Professional Documents
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NURSING PRACTICE
Learning Outcomes:
⦿ After the concept discussion, the student will be
able to:
⌾ Describe nursing process as a framework of
care.
⌾ Discuss the relationship of the nursing process
to the problem solving approach.
⌾ Identify the 5 steps of the nursing process.
⌾ Discuss the purpose of nursing assessment.
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Learning Outcomes:
⦿ After the concept discussion, the student will be able to:
⌾ Identify the major activities associated with
the assessment process.
⌾ Differentiate objective from subjective data,
primary from secondary data.
⌾ State the sources of data for nursing
assessment.
Learning Outcomes:
⦿ After the concept discussion, the student will be able to:
⌾ Formulates Nursing Diagnosis using NANDA
classification.
⌾ Discuss the steps of planning.
⌾ Implement appropriate interventions based on
health needs.
⌾ Formulate an evaluation for a set of actions selected
for a client.
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It means capable
of judging
carefully and
accurately
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Assessment
Evaluating Diagnosing
Critical Thinking
Implementing Planning
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Nursing Process
⦿ What is its purpose ?
⌾ Serves as a
FRAMEWORK for the
practice of nursing
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Nursing Process
q Method of problem ⦿ An organized systematic
identification and problem method of giving nursing
solving (Gordons, 1982). care that focuses on human
response of a person or
group of person to an actual
or potential alteration in
health (Alfaro, 1986; ANA,
1991).
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BENEFITS OF NURSING
PROCESS
• For the Client:
– Quality care
– Continuity of care
– Participation of
clients in their health
care.
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BENEFITS OF NURSING
PROCESS
• For the Nurse:
– Consistent and systematic nursing education.
– Job satisfaction.
– Professional growth.
– Avoidance of legal action.
– Meeting professional nursing standards.
– Meeting standards of accredited hospitals.
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Theoretical Comparisons
Problem Solving Scientific Methods Nursing Process
Encountering Problem Recognizing Problem Assessing
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Assessment
Evaluation Diagnosis
Implementation Planning
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It permits creativity for the nurse and patient to solve the stated health
problems
It is universally applicable
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Assessment
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Assessment
Purpose:
– To establish a data base (all the information about the
client):
• nursing health history
• physical assessment
• the physician’s history & physical examination
• results of laboratory & diagnostic tests
• material from other health personnel
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Types of Assessment:
• Comprehensive / • Problem Focused • Ongoing
Database
– Limited in – Systematic
– information scope; targets monitoring
gathered on a particular or and
initial contact specific health observation
with the care concern related to
person. specific
problems
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Checkpoint!
Baby Jane a 2 month infant goes into the doctor for her initial
immunization and well baby check-up. What type of
assessment should the nurse perform?
A. Comprehensive
B. Focused
C. Time-lapsed (on going)
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Assessment Process
Making
Categorizing
Recording initial or identifying
or reporting inferences patterns in the
data or
impressions
data
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Data Collection:
⦿ gathering of information about the client to build client’s
DATABASE
⦿ It must be both systematic and continuous.
⦿ Should include past history and current problem.
⦿ Can be subjective or objective.
⦿ From primary or secondary source.
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Assessment
Data Collection Consists of:
Data Base
Data Sources
Types of Data
Methods of Data Collection
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Client’s
records
Support Health care
people professionals
Client
Sources Literature
of data
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• Other individuals
• Previous records
• Consultations
• Diagnostics studies
• Relevant literature Secondary Sources
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Subjective Data
Objective Data
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• Subjective Data
¨ also referred to as
Symptom/Covert data
¨ data from the client’s point of
view and include feelings,
perceptions, and concerns.
¨ information supplied by family
members, significant others,
other health professionals
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Checkpoint!
Which of the following are objective data and which are
subjective data.
A. Nausea
B. Vomiting
C. Unsteady gait
D. Anxiety
E. Bruises on the right arms and face
F. Temperature 101 F
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Interview
Auscultation
Percussion Observation
Palpation
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Observing
• Observation is conscious, deliberate skill that is developed
through effort and with an organized approach.
Eg:- Using the senses to observe client data
• Methods observation :
– Vision
– Smell
– Hearing
– Touch
• Aspects of data :
– Noticing data
– Selecting, organizing and interpreting the data
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Interviewing
• An interview is a planned communication or a
conversation with a purpose
Eg: Nursing health history
• Approaches of an interview:
– Direct interview
– Indirect interview
• Types of interview questions:
– Closed questions (Are you having pain now?)
– Open ended question (what brought you to hospital?)
– Neutral questions (how do you feel about that?)
– Leading questions (you are stressed about surgery tomorrow
aren't you?)
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⦿ Open-ended Question
⌾ Specify broad topic to discuss
⌾ Invite longer answers
⌾ Get more information from client
⌾ Useful to change topics and elicit attitudes
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Interviewing
• Planning the interview and setting:
– Time
– Place
– Seating arrangement
– Distance
– Language
• Stages of an interview
– The opening and introduction
– The body or development
– The closing
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Examination
• Techniques
– Inspection
– Palpation
– Percussion
– Auscultation
• Physical examination can be,
– Cephalocaudal approach
– Screening examination
– Review of systems
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Assessment Process
Making Categorizing or
Recording initial identifying
or reporting inferences patterns in the
data or data
impressions
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Validation of Data
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Assessment Process
Making Categorizing or
Recording initial identifying
or reporting inferences patterns in the
data or data
impressions
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Organization of Data
⦿ The use a written or computerized format that organizes the
assessment data systematically.
⦿ Formats (example):
¤ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
¤ Gordon’s Functional Health Pattern
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Organization of Data
¨ Example:
Data Base
¤“Eats 3 meals a day with 2 snacks.”
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Love and
Physiologic Needs Self-Esteem
Belonging
“Eats 3 meals a “I feel the love of “As the boss, I am
day with 2 snacks.” my husband.” confident that I can
handle my office.”
“Sleeps at 9 pm
and wake up at 5
am.”
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Assessment Process
Making Categorizing or
Recording initial identifying
or reporting inferences patterns in the
data or data
impressions
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Documentation of data
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PURPOSES OF DOCUMENTATION
Provides chronological source of client assessment data
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In Summary:
§ Purpose § Definition
§ Definition § Purpose
§ Theoretical § Types
comparisons § Process
§ Steps (ADPIE)
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“Time for
Worksheet 1!”
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