to leading IS journals and high-quality peer-reviewed IS conference publications. The
search query applied Boolean “AND” and “OR” operation emphasizing on a keyword like a cloud computing,
adoption, and acceptance. The search query including “(cloud computing AND (adoption OR acceptance))” and
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“((cloud* AND (adopt* OR accept*)). Wee and Banister [35] recommend making use of all operators explicit about
gaining more result. Table 1 shows an overview of the search process and initially resulted in 241 articles in total,
including recurrences.
To ensure the relevance of the articles to be analyzed, search criteria are limited to the title of the articles, and the
publication year is from 2011 to 2019 and publication types which focus on journals or proceedings only. The selection
of the featured article involves abstract reading to determine the relevancy of the articles. Initially, 241 articles were
identified using the search queries from the selected databases. Then, the criteria were refined by setting aside
repetitive, non-English, and research-in-progress articles. These exclusion criteria delimit the sample of articles so
that the literature review becomes practically manageable [36]. After conducting the quality assessment, only 55
articles were selected for further analysis.

Table 1. Literature search overview.

Literature Databases Search Results

ScienceDirect 46
Emerald 27
IEEE Xplore 135
SpringerLink 23
Wiley Online Library 10
Total 241

The thematic analysis method [37] was applied during the analysis stage. The next step was to determine a list of
factors presented in the set of studies stated. All the proposed and used factors in the previous study were recorded
and compiled in the full list of factors. Next, the factors are collected, combined, and filtered to separate the same
definition factors [21]. Furthermore, the factors that have been identified will be linked to the authors who have used
such factors as variables in their study.

5. Findings and discussion

As a result of the analysis described above, the 21 most common factors proposed from the past studies regarding
cloud computing acceptance in various fields have been listed. Table 2 shows the list of 21 factors extracted from the
literature analysis and its frequency associated with the description for each of the factors. This initial finding shows
seven factors (compatibility, top management support, relative advantage, complexity, external pressure, IT
knowledge and trialability) from DOI, TOE and UTAUT framework dominating the highest position in Table 2.
A total of 20 studies listed compatibility as contributing to the acceptance of cloud computing in various sectors.
Several studies [4,19,38] have highlighted the main issue of how current technology compatibility can influence the
implementation of cloud computing. Current capabilities should be aligned with the requirements in cloud computing.
Therefore, it is vital to ensure that the service to be used should fit and meet the current conditions of the environment
such as infrastructure, equipment, and existing systems so that it will not be a problem when it is deployed [39,40,41].
However, this factor also causes organizations not ready to use the technology because of other constraints such as
cost and maintenance [42,43,44]. The full dependence on this technology forces the organization to get ready with all
the possibilities.
The top management support in the second position is the factor of the organization construct in the TOE. Studies
by [45,46,47] are among the latest studies considering top management support in measuring user and organizational
acceptance of cloud computing. The top management has the power to adopt or reject new technologies from being
used by the organization [48]. Positive support from top management will have an impact on the acceptance and
implementation of cloud computing, such as the new budget for infrastructure, training, and motivation to employees.
Top management is the key and the decision maker for the implementation of a project. Supportive management will
always motivate employees to do excellent work and help employees feel more comfortable with new technologies.
1060 Mohd Talmizie Amron et al. / Procedia Computer Science 161 (2019) 1055–1063
6 Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Relative advantage has a very significant impact on cloud computing acceptance. This factor indicates that the
organization is satisfied with the benefits and improves performance by using cloud computing. Relative advantage
factor refers to checking if the adoption of cloud computing technology will have clear benefits over other technologies
for the organization [49]. Benefits and ease of use are among the main things that organizations evaluate before using
cloud computing. With a lot of investment, the organization would like to get a lucrative return on business and
proliferate.
As discussed earlier, security concerns factors are also a significant issue, as shown in Table 2. Issues such as data
privacy, authorizing access to the cloud, and data security are the reasons affecting the organization's acceptance of
cloud computing. This issue is more significant in out-premise clouds where content is out of the company (in the
cloud vendor premise) [50]. Apart from security threats, cyber-attacks, privacy violation, and information disclosure
is another challenge that decelerates cloud adoption. If cloud service providers can convince organizations by
successfully addressing this issue, more organizations will trust cloud computing.

Table 2. 21 factors extracted from the literature and the description.

Factors Studies Description Freq

Compatibility [4,6,41,42,43,45,47,51,5 The cloud computing service fits with existing equipment, in line with the current 20
2,53,54,55,8,9,15,19,21, system and is not a problem when it is deployed.
22,33,38]
Top [8,19,43,44,45,46,47,56, The management team has a high level of involvement and interaction with 18
management 57,58,21,22,24,27,33,34, employees towards adopting cloud computing services.
support 38,41]
Relative [6,8,51,54,56,59,60,61,6 The extent to which organizations can enjoy the benefits and improved performance 17
advantage 2,9,21,22,24,27,32,38,46 from the use of cloud computing.
]
Security [4,6,52,56,63,8,12,15,22 Security issues in cloud computing are the major concerns that overwhelm the 13
,27,39,45,51] benefits of this technology. However, safety is also a guarantee of the best service in
cloud computing.
Complexity [8,9,53,64,21,22,24,41,4 The level of difficulty experienced by users to learn and use cloud computing 12
3,44,45,47] services.
External [20,23,65,27,31,32, The cloud expert solution that exists outside of an organization's physical boundary. 12
pressure 34,42,55,57,60]
Government [19,21,22,31,32,34,38,4 Rules and policies set by the authorities in an effort to assist in the implementation of 10
support 3,53,55] cloud computing.
IT knowledge [8,9,15,21,22,41,56,66,6 The individual IT knowledge and skills can help the organization to adopt new 9
7] technologies more quickly.
Cost [6,15,27, The degree to which something is effective or productive in relation to its cost. 9
31,32,34,38,44,56]
Trust [8,19,21,27,31,40,43,45, The organization believes that cloud computing will facilitate its business and believe 9
68] the service provider will assist it without harming the organization.
Trialability [6,9,21,22,24,41,45,53] The ease in which users can try a new service before adoption. 8
Innovativeness [7,9,21,31] The tendency to be a technology pioneer and thought leader. 4
External [15,24,51,56] The cloud expert solution that exists outside of an organization's physical boundary. 4
expertise
Sharing & [21,41,46,68] An ability to share a document and can edit the same document by more than one 4
collaboration person at a time.
User [8,40,52,69] The user's view after using the new technology will give the impression of the 4
experiences technology and will also affect other users who have the same intentions.
Awareness [6,20,53,56] The adoption or rejection of cloud computing begins when the intended consumers 4
become aware of innovation.
Firm size [8,21,27] The size of the institute is based on the total of the employee, revenue, and 3
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Author name / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 7

Factors Studies Description Freq

investment.
Social [21,32,70] The degree to which an individual perceives that it is important for others to believe 3
influence that he or she should use cloud computing.
Task [22,23,71] An assignment or action was taken by the individual to obtain satisfactory and 3
accurate information. This task might be done with IS.
Vendor support [9,21,51] Service providers play an important role in helping organizations implementing cloud 3
computing to facilitate their use of this technology.
Business [31,44] An effort to grow a business through engagement with new innovations. 2
continuity

In this study, several factors that have the same meaning have been combined into one term. For example,
Venkatesh [29] has incorporated three constructs, namely perceived behavioral control, facilitating conditions and
compatibility, to mean the readiness to fit with the existing equipment and technology. Similarly, perceived usefulness,
motivator, job fit, and outcome expectation are combined into relative advantages that have the same meaning [29].

6. Conclusion

As a result of the LRP and the analysis that has been made on all the factors found in previous studies, the 22
factors highlighted in this study indicate these factors have a high potential to influence users and organizations to use
cloud computing. The existence of a balance between technology and human factors is inferred and noted in Table 2.
It shows the influence of acceptance and implementation of cloud computing not only assessed from one angle only
but from all aspects. Therefore, the results of this study have achieved the objectives by exposing the factors
contributing to the acceptance of cloud computing in the organization, especially in the technological aspect.
Among other things that are interesting to share are though there are many advantages of cloud computing that
have been shared, each organization has different contexts such as in the field of health services; data privacy is a
major concern. Besides that, services organization such as educational institutions and SMEs focus on the accessibility
and ease of information as to their concern. Therefore, prior studies on the acceptance and implementation of cloud
computing significantly help researchers and decision makers explore these technology acceptance factors. Factors
that are found are gauges and guides for organizations to adopt and use cloud computing services successfully and
safely.
The findings of this study enriched the findings of the previous research [21] by introducing three new factors, such
as external expertise, user experiences, and business continuity. However, this finding is solely based on the extensive
literature review; hence, there is a likeliness of missing some other influencing factors from the real cases. Therefore,
for future work, this study aims to conduct detailed interviews and a quantitative survey to validate this finding.

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