Research

Super Capacitor

Submitted by:
Jericho Despuig
Kit Wilson L. Conarco
Mc Zandro C. Natividad
Joana Grace Bracamonte

Instructor: Mr. Ardel Manalog

Structure of Capacitor

The basic structure of capacitor consists of two parallel metal foils (very thin sheets of metal). The metal

foils act as electrode. Dielectric material is use as as insulator to separate metal foils. The term “di” in

dielectric refers to placement in between two (di) foils and electric means it holds electric field. The circuit

symbol of capacitor nearly looks like basic structure of capacitor

Basic Structure of Capacitor

The insulating material such as glass, rubber, ceramic, plastic, paper etc are use as dielectric

material. The material use as metal foils are tantalum, aluminum, mica etc. The operation and

structure of capacitor defines its capacitance as per following two relations,

Equation of Capacitors Capacitance

Where, ϵ (epsilon) is permittivity (a kind of resistance present when electric field is establish in a

medium), ϵ0 is permittivity of air (vacuum) with constant value of 8.85 × 10−12 Farad/meter, ϵr is

permittivity of dielectric material/relative permittivity/dielectric constant. The typical values of dielectric

constant for various commonly use dielectric materials are: Vacuum = 1, Air = 1.006, Paper = 3.85, Mica

= 3 – 6, Glass = 3 – 10 etc. Also, ‘A’ denotes plate area and ‘d’ is distance between plates.
Components.

Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors, often in the form of metallic plates or surfaces

separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an

electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitor's charge capacity.

Characteristic of Super Capacitor

The capacitor, as with any other electronic component, comes defined by a series of characteristics.

These Capacitor Characteristics can always be found in the data sheets that the capacitor manufacturer

provides to us so here are just a few of the more important ones. Capacitor Characteristics – Nominal

Capacitance, (C) The nominal value of the Capacitance, C of a capacitor is the most important of all

capacitor characteristics. This value measured in pico-Farads (pF), nano-Farads (nF) or micro-Farads

(μF) and is marked onto the body of the capacitor as numbers, letters or coloured bands. The

capacitance of a capacitor can change value with the circuit frequency (Hz) y with the ambient

temperature. Smaller ceramic capacitors can have a nominal value as low as one pico-Farad, ( 1pF )

while larger electrolytic’s can have a nominal capacitance value of up to one Farad, ( 1F ). All capacitors

have a tolerance rating that can range from -20% to as high as +80% for aluminium electrolytic’s affecting

its actual or real value. The choice of capacitance is determined by the circuit configuration but the value

read on the side of a capacitor may not necessarily be its actual value.
Application of Super Capacitor in the field of ECE

The SC has many advantages in applications with a high power density, and many

charge/discharge cycles or a longer life are required. SCs are used in wind turbines, mobile base

stations, electronic devices, and different industrial practices . In addition, they have started to be used in

UPS, electric vehicles, and various power electronics applications, thanks to their superiority over lead-

acid batteries . In recent years, SCs have been used as an energy storage device for voltage stability in

renewable and hybrid energy storage systems to regulate the source and grid . SCs can stabilise the

power supply in applications with fluctuating loads . SCs deliver power for flashes, which can be charged

quickly , and portable speakers . Reducing energy consumption and CO2 emissions is a primary difficulty

of all transportation systems, and braking energy recovery can reduce both. Many applications in all kinds

of vehicles require elements that can rapidly store and deliver energy, and SCs fulfil these requirements.

Some SC applications include consumer electronics , tools, power supply , voltage stabilisation ,

microgrid , renewable energy storage , energy harvesting , street lights, medical applications , military and

automotive applications and energy recovery. Like this figure.

References

Praveen Rathore (2023)Novas, N.; Alcayde, A.; Robalo, I.; Manzano-Agugliaro, F.; Montoya, F.G. Energies and Its
Worldwide Research. Energies 2020, 13, 6700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Smith, S.C.; Sen, P.K.; Kroposki, B.
Advancement of energy storage devices and applications in electrical power systems. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE
Power and Energy Society General Meeting-Conversion and Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, Pittsburgh,
PA, USA, 20–24 July 2008; pp. 1–8. [Google Scholar]