Classy's Anthropological 29

712
they
a classical evolutionism Tylor Morgan Fraser
Historical particularism Boas Schmidt
qb A Graber
h GermanAmerican
C Diffiasionism B
d American Diffusion Frans Boaz
Wissler
e
functionalism Malinowski krobeber I
def structural functionalism BC
Brown
9 structuralism a Levi Strauss Edmund
I leadh
Post structuralism
Rivers comparison of
Elimmith Leach Ceri Strauss

Remy

Classical anthropological theory

Culturepersonality school Ruth Benedict

are
 pas y
MargaretMead
Kardiner
Cora da Bios
Neo evolutionism childe Edmund
white
Julian steward
satins service
Cultural materialism Marvin
Han's

Symbolism Victor Turner Schneider

Gretz
Cognitive Theories
Tyler Conklin
Post Modernism

modem anthropological
theory
About thinkers
7

Academic professional background

Literary contributions
fieldwork
The fine Setting
Concepts given G approachesfollowed
Critic
counter critic
is a combination
idea 9
school of
1 ideologies E
they
methodology used
soactually
cultural personality is not school 7

EB Tyler Grave definition

of culture in
his book Primitive
I
culture
The complex whole which includes
knowledge belief arts morals
Caws customs and other
any
capabilities and habits acquired
by man bothgenders as a
man of thesociety

Trends evolution
in of thought
content study
Method stub
evolutionism evolution
culture evolution change
step bystep

who studied

British europe USAJIgional

Colonial
esports

equi
french
 Malecentered
Scholars
Is female anthropologist
in combo withmales
at
fromculture personality

ÉÉ z encouraged
What was studied Content
comprehensive
studies of Pymtpostadyf
contentnestuted
catereautionism culture traits
effnasteensorate
descriptive
feeds
small
Estudis
nawrot

Ethnocentric challenged by
contings thinkers like
Boas
Malinowski
RC Brown

ecouraged field
work 9
Boat
I
 Boat C 9
consthe writing dose
concept of
to the field

Malinowski emphasis on
iii

ethnographic realism's should

ethnograph
reflect

Change in the Research

methodology

4 2 sources XDIsaries
withoutfieldwork 7 Dynamic IM
getting info from
Fieldwork
History books literature Nonpatispatory
travelguides missionary palspatory
accounts goutdocuments genealogy
Case
study
by one group
interviews

Territory 4
sources Quaternary
of data sources

pisenfass posteodem

analysis
culturepersonality
 Japanesestudey

HD Sankalia Indian Anthropology

Who is studied

Tribe
EEE mainstem
computative
studies
west vs
honest

others Autoanthropology
 ALEEM
to This
classical Neo categorisation

19thcentury
century is
20th
actually
to given
It
Darwinism
correlated
Neo DarwinismSteward
when darwinism
emerged classical
d
evolution emerged
classical evolutionism

British Tylor Frazer Maine

American LH Morgan
Gamon Baclofen Bastian
culture Compton Hefrogenity
Definite
P T P
Indefinite simple Homogenous
culture
Tylor perf
d
they used
these words
Now use simple in examen
c Basic assumptions of classical evolution

Culture Ftw Psychic unity of Many of

S
in
these
weregueen
mYg by
all cultures tea
others
endure through B usedthese
Same evolutionary in there
a p p Own
sequences called A A open
in classical
onilineareeolution
u
F T A evolution

name given by G CK Cz
steward ay cultures evolved
ie steward said in a same manner
the classical independent of
evolutionists eachother
were unilinear
evolutionists
d
Beeauseatthamang
think alike
t
Tylor coined it as
psychicunity of
mankind
Approaches used in classical evolution

Tylorganey
 Historicalcompantif
Method of
approach approach
b to
Rethinking
be
loosely usedbyclassical Companing
think westavilization Angistthinking
I
as if the
study in uss others
primitive
man
stephy step is thinking
manner
to
tying to story of multiple
generate a EB souls in a body
sequenen Tyto Came from
mayor not
match actual
method of
rethinking
histoitesequeney

Neo evolutionist used archeological

sources and classical evolutionist
did not used them
usedmultiple
they imagined sources
Some thin fine we should adopt Multiple
classical evolution because there are some
death
At Africa India rituals
Paleo Independent
Paleo
Neaeso Meso
Neo Neo

According to tylor s religion emerged

Multip
from curiosity reasoning questioning Souls

I
 confusion inquis of primitive man

touts that man die

I A
Primitive man thought man have
free soul 9 bodyside if goes
it out
am
I getup
from these questions aroused the
belief in religion
1st dictionary in Agiy
was givin
transparent
definitionof soy
by tylor gave
human
or a
ie
image
extremely
powerful

Concepts concept ofsurvival givenbytylor

a
Subvivals or the survivals
of the past
which
refereto those cultural traits
had a utility car her continuing
to
with out a
exist even utility Morgan
They are proof of evolution called
same
concept
off when sneezing
Wtc drags
Couvade U Henry
Tylor Maine
said used
egalfoction
for same
concept

Bachofen Father right whatamledoses

waswateght
Said I Ewiththathiseis
subjugatingfemales
femalerevolted c Mother
do same rightsButthey cannot
dobafferallmotherlandhad
asmaledone I many duties
patrilineal
archy They used
ticks
to
Matriarchy

Tylort Mati
Malti locality Effigality
Makiling
Conade Couvade
practiceof male Sunivalot
11
 r

enacting the Past

labour pain
of female
D O maid
generally
b couvade
is
impos restriction
din males
food painetc
Rabha Arable Arunachal
I
changed from mature to pati still have
Couvade
Malinowski these
But according ie
traits hard
Maines used legal fiction
oath invoking the supernatural to
d stand witness to one utter or
according says
to maine
ites
survalfof
past
trial in which
So he said better use
odds accused to
l
 dangerous test

funtionalist Critic
a Literary contributions
Researchesintoearly
Historyof mankind
anddevelopmentofavilisationigg
amethod
In
anthropology
investigating
the development
Mesicog primitive an introduction
culture to the study ofinstitution
Mexican 1871 applied
Ancientand of man
to
Modern andCivilitation the laws
1861 681 of
Tylor marriage
and
Descent

4889
Class 26 EB Tylor
1 8 22

Definition Vocabulary
Culture Approaches
concepts survival
Morals
culture
Belief Religion
art
customs
law
Knowledge

fethabits
Culture is area
major in agg of study themed

Material E nonmaterial
aspect
combination of both
Based on
what is doffs
focusarea
of study
What u do culturally is result of biology
not simply non biological entity
Fist is Cofer minus with biological
entity
 y
Whether culture is unique to human
or not
major question
d
ans can befoom wat constitutes
culture
Other animals also have some kind
mate only with one for life
of marriage
Guerillas have Social groups
But human have more sophisticated
ways
Characteristics
of culture byTylor
Culture is learned belief art customs etc

Culture is based on Symbols culture gives

Identity
culture is shared wi feeling
entnto.gg
Culture is patterned or integrated gaty

culture is
usually adapt f
tin Consists
specialist
culturaladoption
we donot wait
fits
for biological connected to
adaptation one
 another
in South Africa
Ashes legs
fully developed
started walking of 2 legs
E travelled all the way
Evolutionist
classical focused on
evolutionist
non material

Neo evolutionist intangable

material
archeological
studies
Tylor defined culture based on
intangible things

who considered to
ETykt calturologist
is

belonged
be earliest
to British classical evolutionary

theory
As more or less the founder of
he provided an understanding
cultural agg
the constituents of culture Heised
different approaches to study culture of
Historical comparative
namely allthem
and rethinking approach usedthese
and other classical thinkers approach
Tylor
are
generally brown for conducting
cultural studies based on 2 source

of info Their contings

were
mostly
extensive and descriptive
ethological
provided culture.historyoutings 1
they method that was p

In culture history
the classical
1st introduced by Tylor
evolution
evolutionist tied to arrange
of culture in historical changes
thinker provided culture history
Each
based on the study of a set of
traits or institutions Thy
culture
conducted research on Thinkers
like tylor aided Morgan
considered large no of culture
traits ie economic institutions
evolution of tech institution of
C
marriage family religion were
For MMorgas
considered by tylor
a detailed culture history with
subdivision of major stage dealt
with by Tylor was important
His interest in
major areas of
culture history were kinship
and kinship
marriage descent
terminologies For James Fraser
culture history could be studied
the evolution mologion
through
and age magic
Tylor
Chong
Religion Marriage
stageof Technology
evolution
Monotheism Monogamy
Sivilisation writing
M IT A
T
Barbarism Agriculture Polyethisin Polygamy
use ofmetals
satageng pl groupmunraige
Hunting
Animism putties
Criticised gathering

O
 chased gathering Amita
by Boat primitive
stonetools
Promise
I
a culture history method in Agy culture earliest

history writing in
land of
agy random
tribal
Tylor said that contempory sexual
contact
societies are Suruvals of past
to classical evolutionary
Iggy
According

Fortylor Dtp change beliefs

populate
A
o.gg

a
group
marriage
Gitisms
so
Variations were not taken care by
ie one is
of Tylor even
not be
monoethistio one
may
monogamous
For Malinowski Ratcliffe Brown
Margaret Hodgen some marriage
origins always cannot have reason
 ay

Religion isnot born out of inquisitive

ness amosity it born out of gap btw
aspiration of people E wat you
have realised

for Malinowski
Boaz says is for Tylor primitive
man created rational man
Created a rational man out of
man s
primitive

Malinowski Boat Criticises for

lack of field works only
imagination
rethinking
Concept of Sunials
I
for tylor a proof
of
evolution
But for Malinowski there
is survivalslike
nothing
have function
all
For steward there are different
varieties of evolution
divers
 Multi evolutionism diversity

19thcentury 20th century

Hecalls
unilineas filineeneolution
classical Ncoenolate

also Unversalevolution

Fo No evolutionist diff societies will

evolution
have different lines of
unlike classical evolutionist who
proposed one same sequence
because
theythink

B B B
similar
F y O
T T P
BA A A
P P A
o
O O
Urilineas Multilinear
think similarly Donotthick
similarly
General evolution All culture have sane

yr
Saligns evolutionarySegeny

service Particular evolution

 gdtd
by
staking
Particular
culture

3 Been Eto
Comparative approach primary
approach in classical evolutionist
vs others
Compared weston civilised
called themselves
g
like
Boas did not support generalisationpsychic
classical evolutions
by
wrote an
essay
critic comparative
on Mft
approach he says
used Comparitive approach field is
1 as also work
the way of
but he criticised impotent
use of comparative approach
constructive
compare for reason
also did not liked derogatory
terminology
i

Negidiffsion
de U are
 diffusionist not a culture are
For
one another but this
independent of evolutionalist
was not considered by
who said all culture evolved
independently Talassical evolutionalist
the possibility of
neglected
diffusion
Neo evolution is a kind of
critique to classical
also evolution
belied in
they assumtions differ
but approach 9

Culture parallel

stage I St

Sto 2 S 2
any
stage
S 3
5 3 Chan
same
I I characterists
fewthings
similar
 EL Agricultural
stage kind
Culture history maybe different
parallels in marriage Technology Religion

Out criticism new

of
a ll
t hese
comes
school of thought
were also criticised later
they
James Frazer

Question like destingush Magic

For
nleigion 9 science
Start with Frazer evolutionary

theory
Differences Similarities
incorporated frater Malinowski
Durkheim originally sociologist

Am chair Agist but had huge

network of travellers Administrators
Had ability to write
 Literature
Profile
Philosophy
Law
in
Role played preparing
Encyclopedia Britannica
of William Smith
Landmarks
Totemism Folklore in the Mythology
oldtestment andaftermath
ThegoldenBough 1918
199 exogamy 1910
y
1890 193,7
9 M9131924
189 1914 I 1909 I 19101 19181 1926 11937
t d d
the belief
Thepsyche's in Theworship
Task Immortality
and worship ofnature
909 of Dead 620
6913 240

Magic Religion Science

He gave stages
Characteristics
stage
Manipulation of Scientist
science Civilisation
7 nature by comet rownsotnature
we based rules
failed
on
Religion Rarbansm Recognition of
limitedness of
human

I failed Belief in high

supernatural
poured
or are intermediary

Magic Savaging 7 Pseudo scene

Bastardsister science
based on rules
Irrationally
if as practitioner
class27 2 7 22

Like Tylor unilinear evolution

is somewhat

followed by him frater

He also followed the same kind of
sequence given by Tylor
Comparitive Britain vs others Healsofollowed

He focused 2 sources
on
quality of
He classified
magic witchcraft sorcery
Black
v
white Imitative
contegiouse
 I ego use
is that pseudo science where the
Magic
forces of nature
are in control
of
people operating them
Frazer

Magic is used
to
by
damage man
his own
other rather than for
protection and have
it is is
Carried out in Secrecy Black

Imitative magic Homeopatic magic

based on like begetslike
and do something
Creating an image
to the image what we wasnt
to them
Contagious magic once in contact
is always in
contact
use the belongings of ours to
us
destroy
witchcraft
Sorcery no belongings
no major belongings major
Combination
but we have to
communicate with material a
of
combination
victim about of spirit possession
the damage
SomeKund
of
spsycological
communication

When fails to get answers

man

for results loses faith in

magic
1
started to believe in religion
Man
in supernatant
where the control is
even we cannot get ans results
we blame on supernational

d
with scientific temper rationality
as man is not still getting
answers Science comes

Frazer
Criticism
For Malinowski all wfuals or

magic are magico religious rituals

 No diff between magic and religion
with magic there is
For frazer
no religion with religion there
is no science 7 This was
criticised
Se Not religion
intermediate
objective subjective
universal notuniversal more focus on
existence of
applicability supernatural
Richard Dawkins physicist
in
biologist Atheistblues
evolution
LJohn lenore s theist scientist
Debates

species throughnatural
Origin of
selection Charles Darwin

James Frazer a classical evolutionist

19th century anthology was known
Of
for his prolific writings through
comparative
studies in mythology
and religion
 He most celebrated book The
Golden deals with magic
Bough
and science as ar
religion

He dealt with the inherent

nature of human ie reason E
evolution of magic
rationality is the evolution
and science
of intellect
In presenting evolutionary theory
Fraser largely followed the basic
classical evolutionist
assumptions of
approches historical
He used the
Comparative with the help of
His writings
2 4 Source of data
were based on the extensive
infor he gathered from across

the global on topics like mythos

beliefs magical G
folktales
religious spells rituals specialist
performing magic and
performing magic and
material usage in sacred a profane
acts for him sacred refers to
the aspects Ein religion profane
save to mole q
is linked
has a
to magic
Based on the global studies
he proposed 2 principles of magic
ie law of similarity or homeopatic
or imitative
magic
law contact or contagious
of
magic
the western scholars
though
had an attitudeof considering
there warn beliefs to be beliefs
and others beliefs to be superstitions
Frater reported on magic
across the
religion from globe
to establish the classical evolutionary
oniterear evolution
premise of
from
 civilisation Coffs Science
T
T
Barbarism Religion
T
t
science
savagery
he brought out
In the process
the similarities diff among magic
science explained
religion and evolution from magic
the process of science
to
to religion
in his
White Capo Food
Fraser's liberation
analysis of
out his strengths g
brought frater's cot explanations
weaknesses of
the strught in literature of
in better explanation
Sp Fraser helps
and desorption
He desenped the practices of
totemism in ancient Australia
and middle america
 has
Totemism according to fraser
a close connection with so

In his book totemism E exogamy

he connected belief in supernatural
aspects of nature social
linked to
institutions that are

them This Complex inthes

interconnect between human the
nature and the supernatural
could help captain and religion
magic
across the diff societies
evolution
Though he was tracing
from magic religion Scene
Hefollowed the scientific approach
E processing data
of gathering
to draw conclusions
He extensive costings could
provide deeper understanding of
development of culture nevertheless
he is criticised for being
ethnocentric ie he used the
same derogatory vocabulary used
lil
 other classical evolutionist
He proposed that the british cultural
stage of evolution
forms the anodal
for all the less evoked calling
He neglected the parallel existence
religion and science
of magic
in his own society of his
time Similar is the phenomenon
coexistence even the
across
of The peratance prevalence
contemporary society
the entities is a matter of
of any
quantity
He did not deal with the post
civilisation phases in evolution and
as the ultimate
presented civilisation
phase
of thought
The later schools
such as post modernism tied
to address this Coon lacunae
But the role
of frater in influencing

other scholars them

encouraging
to gather qualitative quantitative
data I be undermined
 g
data cannot be undermined

LHMor 1818 1881

gay
Lewis Henry Morgan
lawyer initially
d
He is fighting
case
of Iroquois Indians
He used to foist them E
was

taenated by kinship relation g

kinship terminologies
Considered as father of kinship
studies
The league of Dois
t
ethnograph

by Morgan 1st ever ethnograph

red Indians
of
Malinowski did not emphasised
much on kinship studies
terminologies
 Importance of kinship
changing importance oftinship
in societies
contemporary
tin slop in
Importance of temp
societies Importance
sample q complex
of kinship in simple society
How kinship studies cooked in
what is the importance
Agy
studies in agg
of kinship
Data collection Beginning field
work
Quetionaries
Comparative method
considered same evolutionary
historical
stage of tylor
approach 2 resources but
had exposure to Iroquois Indians
unlike other classical evolutionist
 É
ji

3
t i i É
E

PETE ET it
I'i E i É
e

7
gyjj.TT EÉ ÉÉ t
É et of
 Lack
of comparing and testing
with archeological history
errors
may occurred
Correlations same as
tylor
kinship terminology the ferns
used to address kinsman
Primary kinship
A 00 tangs
y Primary
kins
group
A 00

blood
I 2 wifehusband affinal non
relation
marriage
114 father daughter
113 i n son
selation
43 mother Yconsanigious
34 e a daughter Chelation
3 4
sigb
 I
Primary kinship terms
t
special ones
I
we use this terms to
if there
others we are
rising
be unimportant
status or they may

Primary terms
A O

2rymf
Kin's primary kin
Primary
A 0 20 44
2,5
00
033JI 2,9
2,5

tertiary
 tin's
secondary tin
Primary
secondary
tin's primary kin

FT
3
A on
T 8D
t 2
0206 70 98 o p

N
13
µ o
14
5
D D
16
O

12

114 m 10 46
1 2 4 1 2 10
1 3 10
1 3 9

kinship terms
Classificatory
using same KT for no
of other
kinship relations 8

Camping grouping different kinship

relations under same kinshiptem
Descriptive fats The kinshipterm that

describes relationship and kinship

where specific terms are
allocated to individual tins

EI Morgans study of Iroquois

Indians
I
T Aaa
M h h o Sho
Doon
h
s o
55 3 55
5 8
34 6111
because
of usage
58
34
SouthIndian
mainstem
Haidety
northIndian
of same terms mainstrun
CInoestuous group Hindu society

In Iroquois Cross Cousins marriage

is not permitted they are not
important as parallel cousins
Because there is no classification between
gender
kindles bro
Once own father 9 father's
have same fern
Once onion mother 9 mother's
sister have same term
Once own siblings have distinctive
firms based on gender
All the parallel cousins have
the same kinship term as once
own siblings based on gender
Cross cousins have the same
term with out gender difference
Rest of the kinsmen have their
own distinctive kinship term
show equal importance
Classificatory terms or unimportance

Descriptive term provide description

of relation 9
allocates special
fam for relation

IT Taa
n
D
Men
O To 5
D O Md 822 13
78 9 to 19 15 If

Sudanese
System
Have specific terms everybody is
considered
to
Emp
the
For most of societies
evolution is from Descriptive
to classifactong showing
reducing imp of kinship relations
But for Morgan KT evolves
from classificatory Descriptive
As in
Iroquious Indians
Importance of kinship
0

kinship provides with mate

in that
if that was allowed
society
 Patrilateral Matrilateral
Cross Cousin Cross Cousin
marriage marriage
O ADDED D OMA o

I
so to do 6
Mother's bro's daughter
Father'ssister'sDaughter

Trains behavioural aspects

social control
Affectionatal relation
status
Inheritance lineage
Identity
Individual becomes
Didsfudon insignificant
Conflicts property issues

Critics of classical evolutionist

neo evolutionist
Onilinearity by steward
Psychic unity of mankind Boas
Diffusion No
 Comparative method Boas
Lack of field work Boas RC Brown
30
Generalisation Boas
Ethnocentrism Boas Malinowski
Creating arational man Boats
Samuel
Cushing
Neglecting diffusion Diffusionist

Confusion between deficiencies 9

differences Diffusionist
Parallel between technology
religion marriage kinship ele
Lewis
Maniowski
Conceptof survivals
Functionalist

Geography determines culture Geographic

determism I
so we can classify any
community superior EB or
inferior

I
 1
this difference should be understood
evolutionist instead
by classical of
their deficiency
simply say
t
evolutionist graded Criticisedby
Boas