SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Question1s of 3-4 Marks Each.

Q.1. Why are regional and economic groupings formed? [NCERT

Ans. Regional and economic groupings are formed to strengthen their domestic economies. These
groupings aim at creating a larger economic unit from smaller national economies. For this purpose,

they aim to remove trade barriers and establish closer coordination and cooperation among the
countries involved. These groupings focus on enhancing their competitiveness in the internationa
markets.
Q.2. Mention some examples of regional and economic groupings. [NCERT
Ans. Following are some examples ofregional and economic groupings
() European Union
(ii) South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
(i) Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS)
(io) G-8
() G-20
(vi) The US-Mexico Trade Agreement.
the various by which countries trying to strengthen their own domestic
Q.3. What are means are

economies ? [NCERT]
the various by which countries are trying to strengthen their own domestic
Ans. Following are means

economies
trying strengthen their domestic economies by
() Globalisation - Various countries to
are own

of under which countries remove barriers on international

adopting the policy globalisation
trade and capital movements.
Various countries have formed regional and global groupings such as
(ii) Economic groupings -

European Union, SAARC, BRICS etc.

of their economic
(ii) Comparison -Some countries have adopted the policy making comparison
of
countries. It allows them to better comprehend
policies with the policies of their neighbouring
their own strengths and weaknesses.
Q.4. Mention the various indicators of human development. NCERT]
Ans. Following are the various indicators of human development:
of below povertyv
() Income Income indicators may be GDP, per capita proportion population
-
or

line.
Health Health indictors may include mortality rates, access
to sanitation, life expectancy and
(i) -

nourishment.
(iii) Knowledge and Education Knowledge and
-
education of a
country is measured by adult
literacy rate (with two-thirds weighting) and the
combined primary, secondary and tertiary
gross enrollment ratio (with one-third weighting).
Q.5. Define the liberty indicator. Give some examples of liberty indicatori
Ans. Liberty indicator may be detined as an indicator of human developnent whicn s
NCI.KI|
cOicerned with

enjoyed by the people to participate in sOcial

and political deci510n-naking, The
ereedom
c l c l e political and social rights of the individuals vis-a-vis state, Folowin, are orne of the

examples of liberty indicators:

() Right to vote for all the people.
(in) People's participation in social decision-making.
(ii) Rule of law.
(io) Independence of the judiciary.
. 6 . What do you mean by liberty indicators ? How strongly do you feel that they should be

Ans.
considered as indicators of development? Discuss
Liberty indicators may be defined as the indicators which represent the degree of civil and political

freedom to individuals in a country.

the people to participate in social and
Liberty indicators are concerned with the freedom enjoyed by
of lite which represents the
political decision-making. Liberty indicators indicate the quality
iberties promote economic
functioning of an economy. Studies show that an expansion of civil
growth by reducing social conflict and encouraging adherence to rule of law. Hence, we strongly

feel that liberty indicators should be considered as indicators of development.

of China.
Q.7. Explain the role of Special Economic Zone in the development
Ans. It is an undisputed fact that foreign direct investment is growth friendly. China achieved a quantum

Jump in direct investment through the establishment of SEZ (Special Economic Zone).
foreign
Special economic zone is a geographical region within a country say China which is subject to
developed infrastructure and less restrictions than those in rest of the country. SEZ attracted
foreign investment in China resulting in tremendous progress in manufacturing sector and exports.
Q.8. Explain the Great Leap Forward Campaign of China as initiated in 1958. NCERT
Ans. Great Leap Forward Campaign of China had following important features:
9 Strategy- Great Leap Forward Campaign was a strategy of economic development to increase
China's economy and industry.
(i) Emphasis - The main emphasis of Great Leap Forward Campaign was on the industrialisation
on a massive scale by developing labour-intensive methods of production. Thus, process of
industrialisation was based on use of manpower rather than machines and capital expenditure.
(ii) Commune System In rural areas, commune system was followed to promote collective
farming. Under this system, agricultural decisions were decentralised and taken by brigade
teams.
(iv) Not Successful-Great Leap Forward Campaign could not succeed due to large scale diversion
of farm labour into industries and natural calamities. The breakdown of the economy caused
the government to repeal Great Leap Forward.
0.9. What were the results of the "One-child norm" in China ?
Or
What were the implications of "One-child norm" in China. [NCERT]
Ans. Following were the implications (results) of one child-norm in China:
() Positive Implication-China had been the most populous country in the world. The most
important implication of One-child norm is that it has reduced the growth rate of population
and thus checked population growth. It has provided a better health service for women and has
reduced the risk of injury and death associated with pregnancy.
(i) Adverse Implication - After a few decades, there will be more elderly people in proportion to

young people in China. This would force the Chinese government to take step to provide socia
security measures for elderly people further, China would face theproblem of fewer workers.
 China able to lead in "Human Development Index" ?
o 10, How is
taken by the
Ans. China
is able to lead in Human Development Index due to following measures

Chinese government successfully.

1.e,
() Alleviation of Poverty China has transformed its closed economy to an open economy
market economy. China has shown a strong political will to use its resources in the best interest

along with alleviation of

of the nation. China has succeeded in raising the level of growth
poverty through employment opportunities. of soCial
(i) Social InfrastructureChina has performed better with regard to provision
infrastructure such as education, health, sanitation nourishment etc.
citizens.
(ii) Social Security -China has ensured social security to all its
reforms in 1978. Do you agree
Q.11. China's rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its NCERT
Elucidate.
reforms initiated in 1978
statement. In the following ways, economic
Ans. Yes, we agree with the
given
led to China's rapid industrial growth:
reforms were initiated in agriculture, toreign
() Agricultural Development In the initial phase,
-

commune lands were

divided into small plots
trade and investment sectors. In agriculture, from the
allowed to keep all income
which were allocated to individual farmers who were

land. sector.
introduced in the industrial
(i) Industrial Development -
In the later phase, reforms were At this stage,
Private sector firms andcooperative societies were
allowed to produce goods.
state owned enterprises were made to face competition.
to buy and sell
Under dual pricing, farmers and industrial units were required
() Dual Pricing -

and the
of prices fixed by the government
fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis
rest were purchased and sold at market prices.
attract foreign
reforms China adopted all out efforts to
(iv) Foreign Investment- Under economic economic zones.
measure was setting up of special
investment in China. One of the important
with valid reasons:
Q.12. Compare and analyse the given data of India and China,
Gender Ratio
Annual Growth Rate of
Country (Per thousand males)
Population (2015)
1.2% 929
India
0.5% 941
China
Source: World Development Indicators, 2015. [CBSE 2020
Ans. The given data highlights following facts:
is less than India. It is so due to one-child policy
(i) China's annual growth rate of population
rate of population is more than double to China.
adopted in the country. India's growth
China are similar to each other. In both the countries,
(i) As far as sex ratio is concerned, India and
sex ratio is low due to preference
for male child. India stands at 929 females per 1000 males
males.
while China has 941 females per 1000
similarities between India and Pakistan.
Q.13. Explain major
Or
strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective
What similar developmental
development paths ? [NCERT]
of India and Pakistan
Ans. Following are similar developmental strategies
Economic System Both India and Pakistan started their developmental path at the
() Mixed
same time soon after their independence. Both of them followed the path of mixed economy.
economic planning i.e., Five Year Plans
(i) Economic Planning Both ndia and Pakistan adopted
-

both the countries created a large public sector and

as development strategy. Accordingly,
raised public expenditure on development. Till 1980, both the countries had similar growth
 rates and per capita income. During this period, both the countries adopted regulated policy
including tariff protection and import controls.
Economic Reforms Both of them introduced economic reforms at the same time (India in
and Pakistan in 1988). Both the governments shifted their policy to privatisation,
globalisation and liberalisation.
) Modernisation Both India and Pakistan have adopted the approach of modernisation under
which use of modem technology has to be promoted to make economy progressive.
Q.14. Give reasons for slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
Ans. Following are the reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan:
INCERTI
Slow rate of growth of agriculture There was decline in the growth rate of agriculture sector
which employs the largest proportion of workforce.
() Dependence on foreign loans Pakistan was highly dependent on foreign loans which
resulted in the problem of repayment of loans and its interest.
(40) High rate of inflation There was a consistent rise in the general price level in the economy
due to increase in money supply and
shortage of essential goods.
ro) Political instability- There was a political instability in the country which affected the process
of economic development.
Q.15. Describe the path of development initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic development.
[NCERT)
Ans. Following points highlight the path of development initiatives taken by Pakistan for its economic

development:
) Mixed Economic System - Pakistan followed the mixed economy model with co-existence of
public sector and private sector. Initially, the emphasis was on the public sector and in early
1970s, capital goods industries were nationalised. However, by 1980, the emphasis shifted to
private sector and the government encouraged the private sector and offered various incentives
to them.
Gi) Economic Planning- Pakistan announced its First Five Year Plan in 1956. Pakistan introduced
a variety of regulated policy framework for industries characterised by tariff protection and
import substitution.
(iil) Economic Reforms -

Economic reforms were introduced in 1988, which has encouraged

privatisation.
Q.16. What are the common successes shared by India and Pakistan ?
Ans. Following are the common successes shared by India and Pakistan:
() Rise in GDP- There has been a substantial rise in GDP per capita in India and Pakistan in
of inflation and political instability. Both the countries have succeeded in more than
spite
their per capita incomes.
doubling
(i) Poverty The incidence of poverty has also been reduced significantly.
(iin) Self-sufficiency - Both the countries have achieved self-sufficiency in the production of food

in spite of adverse weather conditions.

(iv) Modernisation - The use of modern technology is improving in both the countries. This is a

key characteristic of a progressive economy.

o.17. "India, China and Pakistan have travelled more than seven decades of developmental path with
varied results." Explain the given statement with valid arguments.
[CBSE 2020]
Ans. It is correct to say that India, China and Pakistan have shown varied results. China's economic and
social growth is highest of all, followed by India. China has maintained a double-digit growth rate.
China is ahead of India and Pakistan in human development indicators. It has been possible due to
followingreasons:
(i) China introduced its economic reforms in 1978 while India and Pakistan introduced in 1988
and 1991.
 (ii) China followed the development pattern of gradual shift from agriculture to manufacturing
and then to services. India and Pakistan were forced to introducc economic reforms without

any planning.
) China has spent a very huge amount on economic and social infrastructure.
Q.18. What are the common failures of India and Pakistan as compared to China ?
Ans. Following are the common failures of India and Pakistan as compared to China :
() Slow Pace of GDP Growth-The GDP trend indicates that annual growth rate was much lkwer
in India and Pakistan than in China. Annual growth of GDP during 2011-15 was an under
China 7.9 %
India 6.7 %
Pakistan 4.0 %
(i) Poor Human Development Index Rankings Human Development Index in 2016 was as
under:
China91st Rank
India 131st Rank
Pakistan 148th Rank
(in) Poor Fiscal Management The politicians and the bureaucrats of India and Pakistan did not
manage their fiscal policy efficiently. As a result, India and Pakistan have faced the problem of
higher fiscal deficit averaging 7-8% GDP.
(iv) Political Leadership - Politicians of India and Pakistan have failed to provide a sincere and
strong leadership. There is a lag between the formulation of the policies and theirimplementation
Q.19. Answer the following questions on the basis of the following data:
(a) Comment upon the population growth rates among the three countries.
(b) Which country has most skewed in sex ratio ?

Estimated Population Amual Growth of Sex

Country (in million) Population (in %) Ratio

India 1311 1.2 929

China 1371 0.5 941

Pakistan 188 2.1 947

Source: World DevelopmentIndicators, 2017, www.worldbank.org

Ans. (a) The given data shows that the annual growth rate of population is maximum in Pakistan
standing at 2.1%, whereas; the same stands at a meagre 0.5% in case of China (might be a direct
result of the One-child Policy adopted). The annual population growth rate of India is in the
danger zone of more than 1% p.a. India will be overtaking China as the most populous country
in the world in near future.
(b) Amongst the three countries stated above, India has most skewed data sex ratio (929 female per
1000 male). This is one of the major concerns for the demographers in India.
Q.20. What are the similarities in the developmental strategies of India, Pakistan and China ?
Ans. Following are the similarities in the developmental strategies of India, Pakistan and China
0 Beginning - India and Pakistan got independence in 1947 and China was established in 1949.
All the three countries started their developmental path at the same time.
() Economic planning - All the three countries started their development through Five Year
Plans and emphasis on Public sector and high public expenditure on social infrastructure.
(in) Economic Reforms - All the three countries introduced economic reforms. All the three
the need of attracting foreign investment.
countries emphasised
Q.21. Comment on the growth rate trends witnessed in India, China and Pakistan. NCERT
Or
Compare and analayse the given data of India, China and Pakistan with valid reasons:

Annual Growth of Gross Domestic Product (%), 1980-2017

1980-90 2015-2017
Country
7.3
India 5.7
China 10.3 6.8

Pakistan 6.3 5.3

Source: Key indicators for Asia and Pacific 2016, Asian Development Bank, Philippines: World
Development indicators 2018.
Ans. From the above table folowing facts are highlighted :
() In 1980-90, India was lagging behind China and Pakistan. It is because of economic reforms
which were introduced in India only in 1991
(i) In 2015-17, growth rate of China and Pakistan declined but India's growth rate increased due to
progress in services sector.
Q.22. Compare and contrast the data given in following table:
Trends in Output Growth in Different Sector, 1980-2015

Country 1980-90 2011-15

Agriculture Industry Service Agriculture Industry Service
India 3.1 7.4 6.9 2.3 5 8.4
China 5.9 10.8 13.5 4.1 8.1 8.4
Pakistan 4 7.7 6.8 2.7 3.4 4.4
Ans. From the following table, following facts
emerge:
() We find normal course of development in China. In China, output has shifted from agriculture
to manufacturing and then to services.
(i) Both in India and Pakistan, the service sector has emerged as a major player of development.
(ii) China's growth is mainly contributed by the manufacturing and service sectors.
(iv) During 1980-2015, Pakistan has shown deceleration in all three sectors.
0.23. Compare and contrast India, China and Pakistan's sectoral contribution towards GDP. What
does it indicate ?
[NCERT]
Or
Following table shows India, China and Pakistan's sectoral contribution towards GDP in
2015-17.

Sector Contribution to GDP (%)

India
China Pakistan
Agriculture 17
25
Industry 30 43 21
Services 53 48 54
Total 100 100 100
Source: Human Development Report 2018; Key indicators of Asia
and Pacific 2016
Analyse the data and comment.
Ans. From the above table, following factors emerge:
) China's economy is more developed as compared to Indian and
Pakistani economies, because
industrial sector contributes more in comparison
India and Pakistan.
to
(i) The service sector has emerged as a major player of
development in India, China and Pakistan.
(ii) Contribution of Agriculture to GDP Is highest in Pakistan which
development is low.
shows that process of
 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Questions ofo Murks liuch.
0.1. Why China remains ahead in growth rate of economy as compared to India and Pakistan ?
Or
Evaluate the factors that led to the rapid growth in economicdevelopment of China. |NCIRT|
Ans. China remains ahead in growth rate of economy as compared to India due to following reasons
() Government Control -Since its establishment in 1949, China followed the strategy of socialism
under which all critical areas of production activity were brought under government contro.
Natural resources including land were declared a government monopoly. All the critical
sectors of the economy, enterprises and lands
operated under governnment control
(i) Great Leap Forward - The Great Leap Forward Campaign was launched in 1958 to promote

industrialisation. People were encouraged to launch household industry in the courtyards.

(ii) Commune System - As regards agriculture, China adopted Commune System production to

promote collective cultivation.

(i) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was launched
in 1965 under which it was made mandatory for the students and professionals to go to the
countryside so that they could work with, and learn from the rural masses.
() Economic Reforms - Economic reforms were introduced in China in 1978. China introduced
reforms in phases. In the initial phase reforms were introduced in agriculture, foreign trade
and investment sectors. In the later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector. To
attract foreign investors, special economic zones were set-up.
(vi) Global Exposure - Global exposure of the Chinese economy has been more wider than the
Indian economy. China allowed foreign investors 100% equity investment and free movement
of capital. China set-up Special Economic Zones to attract foreign investors.
Q.2. Explain the role of the following strategies in the development of China:

(a) Great Leap Forward (b) Special Economic Zone

(c) Dual Pricing System.
Ans. (a) Great Leap Forward-Great Leap Forward (GLF) Campaign was initiated in China in 1958 as
a strategy of economic developmernt. Under this, the main emphasis was on the industrialisation
of the country on a massive scale. People were encouraged to set-up industries in their
backyards. In rural areas, commune system was followed to promote collective farming.
(b) Special Economic Zone - Special Economic Zone scheme was started as a part of economnic

reforms initiated in 1978. Special Economic Zones have been set-up to attract foreign investors.
Special economic zones enjoy various privileges:
() Provision of infrastructural facilities at lower cost.
(in) Provision of customs clearance and financial assistance inside the zones.
(ii) Tax concessions.
(io) Facilities of import of raw materials capital, goods etc., without import licence.
() Single window clearance of projects.
(c) Dual Pricing System - Dual pricing system was adopted in China as a part of economic
reforms initiated in 1978. Under dual pricing system, farmers and industrial units were
required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and output on the basis of prices fixed by the
government and the rest were to be purchased or sold at market prices. Thus, market is subject
to two prices administered prices and free prices.
Q.3. Mention the salient demographic indicators of China, Pakistan and India.
NCERT
Or
Analyse the following data and comment on demographic conditions of India, China and
Pakistan.
Indicators India Pakistan China
Estimated population 1311 188 1371
(in millions) (2015)
Annual growth of 1.2 2.1 0.5
population (2015)
Density (per sq. km) 441 245 146
Sex ratio (2015) 929 947 941
Fertility rate (2015) 2.3 3.7 1.6
Urbanisation (2015) 33 39 56

Ans. The given table highlights following points:

) Population -China has the largest population followed by India and Pakistan. The population
of Pakistan is very less.
(i) Growth Rate of Population - Although China is the most populated country, its annual growth
rate of population is the lowest as compared to India and Pakistan. It is due to one-child policy
initiated in China.
(ti) Density of population - Since China geographically occupies the largest area among the three
countries, density of population of China is the lowest followed by Pakistan and India.
(iv) Sex Ratio Due to preference of male child, sex ratio is the lowest in India as compared to
China and Pakistan.
() Fertility Rate - As a result of one child policy, fertility rate is the lowest in China as compared to
India and Pakistan.
(vi) Urbanisation - Urbanisation is highest in China followed by Pakistan and India.
Q.4. Analyse the following data and comment:
Some Selected Indicators of Human Development, 2016-2017

Item India China Pakistan

Human Development Index (Value) 0.640 0.752 0.562
Rank (based on HDD 130 86 150
Life Expectancy at Birth (years) 68.8 76.4 66.6

Mean years of Schooling (% aged 15 and above) 6.4 7.8 8.6

GDP per capita (PPP USS) 6,427 15,309 5,035
People Below Poverty Line (at $3.20 a day Ppp) (%) (2011) 60.4 23.5 46.4
Infant Mortality Rate (per 1000 live births) 34.6 8.5 64.2
Maternal Mortality Rate (per 1 1lakh births) 174 27 178
Population using Improved Sanitation (%) 44.2 75 58.3

Population with Sustainable Access to improved

Water Source (%) 94 96 91
Percentage of Undernourished Children 37.9 8.1 46.4

Source: Human Development Report 2018 and World Development Indicators (www.worldbank.
org).
Ans. Following facts are highlighted by the given table
( China is ahead of India and Pakistan in almost all indicators of human development. China has
moved ahead in the areas of GDP per capita, proportion of population below poverty ine,
mortality rates, access to sanitation, literacy, life expectancy and malnourishment.
 (ii) Pakistan is ahead of India in reducing proportion of people below the poverty line and its
performance in sanitation.
(iii) All three countries have been successful in improved drinking water sources for most of its
population.
(i) India is ahead of Pakistan as far as human development index is concerned including GDP per
capita.
() China's rank based onhuman development index may increase if liberty indicators are

assessed and added to HDI.