EFFECT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON INTERNET DATA USAGE A CASE STUDY OF GINDIRI

DISTRICT, MANGU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF PLATEAU STATE

TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problem
1.3 Purpose/objective of the study
1.4 Significant of the study
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Limitation/Scope of the study
1.8 Operational terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Research design
3.2 Population of the study
3.3 Sample and sampling technique
3.4 Instrument for data collection
3.5 Method of data analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Introduction
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
5.4 References
5.5 Appendix
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The Internet is a system architecture that has revolutionized communications and methods of commerce
by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network
of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general
public until the early 1990s.
The Internet more also is an immensely useful network, which allows people to communicate
information and share their feelings. It supports human communication via social media, electronic mail (e-
mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively
at many different locations. The entire World ran most activities via the aid of internet during the spread of a
pandemic known to be Covid-19 in 2020.
The recently identified new Coronavirus is a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-
2). According to WHO the COVID-19 can be compared with common cold and pneumonia which affects the
respiratory tracts and gut of birds, mammals and human beings. Its outbreak in Wuhan of Hubei state in China
came to the notice of the World Health Organization (WHO) on 1st December 2019 and it was declared as a
Global Public Health emergency on 30th January, 2020. This virus spread to across 200 countries in the world
and was recognized as “Global Pandemic” by WHO on 11th March, 2020.
Following the severity and widespread of Coronavirus (COVID-19), most Governments I=of the world
introduced lockdown measures to prevent the virus’ spread, hence this scenario disclosed how important it is for
everyone to have access to reliable and resilient digital infrastructure (Adeola 2020). According to Kenneth
(2020), the introduction of Covid-19 restrictions around the world had a huge impact on Internet traffic as large
number of people are online more frequently and for longer. Whereas in “normal times” there was a big
difference in the amount of data traffic between weekdays and weekends.
Peter (2020) cited that restrictions on movement generated higher Internet usage and increased traffic on
networks, reflecting an increase in remote working, learning, video conferencing as well as other activities that
have shifted online.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In the year 2020 was the historical novel virus (COVID-19) pandemic in a manner that the world has
never witnessed before. The human-to-human transmission rates of the virus are not only alarming and
worrisome but also, the respiratory dysfunction and unwavering deaths it caused have attracted global concerns.
In the fight to contain the spread of this Virus among masses, most Governments of the world adopted the social
distancing and lockdown measures among other preventive measures. As a result of the lockdown, many
businesses, institutions and others forms of organization ran most activities via the internet while other
individuals used the internet as means for entertainment and communication with others. This huge attention
and engagement on the internet inversely increased internet data usage rate. With reference to the above
statements, this study is channeled towards investigating the effect of Covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage
rate.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The major aim of this study is to examine the effect of Covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage. Other
relevant objectives include:
 To identify if Covid-19 lockdown had any significant impact on internet data usage.
 Ascertain the extent to which people and businesses used internet to carryout crucial activities.
 Investigate if Covid-19 lockdown increased or reduced rate of data usage?
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What is the impact of Covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage?
2. To what extent did businesses used internet to carryout crucial activities?
3. Did Covid-19 increase or reduce the rate of data usage?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will be of immense usefulness to Government, organizations and private
business owners as it reveals the huge role and importance of Internet to their various line of operation.
However, researchers, tutors, lecturers and even students will find this material valuable base on the Interest and
focus of their study.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study covers on the effect of Covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage, hence the study is limited
to residents in Gindiri District of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State Nigeria.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for
the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and
interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work.
This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
INTERNET: the Internet refers to the electronic network or networks that link(s) people and information
through computers and other digital devices; thereby allowing for person-to-person communication and
information retrieval. The Internet is a major tool that emerged for the purpose of information dissemination;
thus, the media acts as an information hegemon in terms of determining what information is made available to
people as well as the impression people have on issues (Savrum & Leon, 2015).
LOCKDOWN: A lockdown can be defined as an emergency protocol implemented by the authorities that
prevents people from leaving a given area. A full lockdown will mean that the people in the given area must
stay where they are and must not exit or enter a building or given area.
COVID 19: it is also known as coronavirus), is transmitted chiefly by contact with infectious material (such as
respiratory droplets) or with objects or surfaces contaminated by the causative virus, and is characterized
especially by fever, cough, and shortness of breath and may progress to pneumonia and respiratory failure
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 CONCEPT OF COVID 19
Before the advent of COVID 19 the world had suffered other pandemics and plagues. Other
documented ones include the Black Death (1346-1353) which swept through Europe and Asia, the Spanish Flu
(1918-1920) and the Asian Flu which originated from China and killed over 1 million people worldwide. The
last and closest to us is the Ebola fever which swept through the West Africa sub-region .(TEP 2020)
The Corona virus COVID 19 was first recognized in December 2019 in Wuhan, city in China. It started
as a case of pneumonia. This was reported to the WHO Country office. It was discovered to be a new/ novel
strain of the SARS – COV virus of 2002. It was named COVID 19 by the WHO on 11 th of February 2020. The
acronym COVID 19 stands for Corona virus disease 2019. Its symptoms include common cold, fever, cough,
shortness of breath and loss of smell. The complications could lead to pneumonia, viral sepsis, respiratory
distress syndromes, kidney failure and others. It is worsened by already existing ill health conditions in the
patient like diabetes, high blood pressure, tuberculosis HIV/AIDS and others. It is not airborne but can spread in
various ways, primarily through contact with droplets from infected persons which are in hailed. It could even
be contracted from touching surfaces where such droplets have fallen and touching the eyes, nose or mouth.
Studies show that half of the virus life outside human body depends on temperature and humidity. This
is what leads to different rates of infection from region to region. The best way to control the virus according to
them is through keeping safe distance, washing hands and cleaning contaminated surfaces. (Oyeritan &
Babajide 2020)

2.2 CONCEPT OF INTERNET DATA

According to Srivastava (2020), internet has played very crucial role during COVID period when the
Government announced different phases of lockdown and people had to stay at home to maintain social
isolation. Internet has moved forward the day-to-day lives of people in the sphere of IT, education and research,
health, banking transactions, insurance, entertainment, shopping and other activities. Christenson (2020), has
made study on how COVID-19 forced people to shift their habits towards online transactions which make the
life normal. There are major changes in the consumption pattern of people as they prefer to online shopping and
online spending with the help of internet. The e-commerce, online streaming and behaviour of social media
heavily influence both industries and consumers.
Madhukalya (2020), has studied on the increasing of online consumption during the Covid-19. It has
increased to 13% from 9% in daily average consumption as people are locked in their homes and carried out
both personal and official transactions by using social media. Udas (2020), states about the social distancing and
the role of the internet which connects people and make them close to one another. Any form of outdoor is
prohibited by the Government through lockdown to be protected from Coronavirus. So, people have spent more
time on social media through different platforms like: Facebook, Netflix, Hotstar and Prime to share feelings
and avoid the feelings of loneliness. The author also differentiates the physical world from the digital world
which sometimes become the source of misinformation.
According to Sengupta (2020), if the lockdown exists for more period then the people will be more
acquainted with digital media. Remote education, work-from-home and entertainment are being transitioned to
home with broadband connection or through mobile connection. The author also suggests better infrastructure
which enables people for smooth operation of online activities. BIK team (2020), has stated about the better
internet for kids, children and young people which empowers them. The safer internet assists the adolescents to
be creative and innovative. When they are playing games, communicating with online friends, gaining and
sharing information and knowledge etc. they should be protected from hackers and bullies. According to
Obisakin (2020), the internet is the only source of transmission of information during Covid-19, pandemic. It
makes interactions smooth and communications active without which the people feel lonely and stressful.
During the lockdown and social distancing people are forced to maintain social isolation and stop the outdoor
activities. The Internet has played a very vital role as it helps to public and private sectors, households, women,
urban-rural and remote populations to run their activities by maintaining social distance.
 Choudhary (2020), has made study on impact of Covid19 on educational sectors in Nigeria. The
pandemic has disrupted the higher education sector as the universities and schools also have closed and 285
million young learners are affected. During this period internet acts as a blessing and e-learning comes as a
definite solution to make the education system on. Both students and teachers are connected with each other and
share knowledge from their own destinations.
Luech (2020), has suggested that the internet is the source of work-from-home and people should be
adaptive with this digital technology. Even they can operate it whenever and wherever it is needed. People can
be easily connected and production and distribution of goods and services will be transparent with the help of
the internet. According to the news published on 2nd May, 2020 by HT Correspondent, Hindustan Times, New
Delhi internet plays a very vital role to connect the devotees with their religious places and to perform the holy
rituals. They can participate in religious rituals by connecting online. The speed of the access and the nature of
activities which the consumer can carry out often depends on the nature of the technology in use. For example,
2G (2nd Generation Technology) is circuit switched, 3G (3rd Generation) is packet and circuit switched) and
4G (4th Generation) is packet switched technology. 2G is in GPRS, EDGE mode or their equivalents (using
circuit switched), 3G is in High Speed data service termed HSPA, HSPA+ mode or their equivalents (using
packet and circuit switched) and 4G is in LTE, LTE-A mode or their equivalent (using packet switched)
technology.
Each of these technologies provide different speeds and protocols for using internet. Newer generations
of phones are usually designed to be backward-compatible, so a 4G phone can communicate through a 3G or
even 2G network. In addition to these Wireless Generation technologies, we also have Fibre Optics Interne "G"
stands for "GENERATION". While you are connected to internet, the speed of your internet depends upon the
signal strength that has been shown in alphabets like 2G, 3G, and 4G etc. which is right next to the signal bar on
your mobile phone’s home screen. Mobile data provides internet connection on a smartphone or tablet without
the need for Wi-Fi. Mobile data is what allows your phone get online when you are away from WIFI. Mobile
enabled devices can send and receive information over a wireless cellular connection, as long as you have
cellular connection, you can use the internet. Mobile data is simply defined as enabling access to the Internet via
a mobile device that is connected to a mobile network operator. For a person to access internet content, he/she
will have to purchase mobile data plans, which entitles them to a certain amount of data over a fixed period.
You can also access the internet through Wi-Fi connections depending on whether you have access to that
particular Wi-Fi network. With mobile data, however, you can use the internet as long as your phone can detect
your network’s data signals, and you have an active data plan on that network. Alassar, (2020).
2.3 HISTORY OF COVID 19 IN NIGERIA
After the first case in China the disease continued to spread such that WHO declared it a public health
emergency of international concern. This was after cases were recognized in 34 countries with 80,329
confirmed cases and about 2,700 deaths. (WHO 2020).
As at January 2020 Nigeria and many other African countries had no case. It was on the 27 th of February
2020 that Nigeria reported its first case through an Italian citizen who worked in Lagos. (He arrived in the
Murtala Mohammed Airport Lagos on the 24 th of February 2020 on board a Turkish Airline). Since then the
virus continued to spread. In order to curb the spread, Nigeria placed a travel ban on 13 susceptible countries –
United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (UK), South Korea, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, France,
China, Spain, Netherlands, Norway, Japan and Iran.(Oyeranti, O. & Babajide, S. 2020)
Nearly two months later there were 343 confirmed cases with 91 recoveries and 10 deaths in Nigeria.
With much available data on COVID 19 therefore government set up the machinery of control bearing in mind
the welfare of the people. These included lockdown and the first sectors to be affected were religious and
educational institutions and other non-essential services. (Oryeji 2020).The Federal Ministry of Health was to
formulate health policies and handle inspection of public and private health centres for the treatment of COVID
19 confirmed cases. It was also to handle the training, guidelines (and Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for
frontline workers in the fight against the novel virus.
A twelve man Presidential Task Force (PTF) for the control of COVID 19 was set up with Boss Mustafa
and Dr. Aliyu as coordinator and secretary respectively. Ameh 2020). The committee was charged with the
responsibility of creating a workable national response plan to be revised on a daily basis. They were given six
months to work and deliver the mandate according to international best practice. He added that a National
Council for Disease Control (NCDC) was created with another mandate to lead the preparedness, diagnosis and
response to COVID 19 in Nigeria and publish updates of reported conform cases, recoveries and deaths. After a
careful analysis NCDC established that cases from travels in and outside Nigeria accounted for the spread. This
led to ban on inter-state travels (Oyeranti O & Babajide S. 2020).
The only best way to establish any case was through test results. This led to the establishment of test
centres to ascertain the number of conformed cases, recoveries and deaths. Reports showed that states with
highest population densities like Lagos, Ogun and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) had the highest cases.
From the first case in February 2020, the number of cases rose to 25 by the fourth week. As at the fifth week
there was at least one confirmed case in all the geographical zones of the country, and by the eighth week there
were 541 confirmed cases nationwide. (Onyeranti & Babajide 2020).
By the end of the 12th week there were at total of 5621 confirmed cases. Of these cases only 4% had
traveled outside Nigeria, 25% had contacts with patients while the remaining is classified as epidemiological
connections and incomplete information. This is against what was obtained in the fourth week were 76% had
travel history outside Nigeria, with the remaining 20% and 4% coming from contact with patients and
epidemiological traces respectively. The implication of the above is that Nigeria had gone fully into
‘community transmission’. Government responded by setting up more laboratories. (NCDC, 2020). In addition
to this the FMH and PTF stepped up training of more frontline workers and provision of PPEs. Government
collaborated with the media in mounting safety campaigns. Onyeranti (2020).
There was an also attempt of bringing in an allege cure from Madagascar. This was to be put to analysis
by NIPRD and NAFDAC before being put to use. (Daily Trust, 2020). Another effort was the bringing into
Nigeria a team of Chinese medical personnel on the 8 th of April 2020 to share their experiences. This was
received with controversy and led to the return of 15 member medical team and 286 other Chinese nationals to
china on the 30th of May 2020.
The results of all these was the restriction of gatherings. This was why the FME ordered the closure of
all schools by 23rd of March 2020. It is this shut down that brought the negative impact especially on education
and. The emphasis of this paper is on the effect of the COCVID 19 on Pre-primary and Primary levels of
education this is because of their strategic roles in founding other levels of education. It will not only examine
the effects but will also examine effort being put in by government and other stakeholders to mitigate these
effects. There will also be suggestions and recommendations on how to forge ahead.

2.4 CAUSES DATA CONSUMPTION USAGE

Your data is used whenever your phone connects to the internet. The following activities are the most
common activities that reduce your data: Sending and receiving emails, Downloading and uploading files
(pictures, documents, videos, etc. – the larger the file, the more the data consumption, Browsing the internet –
the more pictures, videos or graphics on the websites, the more the data usage, Instant Messaging – like
WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, Snapchat, etc. this uses a lot more data than people imagine due to the
advancement in technology. Take for instance, WhatsApp messaging, video calls and status features. These
consume a lot of data due to pictures and videos being shared. Streaming music/ videos on YouTube, Hulu,
Deezer, Apple Music, Netflix and other channels; these are major causes of consumer data depletion due to the
current COVID - 19 pandemic; which has more people having to use online streaming services for longer
periods and in higher frequencies. It is however important to note that these streaming services and platforms
offer different quality of content presentation and that the higher the quality of the content consumed, the higher
the data consumption. Chen (2020)

Take for instance, a video on YouTube labelled with a High Definition quality (e.g. HD) versus that
with a Standard Definition (SD) or lower quality (e.g. 360p or 480p) would provide the same content for the
same period but, will use up more data for a device streaming the high quality content option. Games – games
use a lot more data than most people imagine due to intense graphics and algorithms that power them. Social
media applications such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Short video applications such as Tik
Tok, vskit, etc. HD Video-chatting and conferencing applications like Zoom, Skype, WhatsApp Video, etc.
Backing up content with cloud storage and/or file-sharing tools Using your device as a Mobile Hotspot and
allowing other devices to access the internet from it Indirect or background data usage - Indirect data usage
occurs in the background, during tasks performed automatically by your device. Some examples of indirect data
usage are: o Automatic backups of pictures or videos o Software updates 4 o App content refreshes o Syncing
and location services Device Operating System (OS) and background app updates – These are a major causes of
data depletion especially if a person is using a high-end data voracious device. These updates usually happen in
the background or at night when a person is sleeping and can consume data in hundreds of megabytes (MB) up
to Gigabytes (GB). It is strongly advised that people ensure that their device software and app updates are set to
be manually activated as against automatic downloads. Auto updates on your IPhone / Android phones /
Windows for laptop especially IPhone / Windows updates, which are more frequent and data intensive.
(Madhukalya, 2020).

The novel Coronavirus popularly known as COVID-19, is an infectious disease which spread all over the world.
To fight with this many state Governments announced to maintain “social distancing” and “staying at home”
(Király et al., 2020). COVID-19 pandemic has changed the way of living pattern of people. Due to Lockdown,
most of the people are more dependent on the internet because many people are working from home, students
are attending online classes regularly, and teachers are taking virtual classes. The people also use Netflix,
amazon prime videos and any other apps or websites for entertaining purpose. Many people turn to telemedicine
and use more communication tools to communicate with others. This shows a significant increase of internet
Data during this COVID-19 outbreak (Cohen, 2020). According to the Telecommunication Department, Nigeria
consumes the internet data on an average of 307,963 TB (Terabyte) or 308 PB (Tera Byte) of data on a daily
basis of the first week, or beginning of the lockdown period (Madhukalya, 2020).

According to Openvoult’s Broadband Insight Report showed the first quarter of the 2020, the average
broadband consumption increased to 402.5GB from the 273.5GB during the last year 2019 that’s around 47
percent. Due to lockdown the broadband usage increased to 233.6GB in the first quarter of 2020 from 190.7GB
in the last quarter of 2019. Telecommunication department report also shows that the highest data 22.2 crore
GB is consumed by the Jio users followed by Airtel 2.14 crore GB, whereas the Vodafone subscribers are used
1.60 Crore GB and BSNL users are exhausted with 63lakh GB. Speed test, a web page which that investigates
the internet access performance over the globe, its latest report tracking Impact of COVID-19 on speed around
the world which was updated in April 15, demonstrated a 4 percent increase in fixed line speed and 8 percent in
portable device’s speed when we contrasted with the seven days stretch of March 2. According to this report,
Nigeria’s present data consumption speed is normal of 36.17 Mbps and portable device speed is 9.67 Mbps
(Ookla, 2020).

According to Open vault report (Q12020), average consumption jumps to the 402.5 GB at the end of the 1st
quarter of 2020, which has increased of 47% from the 1st quarter of 2019, the average data was 273.5GB and
17 percent rise over the 344.0 GB in 4thQ2019. The rate of increase in median growth has also accelerated to
122 in the first quarter 2020. According to COAI (Cellular operators association of Nigeria), the average rate of
data consumption on a quarterly basis was 6900 Petabyte (PB) in the year 2019. But this pandemic drastically
changed the consumption pattern of the internet, said Director General Rajan S Mathews from COAI. It was
estimated that there is a hike around 20% after covid-19 outbreak in monthly data consumption, which is around
8980 petabyte (PB). Excitel claims that 3 lakh customers from Nigeria recorded an average data consumption of
15.56 GB per day. With this additional data the average data usage per month was 400 GB in the month of
March 2020. According to Excitel Broadband, the average data consumption for the 3rd week in the month of
March was 16.8GB per day. But it increased in the month of April to 17.6GB per day during this outbreak.
Ajazeera. (2020).

IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON INTERNET DATA USAGE

COVID-19 and the related lockdown measures to prevent the virus’ spread have highlighted how important it is
for everyone to have access to reliable and resilient digital infrastructure. Restrictions on movement have
generated higher Internet usage and increased traffic on networks, reflecting an increase in remote working and
learning, as well as other activities that have shifted online. This article provides insight into the effect of
COVID-19-related lockdown measures on internet speed in a sample of developing countries in Africa. The
findings of this study demonstrate the resiliency of digital infrastructure in Africa and also highlight and reflect
the benefits of partnership between public and private stakeholders to manage traffic surges. The development
community should encourage and leverage these partnerships to not only ensure continued network resilience
during times of crisis, but also to minimize the digital divide between countries and within countries as the new
global digital transformation takes shape. Ajazeera. (2020).

1 Increase in internet usage – The COVID-19 pandemic and related lockdown measures have increased the
amount of internet traffic around the world. Countries in Africa reflect this global trend, reporting higher
data traffic during the months in which “stay at home” orders were established. However, this increase in
traffic was not temporary; countries continue to reflect a surge in traffic compared to the pre-lockdown
weeks. Ajazeera. (2020).
2 Public and private sector reaction – As a consequence of higher internet usage, public and private
stakeholders have promoted a wide range of measures to facilitate access to the internet. For instance, some
regulators have enabled temporary spectrum bands to meet the increase in demand while private operators
have offered more affordable data plans. Ajazeera. (2020).
3 Internet speed is slow – The data recorded by Ookla® Speedtest® reported on average low mobile and
fixed internet speeds across the 18 African countries surveyed. Even before the onset of the pandemic, speed
was below the acceptable threshold of 10mbps, considered the lower bound for a good quality broadband
service. In contrast to what might be expected in OECD countries, mobile internet generally provides faster
service than fixed. Ajazeera. (2020).
4 Effect of the lockdown on internet speed was modest and temporary – Findings from the sample of 18
African countries indicates a negative effect of the lockdown on mobile (-17%) and fixed internet speed (-
5%), particularly in the first week of lockdown. Some countries also experienced a decline before the “stay
at home” orders, suggesting that some activities shifted to remote connectivity before the official lockdown
mandates. However, networks across the continent reacted well. Ajazeera. (2020).
5 Public and private sector partnerships and cooperation was and remains critical for ensuring
network resilience – The findings of this study demonstrate the resiliency of digital infrastructure in Africa
and also highlight and reflect the benefits of partnership between public and private stakeholders to manage
traffic surges. The development community should encourage and leverage these partnerships to achieve the
ambitious objective of universal access to the internet. Ajazeera. (2020).
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE
3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter will be discussed under the following sub-headings;
Research design
Population of the study
Sample and sampling techniques
Research instrument
Validity of instrument
Method of data collection
Method of data analysis
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
This study employed the correlation design to investigate the effect of covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage
with reference to some selected community in Mangu District of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau
State. The researchers intended to get the true picture of the effect of covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage
with reference to some selected community in Mangu District of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau
State. This design was appropriate for this study since it involved administering questionnaires to collect
information about their views on the effect of covid-19 lockdown on internet data usage with reference to some
selected community. The descriptive analyses was done using percentage, frequencies, and cross-tabulations.
3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of this study comprised of five communities in Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State.
3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Five Secondary Schools were randomly sampled from the population. The selected public schools for the study
include;

S/N NAME OF SCHOOL TOTAL

1 Jwakom Community Mangu 20
2 Angwan Sarki Community Mangu 20
3 Angwan Mata Community Mangu 20
4 Sabon Kasuwa Community Mangu 20
5 Lahir Community Mangu 20

All of the community are from Mangu District of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State. In each
of the five (5) Community, twenty (20) respondents were randomly selected using the simple random
sampling technique. A total of one hundred (100) respondents were sampled in the five (5) community in
which were also randomly selected using sampling technique through simple balloting. In this case, the
names of all Communities in Mangu District were written on a piece of paper and these pieces of papers
were folded and dropped into a container. The container was shaken properly to mix up the folded papers.
The pieces of papers were picked until the required numbers of schools were selected.

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The research instrument for data collection was a questionnaire titled ‘the effect of covid-19 lockdown on
internet data usage in some selected Community Mangu’. The constructed research questionnaire has two
main parts; section A and B measures the personal data of the respondents such as name of school, gender,
class etc. while section B contain ten (10) items which were structured to elicit information on ‘the
 problems at hand. The questionnaire has four-point rating scale of Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A),
Disagree (D), and Strongly Disagree (SD)
A = 3
D = 2
UD = 1
3.5 VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENT
The constructed questionnaire for the study was presented to the project supervisor to confirm for content
validity. Necessary corrections were made and after which it was re-written before it was fully approved and
administered to the respondents.
3.6 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The data were obtained by means of the structured questionnaire. The community used as samples for the study
were visited by the researchers. The researchers took permission from the Community Head and the community
head directed their respondents to assist the researchers in administering the questionnaire to the respondents .
The researchers explained the purpose of the questionnaire to the members and made them to understand that
the information given will not be used against them, but will be treated as confidential. One hundred (100)
copies of the questionnaires were administered to the respondents and collected immediately after the
respondents have filled in their responses. This showed a hundred percent (100) return rate.
3.7 METHOD OF DATE ANALYSIS
After the administration of the questionnaire, the results were tabulated and presented in sample
percentages. The formula in simple frequency table and sample percentages the formula for calculating this is
N 100
X where n is the number of respondents who responded to a particular statement of the questionnaire
R 1
and R represents the total number of respondents who collected and filled in and returned the questionnaire
 Department of ECC & PED
College of Education, Gindiri
P M B 01000
Gindiri.
Date:___________________

INTRODUCTRY LETTER
Dear Respondents,
we are final year students of College of Education, Gindiri with the Department of ECC & PED carrying out a
research on the topic “the Effect of Covid-19 lockdown on internet Data usage with reference to Mangu District
of Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State”. We here by appealing to you to kindly supply us with
necessary information by ticking (√ ¿ one of the alternative provided. The information given will be considered
or treated confidentially. The achievement of this piece of work basically depends on your co-operation. Thank
you

Yours faithfully

Ishaya Ruth Markus 29200

Francis Peace Josini 29175
David Nimbyen Rishi 29156
Jonathan Kilingmun Markus 29207
Dahol Tongriang David 29163
SECTION A: Respondents personal information
Gender male ( ) female ( )
Age 20-25 () 26-30 ( ) 31-35 ( ) 41- above ( )
Marital status ( ) married ( ) Single ( )
Qualification SSCE ( ) OND/ND/NCE ( ) HND/ BSC ( ) MA ( )
Tick as appropriate
SECTION B:
Please answer the questionnaire by ticking only one of the following options using the key below strongly
Agreed (A) Disagreed (D) undecided (UD)
S/N ITEMS A D UD
1. I consume data more than the way I was working
2. Data was not subsidized during the Pandemic
3. With internet data I can work from home
4. I spend more time internet because I have lest work
5. I spend a lot of money on internet data during the pandemic
6. My internet dater in the offices has expired because of the Lockdown
7. I don’t have enough money to buy internet data during the pandemic
8. Covid-19 lockdown slow the Internet speed
9. Covid-19 lockdown increase the rate of internet data usage
10. My internet data network is always bad
https://iproject.com.ng/education/effect-of-covid-19-lockdown-on-internet-data-usage/index.html
https://datapartnership.org/updates/covid-19-digital-divide/
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