Indo Islamic Archtiecture

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This is a long lecture.
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Indo Islamic Architecture

Islamic Architecture in the Indian Subcontinent
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6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

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3 The following are the basic glossary of terms to acquaint you as we go along with this lecture.
Glossary of Terms
Basic
• Aywan / Iwan - arched portal • Jali - perforated screen made of stone

• Ayat - Islamic verses from the Quran • Khanqah - monastery, residen al complex of a saint
• Bagh - garden and his followers
• Burj - for ed tower • Kotla - citadel
• Chhatris - small domed canopies, supported by pillars • Lal Qila - red fort
• Charbagh - four-square garden • Maqbara - tomb / graveyard
• Darwaza - gate or doorway • Mandir - temple pavilion
• Durg / Durga - fort
• Gunbad - dome / domed tomb • Masjid - mosque
• Hauz - ablu on pool in a mosque courtyard • Minar / Minaret / Midhana - a place for a call to
prayer is made
• Idgah - outdoor prayer area used for Eid
• Jal mandir - water pavilion • Mihrab - niche in a prayer hall of a mosque,
indica ng the direc on of Mecca
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4 IN the seventh and eighth centuries CE, Islam spread towards Spain and India. Islam came to India,
particularly, with Muslim merchants, traders, holy men and conquerors over a passage of six hundred years.
Although by the eighth century CE, Muslims had begun to construct in Sind, Gujarat, etc., it was only in the
early thirteenth century that large-scale building activity begun under the Delhi Sultanate, established after
Indo Islamic
Architecture the Turkish conquest of northern India.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons
and purposes. Despite an initial Arab presence in Sindh, the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began
in earnest with the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Ghurid dynasty in 1193. Succeeding the
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Ghurids was the Delhi Sultanate, a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North India,
and later the Mughal Empire by the 15th century. Both of these dynasties introduced Persianate architecture
and art styles from Western Eurasia into the Indian subcontinent

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5 Indo-Islamic architecture has left a large impact on modern Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi architecture,
as in the case of its in uence on the Indo-Saracenic Revivalism of the late British Raj. Both secular and
religious buildings are in uenced by Indo-Islamic architecture.
• This style of architecture was neither purely
Islamic nor purely Hindu.
• Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of
the Indian subcon nent produced by and
for Islamic patrons and purposes.
The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with mosques and tombs much the most
• The types and forms of large buildings common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often
required by Muslim elites, with mosques and
tombs much the most common, were very
di erent from those previously built in India. topped by large domes, and made extensive use of arches. Both of these features were hardly used in
• Iran and India had come into contact with each
other much earlier and had in uenced the
architecture of each other. The Iranians,
Hindu temple architecture and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a
whatever they learnt from the Indian style,
matured it and gave it a perfect Iranian style. single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the gurative sculpture so important to Hindu
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temple architecture.
6 Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own
designs. Unlike most of the Islamic world, where brick tended to predominate, India had highly skilled
builders well used to producing stone masonry of extremely high quality. Alongside the architecture
• Islamic buildings ini ally adapted the skills of
a workforce trained in earlier Indian tradi ons
to their own designs.
developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as Agra, Lahore and Allahabad, a variety
• Unlike most of the Islamic world,
where brick tended to predominate, India had
of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the Bengal, Gujarat, Deccan, Jaunpur and Kashmir
highly skilled builders well used to producing
stone masonry of extremely high quality. Sultanates. By the Mughal period, generally agreed to represent the peak of the style, aspects of Islamic
• Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi
and prominent centers of Mughal culture such style began to in uence architecture made for Hindus, with even temples using scalloped arches, and later
as Agra, Lahore and Allahabad, a variety of
regional styles developed in regional
kingdoms like the Bengal, Gujarat, Deccan,
domes. This was especially the case in palace architecture. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire,
Jaunpur and Kashmir Sultanates.
regional nawabs such as in Lucknow, Hyderabad and Mysore continued to commission and patronize the
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construction of Mughal-style architecture in the princely states

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Indo Islamic Architecture in India
Influences
• The Islamic architecture grew as a result of all these in uences and when the Turks came to India they
carried all these in uences to India and developed that style of architecture which has been called the
Indo-Islamic architecture.
• Several other factors also contributed towards the forma on of this Indo- Islamic architecture.
• The Turk-Afghan rulers desired to give that shape to their buildings which existed in Iran and Central
Asia. But their buildings could not be exact copies of those buildings because of several factors:
• Firstly, they had to employ Indian cra smen who had their own ideas about the form and method
of construc on.
• Secondly, during early period of their rule, the Muslims used materials of destroyed Hindu temples,
palaces, etc., in the construc on of their buildings or simply converted them to suit their purposes.
• Thirdly, both the Hindu and the Islamic architecture were inherently decora ve though, of course,
their form of decora on di ered.
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8 Muslim architecture was already the result of synthesis of several styles of architecture including that of
India, absorbed many ideals and methods of Hindu architecture though the synthesis between the two
differed from place to place.
“Indo-Islamic architecture derives its
character from both sources though not
always in an equal degree.”
John Marshall
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9 Indo-Islamic architecture is further divided into 3 sub styles
Delhi Sult n te Provinci l Style Mugh l Architecture
Alai Gate and Qutub Minar Shrine of Shah Yusuf-ul-Gardizi Buland Darwaza, the entrance to
Fatehpur Sikri complex
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10 Prior to the arrival of Islam in India, the architecture is mostly dominated by Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain
Pre Islamic India temples. Basically, all architecture is made of stone. Post and lintel construction derived from timber
architecture
• Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cave temples
• All architecture was characteris cally stone
• Construc on style was derived from mber
• Post and lintel
• Dome shapes:
• Were derived from solid octagonal bases
• Followed Nagara style (North Indian) Hindu architecture
• Amalaka paved the way to the Indian Islamic domes
• Kalasa were added embellishments
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11 Dome shapes later evolved from solid octagonal bases of the Nagara Hindu Architectural style. The
Pre Islamic India presence of the amalaka paved the way to its evolution, whereas the Kalasa were utilized as added
embellishments.
• Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist cave temples
• All architecture was characteris cally stone
• Construc on style was derived from mber
• Post and lintel
• Dome shapes:
• Were derived from solid octagonal bases
• Followed Nagara style (North Indian) Hindu architecture
• Amalaka paved the way to the Indian Islamic domes
• Kalasa were added embellishments
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12 Also, prior to the arrival of Islam, arches existed primarily as a decorative form. They are used freely for both
Pre Islamic India interior and exterior wall proliferation.
Arch
• A decora ve form
• Used freely for both interior and
exterior wall prolifera on
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13 Islam in India existed in communities along the Arab coastal trade routes on the western shoreline of India
particularly in Gujarat, and Malabar as soon as the religion originated and had gained early acceptance in
the Arabian Peninsula, though the rst incursion through sea by the new Muslim successor states of the
14%
Arab World occurred around 636 CE or 643 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate, long before any Arab army
reached the frontier of India by land.
Second largest religion in India as of 2019; Majority are Sunni Muslims. Islam is the second-largest religion in India, with 14.2% of the country's population, approximately 172.2
million people, identifying as adherents of Islam in the 2011 census. It makes India the country with the
largest Muslim population outside Muslim-majority countries. The majority of Indian Muslims belong to the
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Sunni sect of Islam, while the Shia form a sizeable minority.
14 The earliest phase of Muslim building is in Delhi, and is here represented by the re-use of pillaged material
from Hindu and Jain temples
destruction of the religious buildings of the enemy is known, of course, in many religions other than Islam,
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and indeed in India there is more than one record of a Hindu king doing just this to his neighbor’s lands.
he earliest phase of Muslim building is in Delhi, and is Reutilization of the pillaged material is a feature of the initia
represented by the re-use of pillaged material from Hindu and Jain
temples; destruction of the religious buildings of the enemy is known. phase of Muslim occupation in many regions of India.
Indian Islamic Architecture (JB Page, 2008)
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Jyoti Srivastava, retrieved 22 July 2021, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HWb4Z1D-pC8&t=63s. 15 The rst example, the Masjid Quwwat al-Islm at Delhi, is in fact built on a temple plinth, and som
27 temples were pillaged to provide columns, walls, roo ng materials, and paving; sculptured gures were
mutilated or were so set in walls that the unworked sides of the stones were all that could be seen
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16 The start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under Qutb al-Din Aibak (a general in the Ghurid dynasty)
introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles. The important Qutb Complex in Delhi
was begun under Muhammad of Ghor, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibak and later sultans.
The Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (as shown in the video earlier and the photo in this slide), now a ruin, was the
Sultanate Architecture rst structure. Like other early Islamic buildings it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed Hindu
and Jain temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The style was Iranian, but the
arches were still corbelled in the traditional Indian way.
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17 When discussing about Sultanate architecture of India, it generally covers the rst two sub types of Indo-
Sultanate Architecture in India islamic architecture.
• Delhi Sultanate
• It includes all those buildings which were constructed by di erent Sultans. The Delhi Sultanate includes buildings constructed by the different sultans. By its name, these started upon
• Started in the establishment of Delhi as the capital. the establishment of Delhi as the Capital of India. IT particularly in uenced the provincial style of indo-islamic
• In uenced the style of provincial architecture, yet the provincial arts had their own
di erent characteris cs which assigned them di erent places architecture, however they only differed in particular characteristics common in a province. The Provincial
• Provincial
• Grew under the patronage of provincial ruling dynas
style of architecture grew under the patronage of ruling Muslim dynasties outside of the capital city, Delhi.
es which were mostly Muslims.
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18 The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the
Delhi Sultanate Asian continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the in ux of nomadic Turkic peoples from
Background
the Central Asian steppes. This can be traced back to the 9th century when the Islamic Caliphate began
• The context behind the rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was
part of a wider trend a ec ng much of the Asian con nent, fragmenting in the Middle East, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic
including the whole of southern and western Asia: the in ux
of nomadic Turkic peoples from the Central Asian steppes. Turks from the Central Asian steppes and raising many of them to become loyal military slaves called
• 9th century when the Islamic Caliphate began fragmen ng in
the Middle East Mamluks. Soon, Turks were migrating to Muslim lands and becoming Islamicized. Many of the Turkic
• Where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-
Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asia to become loyal Mamluk slaves eventually rose up to become rulers, and conquered large parts of the Muslim world,
military slaves called Mamluks.
• The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that establishing Mamluk Sultanates from Egypt to present-day Afghanistan, before turning their attention to the
stretched over large parts of the Indian subcon nent for 320
years (1206–1526). Indian subcontinen
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It is also part of a longer trend predating the spread of Islam. Like other settled, agrarian societies in history,
those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In
evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a
frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions
and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium

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Delhi Sultanate
Background
• Five dynas es ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequen ally: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290),
the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–
1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).
• Qutb al-Din Aibak, a former Turkic Mamluk slave of Muhammad Ghori, was the founder of the
Delhi Sultnate, and his Mamluk dynasty conquered large areas of northern India.
• A erwards, the victories of the Khilji dynasty expanded in the south.
• The sultanate reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty,
occupying most of the Indian subcon nent.
• The sultanate is noted for its integra on of the Indian subcon nent into a global cosmopolitan
culture
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20 The sultanate is noted for its integration of the Indian subcontinent into a global cosmopolitan culture
Delhi Sultanate
Background
• Fine arts, primarily architecture, made progress during the period of the Delhi Sultanate.
Islam objects to pain ng, music and dance.
• Architecture remained at the top in the progress of di erent ne arts.
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Delhi Sultanate
Characteristics
• A mixture of Indian (Hindu) and Iranian (Muslim) Style

• Buildings constructed with the material of Hindu temples
• Pointed arched in the Muslim structures
• Carvings
• Use of geometrical designs
• Quaranic ‘Ayats’
• Use of stones and lime
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Delhi Sultanate
A mixture of Indian (Hindu) and Iranian (Muslim) Style
• The Sultans of Delhi wanted to construct their

buildings on the pa ern of Iran and Central
Asia.
• However, their buildings could not be exact
copies of these buildings.
• They had to employ Indian cra smen who
had their own ideas about the form and
method of construc on.
• Thus though the buildings were designed by
Muslim architects to suit the requirements of
their religious ideas, yet they were constructed
by Hindu cra smen who formed the nest
ar stry of the world. Obviously the buildings
had a combina on of Indo- Islamic architecture.
22 Alai Gate and Qutub Minar

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23 Other than the mix of construction methodology of Hindu and Muslim, many buildings were constructed out
Delhi Sultanate of pillaged materials from destroyed Hindu temples, thus resulted to the fusion.
• Several buildings were constructed out

of the material used in the temples that
were destroyed by some of the Muslim
rulers.
• Quwat-ul-Islam Mosque in Delhi is said
to have been built by Qutub-ud-Din
Aibak by demolishing a Hindu temple.
• Likewise ‘Adai-din-ka Jhopra’ a mosque
in Ajmer, built in 2 ½ days came into
being on the ruins of a Hindu building.
23 Adai-din-ka Jhopra
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Delhi Sultanate
Pointed arches in the Muslim structures
• It is noted that the Hindus used square

pillars which supported their temple
roofs. On the other hand the Muslims
used the arches.
• Besides arches, they also used domes
over their buildings and minarets on
sides. The use of arch and dome added
charm to the Muslim buildings and also
enabled them to dispense with the
need of a large number of pillars to
support the roof.
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Delhi Sultanate
Pointed arches in the Muslim structures
• It is noted that the Hindus used square

pillars which supported their temple
roofs. On the other hand the Muslims
used the arches.
• Besides arches, they also used domes
over their buildings and minarets on
sides. The use of arch and dome added
charm to the Muslim buildings and also
enabled them to dispense with the
need of a large number of pillars to
support the roof.
25 Tomb of Balban
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Delhi Sultanate
Carvings
• The Muslims did not allow any

representa on of living things on their
buildings.
• The Hindu workmen who were skilled in
decora ng the pillars and walls were
allowed the use of owers and trees in
the decora on of Muslim buildings.
26 Qutub Minar
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Delhi Sultanate
Use of geometrical designs
• During the Sultanate period,

geometrical designs began to be used
for decora on purposes.
27 Qutub Minar Complex

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Delhi Sultanate
Use of Quaranic ‘Ayats’ designs
• The use of Quaranic ‘Ayats’ in the

buildings served two purposes i.e.
religious as well as decora ve.

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Delhi Sultanate
Use of stones and lime
• During the Sultanate period several

types of colored stones like red, light
black, yellow and white marbles were
used. A very good quality of stone was
used to make the buildings strong.

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Allai Darwaza 30
Lodhi Gardens, Delhi 30 Nizamuddin Dargah (mausoleum)

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31 Signi cant regional styles developed in the independent sultanates formed when the Tughlaq empire
weakened in the mid-14th century, and lasted until most were absorbed into the Mughal Empire in the 16th
century.
Provincial Style
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32 But as the economic resources of provincial rulers were limited, they could not provide that grandeur to their
Provincial Style buildings as was provided by the Sultans of Delhi. Besides, the local circumstances also in uenced the
Overview
provincial styles and therefore, the archite ture of provinces differed not only from the Imperial style but also
• The Muslim rulers in provinces also built up palaces, tombs, forts, mosques, etc. in their respec ve
kingdoms. Primarily, the provincial styles drew inspira on from the Delhi style of architecture. from each other.
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Provincial Style
Multan
• Multan (Present day Punjab, Pakistan)

• Blue le work
• ‘Ayina kari’ (mirror work) in the
interior
33 Shrine of Shah Yusuf-ul-Gardizi (Islamic saint)

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Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb in Delhi 34
Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Pakistan 34 Mausoleum of Iltutmish

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Provincial Style
Bengal
• Brick - the usual construc on material
• Mul ple domes
Pathrail Mosque
35 Gunamant Mosque
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Provincial Style
Bengal
• Stone had to be imported to most

of Bengal, whereas clay for bricks is
plen ful. But stone was used for
columns and prominent details, o en
re-used from Hindu or Buddhist
temples.
36 Adina Masjid
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37 These features are also seen in the Choto Sona Mosque (around 1500), which is in stone, unusually for
Provincial Style Bengal, but shares the style and mixes domes and a curving "paddy" roof based on village house roofs
Bengal
made of vegetable thatch. Such roofs feature even more strongly in later Bengal Hindu temple architecture,
• Curving “paddy” roof mixed with domes
with types such as the do-chala, jor-bangla, and char-chala.[32] For larger mosques, Bengali architects
multiplied the numbers of domes, with a nine-domed formula (three rows of three) being one option,
surviving in four examples, all 15th or 16th century and now in Bangladesh,[33] although there were others
with larger numbers of domes
37 Adina Masjid
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Provincial Style
Bengal
Shat Gombuj (Sixty-dome mosque) Eklakhi Mausoleum - standard from of small tomb design
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39 The rulers of Sharqi dynasty at Jaunpur greatly patronized architecture and some very good buildings were
Provincial Style raised during their rule which possessed certain good features of both the Hindu and the Islamic
Jaunpur
architecture. The salient features of the buildings raised here were square pillars, small galleries and
• The style was mainly formed under
Sultan Shams-ud-Din Ibrahim (1402- absence of minarets
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• Most of the structures of the style
were destroyed when Sikander Lodi
of Delhi reconquered Jaunpur, leaving
only 5 mosques.
39 Jama Mosque, Jaunpur

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40 Among the buildings which were constructed at Jaunpur when it was under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate,
Provincial Style the fort and the palace of Ibrahim Naib Barbak are the most prominent.
Jaunpur
Among the buildings constructed by the Sharqi rulers, are the Atala Masjid completed by Ibrahim Shah
• Among the buildings which were
constructed at Jaunpur when it was Sharqi, the Jami Masjid built by Husain Shah and the Lal Darwaza mosque which are good specimens of
under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate:
• the fort and the palace of Ibrahim provincial architecture.
Naib Barbak
• Among the buildings constructed by the
Sharqi rulers:
• Atala Masjid completed by Ibrahim
Shah Sharqi
• Jami Masjid built by Husain Shah
• Lal Darwaza mosque
40 Jaunpur Fort (Karar Fort)
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41 Pylons built on the facade to accentuate entrances etc. are a common feature
Provincial Style Arches are of the 'depressed four centered' or 'Tudor' variety with 'Fleur-de-Lys' fringes
Jaunpur
The builders were never certain of the curves and contours of the arches, which wavered weakly in the
• Pylons built on the facade
• 'Depressed four centered' or 'Tudor' variety with larger examples
'Fleur-de-Lys' fringes
• Weak curves and contours
The predominantly Hindu masons and artisans were more comfortable with the pillar, beam and bracket
• Beam and bracket system (trabeated masonry) (trabeate) system of construction which was frequently used
• Monolithic pillars with bands across the middle
The pillars have square monolithic shafts with bands across the middle. The same bands above form the
capital out of which clusters of brackets emerge. These have a feel of rough execution.
41 Atala Masjid
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Provincial Style
Jaunpur
• The Governor of Jaunpur, an eastern

province of the sultanate was given the
tle ‘Malik-ush-Sharqi' (King of the East)
by the Tughlaq monarch in Delhi.
Hence, the dynasty was called the
Sharqi dynasty.
• Under the Sharqi monarchs, Jaunpur
became an important centre of Islamic
art, architecture and learning, a
university town known as 'Shiraz-i-Hind'
a er the city of Shiraz in Iran.
42 Lal Darwaza Mosque

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43 The monuments built during the sultanate period are almost concentrated in Mandu city. The early
Provincial Style monuments were assembled out of the materials of earlier Hindu temples, according to the Islamic plan and
Malwa
convention. But nothing seems to have been done to conceal or alter their essential Hindu appearance.
• Ba ered walls.
• Pointed arches with spear head fringe.
• Combina on of Arch, Lintel and Bracket.
• Boat keel domes (domes that looked like inverted
boats)
• Most ar s c combina on of arches with pillar
and beam.
• Buildings are raised on high plinths, accessed by
long and stately ight of steps.
• Prominent use of color in decora on. Use of
di erent colored marble, semi-precious stones
and glazed les. The ar sans in Malwa possessed
a secret formula for crea ng Turquoise blue color.
43 Lat Masjid
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Provincial Style
Malwa
• The buildings constructed in Malwa

closely resembled those which were
constructed by the Sultans of Delhi.
They are beau ful and have proved Fort of Mandu
las ng as well.
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45 The buildings in Malwa have their own distinct style and occupy a respectable place among the architectural
Provincial Style styles of provinces during this period.
Malwa
• The most notable buildings of Mandu

are the Jami Masjid, the Hindola Mahal,
the Ashra Mahal, the tower of victory,
the tomb of Sultan Hushang Shah
constructed by Sultan Mahmud Khalji,
the Jahaz Mahal and palace of Baz
Bahadur and his queen Rupma .
45 Jami Masjid in Mandu

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Provincial Style
Malwa
• The notable buildings which were

constructed earlier are the Kamal
Mahal Masjid, Lal Masjid, Dilawar Khan
Masjid and the tomb of Malik Mugis at
Mandu.
46 Tomb of Sultan Hushang Shah

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Provincial Style
Malwa
The style can be divided into 3 phases:

• First Phase:
• Dismantling of temples and
conver ng them into mosque.
• Second (Classical) Phase:
• Monuments of original character.
Sober and elegant. More substan al
and formal order.
47 Jami Masjid at Chanderi

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Provincial Style
Malwa
• Third Phase:
• Less austere and more fanciful
structures, implying a life of ease and
luxury. Main examples are pavilions,
loggias, kiosks, terraces etc.
48 Baz Bahadur Summer Palace (third phase)

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Provincial Style
Gujarat
• The Gujarat style is the most important of all

the provincial styles in India.
• Two factors are responsible for the prodigious
output of architecture in this region:
• The ego sm of the powerful Ahmed Shahi
dynasty who wanted to surround
themselves with architectural evidences of
their might.
• The supply of skilled indigenous workmen.
• The Gujarat style is the most indigenous
Indian style of all the provincial styles. Many
structures are adapta ons or extracts of local
Hindu and Jain temples.
49 Jami Mosque of Ahmedabad
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Provincial Style
Gujarat
The style can be divided into three main periods:

First Period (First half of the 14th Century A.D.)
1. Consisted of the customary phase of
demoli on of temples followed by
reconversion of the building materials.
2. The buildings of this period have the
appearance of being forma ve and
experimental.
3. Many buildings were built using materials
from Hindu temples. Most o en, the pillars
would be used as they were, while the
walls would be built of original masonry,
some mes using stones taken from the
temples and recut to suit the requirements.
Sidi Sayyid Masjid - 'palm-and-parasite' motif.

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Provincial Style
Gujarat
Second Period (First half of the 15th Century A.D.)

1. In this period, we see the art approaching an
early consumma on, with slightly tenta ve
quali es.
Tin Darwaza (Triple Gateway)
2. There is more direc onal authority in the
buildings and increased assurance in the
design.
3. This can also be called the Ahmed Shahi
period, a er the Sultan Ahmed Shah.
Third Period (Second half of 15th Century A.D.)
4. This is the most magni cent aspect of the style.
5. Most of the development in this phase
happened under Sultan Mahmud I Begarha
(1458-1511).
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Jami Masjid Champanir
52 The very rich stone-building tradition of the Hindu and Jain craftsmen was appropriated by the Gujarat
Provincial Style Muslims, and made Gujarat at onc
Gujarat
the richest and the most distinctive of the Indian regions in architecture. The artisans appear to have been
• Certain new features were added to the
style of architecture of Gujarat during less bound here than were thei
the rule of Mahmud Begarha.
• Among the buildings which were fellows in other regions to the whims of individual rulers or to rigid prescriptions by Islam scholars, and
constructed during his reign and
a erwards are the tombs of Mubarak indeed it often appears tha
Sayyid and Sayyid Usman and the
Qutuba-ul-Alam. the requirements of Islamic building rather emancipated them from the dogma of the schools of temple
Tomb of Mubarak Sayyid
architecture.
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53 In the 15th century the Gujarat style is especially notable for its inventive and elegant use of minarets. They
Provincial Style are often in pairs anking the main entrance, mostly rather thin and with elaborate carving at least at the
Gujarat
lower levels.
Some designs push out balconies at intervals up the shaft; the most extreme version of this was in the lost
upper parts of the so-called "shaking minarets”. This carving draws on the traditional skills of local stone-
carvers, previously exercised on Hindu temples in the Māru-Gurjara and other local styles.
Jama Mosque
Sarkhej Roza Complex (Mosque and Tomb)
“Shaking minarets”
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54 The typical Kashmiri Muslim building is the tomb-shrine (ziyrat) of a local saint: a cubical ground oor
Provincial Style (sometimesset on a stone or brick plinth), covered by a pyramidal roof which ma
Kashmir
be in several tiers, topped by a long and slender wooden spire. Th
• By 1339, Shams-ud-din Shah Mir of
the Shah Mir dynasty established a same type with anking courtyards may be used for mosque buildings, with the addition of a square open
sultanate encompassing the region of
Kashmir, allowing for the gradual pavilion between roof and wooden spire to form a platform for the minaret is not used
Islamiza on of the region and the
hybridiza on of Persianate culture and
architecture with the indigenous
Such a pattern is used in the Jami mosque of Srinagar, a two-storeyed building on the plinth of a Hindu
Buddhist styles of Kashmir.
temple, with projecting wooden balconies and the eaves supported on a log cornice; the pyramidal tiered
roof is covered with an impervious layer of birch-bark.
Jami Masjid at Srinagar
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There was a harmonious
Aali Masjid in Srinagar 55 The architecture of Kashmir is remarkably different from that of all other regions of India, as it is essentially
blending of the Hindu,
Buddhist and the Muslim
in wood.
architecture in Kashmir.
Great logs are laid horizontally and joined by crude carpentry, and used also as piers to support any
superstructure; the interstices between courses may be lled with brickwork or plaster covered with glazed
tile. There is of course a constant re risk, and many buildings have undergone repeated rebuilding, usually,
however, reproducing the form of the original structure
Mosque of Shah Hamadan 55 Amburiq Mosque

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56
Provincial Style
Deccan: Gulbarga
• Unlike other Muslim rulers who made full use

of indigenous art and architecture in their
domains, rulers in the Deccan largely ignored
the local art and produced an independent
style of their own.
• In uences in this style come from two main
sources:
• Delhi style: Due to the forced migra on of
Muhammad Tughlaq from Delhi to
Daulatabad, many in uences of Tughlaqian
Delhi were brought to the south.
• Persian Style: Due to the migra on of Jami Masjid at Gulbarga
Persians to southern India via sea.
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Provincial Style
Deccan: Gulbarga
• Mosques don’t have a courtyard.

• Small and shallow mul ple domes
• Wide aisles with transverse arches
• Iranian in uence
• 4-iwan plan
• Glazed les
Interior of Mosque of Gulbarga
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Haft Gumbaz 58
Char Minar 58 Mahmud Gawan Madrasa

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Provincial Style
Deccan: Gulbarga
• Tombs
• double/two-units
• Rectangular with dome
59 Bahmanid Tombs
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60 In the second half of the 16th century, and the 17th century under the aegis of Adil Shahis, the capital city of
Provincial Style Bijapur occupied a prominent place among the celebrated cities of India. It was a great centre of culture,
Deccan: Bijapur
trade and commerce, education and learning, etc. It was known for its own culture called, Bijapur Culture.
• The Adil Shahi kingdom arose in Bijapur
at the same me as the Golkonda During Bijapur's heyday of glory there was a con ux of different communities and the people. Sometimes in
sultanate. While the Qutub Shahi rulers
patronized various intellectual many respects it surpassed the great cities of Delhi and Agra of Mughal India. Before Yusuf Adil Shah, the
channels, the Adil Shahi kings
concentrated mainly on architectural
pursuits.
founder of the Adil Shahis could make Bijapur as capital of his newly carved kingdom; the town occupied a
considerable importance.
Ibrahim Rauza Tomb and Mosque complex
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61 Bijapur was fairly large town under the early Sultans of Adil Shahi dynasty. The capital progressed slowly,
Provincial Style however, its star was in ascendancy since the accession of Sultan Ali Adil Shah I in 1558. His victory in the
Deccan: Bijapur
Battle of Talikota in 1565 and further campaigns in the Krishna-Tunghabhadra regions brought enormous
• Stucco plaster
• Lavish decora on wealth. Hence he began to spend lavishly on its decoration. Under him every year saw some new building, a
• Gardens, water pavilions, and resorts palace, a mosque, a bastion, or a minaret. The Adil Shahi Sultans were fond of gardens, water pavilions and
resorts; hence they beauti ed Bijapur by presence of such amusing spots. The Adil Shahi Sultans had
concentrated their energies almost exclusively on architecture and the allied arts, each Sultan endeavouring
to excel his predecessor in the number, size, or splendor of his building projects. The architecture of Bijapur
is a combination of Persian, Ottoman Turkish and Deccani styles. It is amazing to note mat in Ibrahim
The Gol Gumbaz is the mausoleum of Mohammed Adil Shah
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Rouzah, Dilkusha Mahal (Mahatar Mahal), Malikah-e-Jahan Mosque, Jal Mahal, etc. the Bijapur sculptors
have carved beautiful designs in stones, as the carpenters do in wood. The stucco plaster designing in some
monuments is one of their most notable features
62 Artisans in the small area called Khandesh took inspiration from each of the other areas and also added
Provincial Style some original ideas of their own to create a distinct style
Deccan: Khandesh
• Principle innova ons in the Khandesh

style are:
1. Changes in the posi ons of
openings such as wider spacing of
doors and windows.
2. Emphasis on parapets above
eaves.
3. Eleva on of domes by raising
them on octagonal drums and
s l ng of their sides.
Jami Masjid at Burhandapur
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63 The Mughals were responsible for introducing into India building forms, constructional devices and
decorative schemes from the Persianized lands of Timurid Central Asia. The most signi cant of these are:
lofty portals containing pointed arches; internal domes and vaults carried on intersecting arches; external
domes with slightly bulbous outer skins separated from hemispherical internal domes (so-called double-
Mughal Architecture domes); and dense geometric and arabesque patterns. These features were fused with previous, sultanate
traditions from the subcontinent: especially polychrome stone-cladding on masonry cores; interior spaces
roofed with at stone slabs carried on columns and beams; rooftop chhatris; and nials in the form of uted
lotus petals and auspicious water- pots. The Mughals also laid out gardens with central waterways fed by
rivers or springs, which descended via cascades and pools through terraces at different levels planted with
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fruit trees and owers.
CrashCourse, retrieved 22 July 2021,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nbuM0aJjVgE&t=29s. 64
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65 Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the 16th, 17th and
Mughal Architecture 18th centuries throughout the ever-changing extent of their empire in the Indian subcontinent. It developed
Overview
the styles of earlier Muslim dynasties in India as an amalgam of Islamic, Persian, Turkic and Indian
• Mughal architecture is the type of Indo-Islamic architecture developed by the Mughals in the
16th, 17th and 18th centuries architecture. Mughal buildings have a uniform pattern of structure and character, including large bulbous
• It developed the styles of earlier Muslim dynas es in India as a fusion of Islamic, Persian,
Turkic and Indian architecture. domes, slender minarets at the corners, massive halls, large vaulted gateways, and delicate ornamentation;
• "Grandiose architecture was the most visible of the ways that the Mughals used to assert Examples of the style can be found in modern-day India, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
their sense of superiority and their supremacy over what in many ways remained to them an
alien land".
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66 Mughal Empire established by Babur in 1526

Mughal Architecture
Pronounced “Mogul”
The Mughal era de nes the most opulent phase of Islamic Architecture in India, due in part to the wealth and
the settled political conditions of the empire and to the aesthetic nature of the emperors
• Mughal Empire established by Babur in 1526. • The style can be broadly divided into two
• The Mughal era de nes the most sumptuous phases: Mughal Architecture ourished under the rst ve ‘Great Mughals’ of the dynasty, Babur, Humayun, Akbar,
phase of Islamic Architecture in India. • Earlier phase
• The rst ve ‘Great Mughals’ of the dynasty, • Later phase
Jahangir and Shah Jahan and declined after the rule of Aurangzeb
Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah
Jahan and declined a er the rule of
• No provincial or regional manifesta ons The two most proli c builders of the dynasty were Akbar (1556-1605) and his grandson Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb. • The major in uences seen in the Mughal style
• The two most proli c builders of the come from Persia and from the indigenous (1627-1658), with a transitional phase observed under Jahangir (1605-1627)
styles of Gujarat and Rajasthan.
dynasty were Akbar (1556-1605) and his
grandson Shah Jahan (1627-1658), with a
The style can be broadly divided into two phases
transi onal phase observed under Jahangir
(1605-1627). Earlier phase when the buildings were principally constructed of red sandstone during the reign of Akbar
mgto es 66
Later phase when the buildings were constructed principally of marble under the reign of Shah Jahan
Due to the centralized political structure of the empire, the Mughal style of architecture had no provincial or
regional manifestations, but was an imperial style only moderately affected by local in uences
The major in uences seen in the Mughal style come from Persia and from the indigenous styles of Gujarat
and Rajasthan.

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67 Mughal architecture has also in uenced later Indian architectural styles, including the Indo-Saracenic
Mughal Architecture
Pronounced “Mogul”
style of the British Raj, the Rajput style and the Sikh style.
Mughal architecture D. Monumental buildings surrounded

incorporates Indian elements by gardens on all four sides.
with Persian and Islamic elements. Some
E. Mosques with large courtyards.
features common to many buildings are:
F. Persian and Arabic calligraphic
A. Large bulbous onion domes,
inscrip ons, including verses from
some mes surrounded by four
the Quran.
smaller domes.
G. Large gateways leading up to the
B. Use of white marble and red
main building.
sandstone.
H. Iwans on two or four sides.
C. Use of delicate ornamenta on
work, including pachin I. Use of decora ve chhatris.
kari decora ve work and jali-la ced
Mughal architecture has also in uenced later Indian
screens. architectural styles, including the Indo-Saracenic style of
mgto es 67 the Bri sh Raj, the Rajput style and the Sikh style.
68 Islam forbids representation of living gures, however, there is a clear indication of the Hindu in uences in
Mughal Architecture his contribution to the Mughal Architecture
Akbar Architecture
• Akbari architecture refers to the style

of Indo-Islamic architecture conceived
during the reign
of Mughal Emperor Akbar using elite
Indic architectural vocabulary.
• His successors further added to this style,
leading to the unique and individualis c
style of Mughal architecture.
• The lavish use of red sandstone sought to
minimize the stylis c clashes consequent
to the mixing of these disparate
elements.
The use of elephant-shaped column brackets in buildings of the Lahore
68
Fort re ects Hindu in uences on Mughal Architecture during the reign
mgto es of Akbar. Islam forbids representation of living gures.

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69 Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city of Agra in India. It was the main residence of the emperors of the
Mughal Architecture Mughal Dynasty until 1638, when the capital was shifted from Agra to Delhi. Before capture by the British,
Emperor Akbar
the last Indian rulers to have occupied it were the Marathas. In 1983, the Agra fort was inscribed as a
Agra Fort
• Agra Fort is a historical fort in the city UNESCO World Heritage site. The Fort got its present appearance during the reign of Akbar
of Agra in India. It was the main residence of
the emperors of the Mughal Dynasty un l
1638, when the capital was shi ed from Agra
to Delhi.
• The 380,000 m2 (94-acre) fort has a
semicircular plan, its chord lies parallel to the
river Yamuna and its walls are seventy feet
high. Double ramparts have massive circular
bas ons at intervals,
with ba lements, embrasures, machicola ons
and string courses. Four gates were provided
on its four sides.
69 Agra Fort
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71 Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra District of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city itself was founded as the capital
Mughal Architecture of Mughal Empire in 1571 by Emperor Akbar, serving this role from 1571 to 1585, when Akbar abandoned it
Emperor Akbar
due to a campaign in Punjab and was later completely abandoned in 1610. Fatehpur Sikri sits on a rocky
Fatehpur Sikri
• Fatehpur Sikri is a town in the Agra ridge, 3 kilometers in length and 1 km wide. The palace city is surrounded by a 6 km wall on three sides
District of U ar Pradesh, India. The city
itself was founded as the capital with the fourth bordered by a lake. The city is generally organized around this 40 m high ridge, and falls
of Mughal Empire in 1571
by Emperor Akbar, serving this role from roughly into the shape of a rhombus. The general layout of the ground structures, especially the "continuous
1571 to 1585, when Akbar abandoned it
due to a campaign in Punjab and was and compact pattern of gardens and services and facilities" that characterized the city leads urban
later completely abandoned in 1610.
• The name of the city is derived from the archaeologists to conclude that Fatehpur Sikri was built primarily to afford leisure and luxury to its famous
village called Sikri which occupied the
spot before residents.
71 Buland Darwaza, the 54-metre-high entrance to Fatehpur Sikri complex
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Jama Masjid, Fatehpur Sikri 72 The dynastic architecture of Fatehpur Sikri was modelled on Timurid forms and styles. The city was built
massively and preferably with red sandstone. Gujarati in uences are also seen in its architectural
vocabulary and decor of the palaces of Fatehpur Sikri. The city's architecture re ects both the Hindu and
Muslim form of domestic architecture popular in India at the time. The remarkable preservation of these
original spaces allows modern archaeologists to reconstruct scenes of Mughal court life, and to better
understand the hierarchy of the city's royal and noble residents.
Panch Mahal, Fatehpur Sikri 72 Tomb of Salim Chishti in Jama Masjid courtyard
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Mughal Architecture
Fatehpur Sikri
Diwan-i-Khas - hall for private audience

73 Buland Darwaza (Back side)
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74 Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim, known by his imperial name, Jahangir was the fourth Mughal Emperor, who
Mughal Architecture ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. Jahangir was fascinated with art and architecture. Under the rule of
Emperor Jahangir
Jahangir (1605—1627), Mughal architecture became more Persian than Indian. Jahangir’s great mosque at
• Under the rule of Jahangir (1605—1627),
Mughal architecture became more Lahore is a good example of the Persian style and is covered with enameled tiles. At Agra, the tomb of
Persian than Indian. Pietra dura mosaic
• Jahangir’s great mosque at Lahore is a Itmad-ud-Daula, completed in 1628, was built entirely of white marble and decorated in elaborate pietra dura
good example of the Persian style and is
covered with enameled les. mosaic , an inlay technique of using cut and tted, highly polished colored stones to create images.
• At Agra, the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daula,
completed in 1628, was built en rely of
white marble and decorated in
elaborate pietra dura mosaic , an inlay
technique of using cut and ed, highly
polished colored stones to create images.
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Mughal Architecture
Emperor Jahangir
• The Begum Shahi Mosque was built

between 1611 and 1614 during the
reign of Mughal Emperor Jahangir in
honor of his mother. It is Lahore's
earliest surviving example of a Mughal-
era mosque, and in uenced
construc on of the larger Wazir Khan
Mosque a few decades later.
• This mosque was turned in name of
most celebrated Sikh hero Bhai Mani
Singh ji, as Shaheed Ganj Bhai Mani
Singh, under Sikh rule.
75 Begum Shahi Mosque

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Begum Shahi Mosque 76

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Mughal Architecture
Emperor Jahangir
77 Begum Shahi Mosque

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78 Along with the main building, the structure consists of numerous outbuildings and gardens. The tomb, built
Mughal Architecture between 1622 and 1628, represents a transition between the rst phase of monumental Mughal architecture
Emperor Jahangir
– primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi and Akbar's
• Tomb of I' mād-ud-Daulah is
a Mughal mausoleum in the city of Agra in
the Indian state of U ar Pradesh.
tomb in Sikandra – to its second phase, based on white marble and pietra dura inlay, most elegantly realized
•O en described as a "jewel box", some mes
in the Taj Mahal.
called the "Bachcha Taj", the tomb of I' mād-ud-
Daulah is o en regarded as a dra of the Taj
Mahal. The tomb, situated on the eastern bank of the river Jamuna, is planned in the centre of a Char-Bagh (four-
• The tomb represents a transi on between the
rst phase of monumental Mughal architecture
– primarily built from red sandstone with marble
quartered garden), with the usual enclosing walls and side buildings. As conditioned by its situation, the
decora ons, as in Humayun's
Tomb in Delhi and Akbar's tomb in Sikandra – to
its second phase, based on white marble
main gate is on the eastern side. Ornamental gateways with prominent lawns are built in the middle of north
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
and pietra dura inlay, most elegantly realized in
the Taj Mahal. and south sides. A multi-storeyed open pleasure pavilion is there on the western side, overlooking the river
mgto es 78
impressively. These buildings are of red sandstone with bold inlaid designs in white marble

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79 Shallow water channels, sunk in the middle of the raised stone paved pathways, with intermittent tanks and
Mughal Architecture cascades, divided the garden into four equal quarters. They are only slightly raised from the parterres which
Emperor Jahangir
could be converted into ower beds. Space for large plants and trees was reserved just adjoining the
• Tomb of I' mād-ud-Daulah is
a Mughal mausoleum in the city of Agra in
the Indian state of U ar Pradesh.
enclosing walls, leaving the mausoleum fully open to view
•O en described as a "jewel box", some mes
called the "Bachcha Taj", the tomb of I' mād-ud-
Daulah is o en regarded as a dra of the Taj
Mahal. The main tomb of white marble is marvellously set in the centre of the garden. It stands on a plinth of red
• The tomb represents a transi on between the
rst phase of monumental Mughal architecture
– primarily built from red sandstone with marble
stone having in the middle of each side, facing the central arch, a lotus tank with fountain. The tomb is
decora ons, as in Humayun's
Tomb in Delhi and Akbar's tomb in Sikandra – to
its second phase, based on white marble
square in plan with octagonal towers, surmounted by chhatris, attached to its corners. Each facade has
and pietra dura inlay, most elegantly realized in
the Taj Mahal. three arches: the central one providing the entrance, and the other two on the sides being closed by jalis.
Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
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Each side is protected by a chhajja and a jali balustrade above it. There is no dome; instead the building is
roofed by a square barahdari having three arched openings on each side which are closed by jalis except in
the middle of the north and south sides. It is protected by a chhajja above which is the chaukhandi
(pyramidal) roof, crowned by lotus petals and kalash nials. The interior is composed of a central square hall
housing the cenotaphs of Asmat Begum, Mirza Ghiyas, four oblong rooms on the sides and four square
rooms on the corners, all interconnected by common doorways. The cenotaph of Asmat Begum occupies the
exact centre of the hall. Corner rooms have tombstones of Nur Jehan's other relations.
80 The vision of Shah Jahan (1628—1658) introduced a delicate elegance and detail to Mughal architecture,
Mughal Architecture illustrated in the Jama Masjid in Delhi, the Moti Masjid situated within the Agra Fort, and the Sheesh Mahal
Emperor Shah Jehan
in the Lahore Fort, which makes spectacular use of pietra dura and complex mirror work. Shah Jahan’s most
• Mughal architecture reached its zenith
during the reign of the emperor Shah famous achievement, however, is indisputably the Taj Mahal.
Jahān (1628–58), its crowning
achievement being the magni cent Taj
Mahal.
• This period is marked by a fresh
emergence in India of Persian features
that had been seen earlier in the tomb
of Humāyūn.
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81 Among the other landmarks of the style are several mosques at the emperor’s rst capital, Agra, and
Mughal Architecture another great mosque and a huge fortress-palace complex at his second capital, Delhi. The use of the
Emperor Shah Jehan
double dome, the recessed archway inside a rectangular fronton, and parklike surroundings were all
• The use of the double dome
• Recessed archway inside a rectangular favourite devices of Shah Jahān period builders. Symmetry and balance between the parts of a building
fronton
• Parklike surroundings
were always stressed, as was delicate ornamental detail. White marble was a favoured building material
• Symmetry and balance between the
parts
• White marble was a favored building
material.
Taj Mahal
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Mughal Architecture
Emperor Shah Jehan
• Considered to be the most ornately

decorated Mughal-era mosque, Wazir
Khan Mosque is renowned for its
intricate faience ( ne n-glazed) le
work known as kashi-kari (Persian style
le work), as well as its interior surfaces
that are almost en rely embellished
with elaborate Mughal-era frescoes.
• Wazir Khan mosque is renowned for its
elaborate embellishment in a style
which draws from the decora ve
tradi ons from several regions.
Wazir Khan Mosque
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86 The Shalimar Gardens , Shālāmār Bāgh are a Mughal garden complex located in Lahore, capital of the
Mughal Architecture Pakistani province of Punjab. The gardens date from the period when the Mughal Empire was at its artistic
Emperor Shah Jehan
and aesthetic zenith,[1] and are now one of Pakistan's most popular tourist destinations
Shalimar Gardens (Shalamar Bagh)
• The Shalamar Gardens were laid out as
a Persian paradise garden intended to
create a representa on of an earthly utopia Shalamar Gardens The Shalimar Gardens were laid out as a Persian paradise garden intended to create a representation of an
in which humans co-exist in perfect
harmony with all elements of nature.
earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect harmony with all elements of nature.[2] Construction of the
• The Shalamar Gardens were designed as a
Persian-style Charbagh "Paradise garden" -
a microcosm of an earthly utopia.
gardens began in 1641 during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan,[2] and was completed in 1642.[3] In 1981
• Mughal Gardens were based the Shalimar Gardens were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as they embody Mughal garden
upon Timurid gardens built in Central Asia
and Iran between the 14th and 16th
century. design at the apogee of its development.[1]
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87 During Aurangzeb’s reign (1658–1707), brick and rubble with stucco ornamentation replaced squared stone
Mughal Architecture and marble as the building materials of choice. Aurangzeb was responsible for additions to the Lahore Fort:
Emperor Aurangzeb
building one of the 13 gates, which was named for him, and building the Badshahi mosque, a structure
• In Aurangzeb's reign (1658–1707)
squared stone and marble was replaced constructed from brick with red sandstone facades. In general, however, Mughal architecture had begun to
by brick or rubble
with stucco ornament. decline during Aurangzeb’s reign, a process that would accelerate after his death
• Subsequent works moved away from
the balance
and coherence characteris c of mature
Mughal architecture.
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88
Mughal Architecture
Emperor Aurangzeb
• The Badshahi Mosque was built by

Emperor Aurangzeb in 1671, with construc on
of the mosque las ng for two years un l 1673.
• The mosque is an important example
of Mughal architecture, with an exterior that
is decorated with carved red sandstone with
marble inlay. It remains the largest mosque of
the Mughal-era, and is the second-largest
mosque in Pakistan
• Aurangzeb had the mosque built in order to
commemorate his military campaigns against
the Maratha king Chhatrapa Shivaji. A er
only two years of construc on, the mosque
was opened in 1673.
88 Badshahi Mosque
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90
Mughal Architecture
Emperor Aurangzeb
• The Bibi Ka Maqbara (English: "Tomb of

the Lady") is a tomb located
in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
• It was commissioned in 1660 by
the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in the
memory of his rst and chief wife Dilras
Banu Begum (posthumously known as
Rabia-ud-Daurani) and is considered to
be a symbol of Aurangzeb's 'conjugal
delity’.
• The mausoleum is laid out in
a charbagh formal garden.
90 Bibi Ka Maqbara
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92 The Mughal prince Muhammad Azam, third son of Aurangzeb started the work of the fort in 1678 during his
Mughal Architecture vice-royalty in Bengal. He stayed in Bengal for 15 months. The fort remained incomplete when he was called
Late Mughal Era
away by his father Aurangzeb.
• Lalbagh Fort (also Fort Aurangabad) is an
incomplete 17th-century Mughal fort complex
that stands before the Buriganga River in the
southwestern part of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
• The construc on was started in 1678 AD
by Mughal Subahdar Muhammad Azam Shah,
who was son of Emperor Aurangzeb and later
emperor himself. His successor, Shaista Khan,
did not con nue the work, though he stayed
in Dhaka up to 1688.
• The fort was never completed, and
unoccupied for a long period of me. Much of
the complex was built over and now sits
across from modern buildings.
92 Lalbagh Fort
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93 Mughal gardens are gardens built by the Mughals in the Islamic style. This style was in uenced by Persian
gardens. They are built in the char bagh structure, which is a quadrilateral garden layout based on the four
gardens of Paradise mentioned in the Qur'an.
This style is intended to create a representation of an earthly utopia in which humans co-exist in perfect
Mughal Gardens harmony with all elements of nature
The quadrilateral garden is divided by walkways or owing water into four smaller parts. Signi cant use of
rectilinear layouts are made within the walled enclosures. Some of the typical features include pools,
fountains and canals inside the gardens
Some famous examples of Mughal gardens are the Bagh-e-Babur at Kabul, Mehtab Bagh gardens at the Taj
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Mahal, gardens at Humayun's Tomb, Shalimar Gardens at Lahore, Khusro Bagh at Prayagraj, as well
as Pinjore Gardens at Haryana.
Mehtab Bagh (North of Taj Mahal) 94
Babur Gardens 94 Pinjore Gardens

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Rashtrapathi Bhavan complex
Taj Mahal Garden (view from the Taj Mahal) 95 Royal Spring Garden
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Safdarjung’s Tomb
Humayun’s Tomb 96 Verinag

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End of Lect e
Lesson 7
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Indo Islamic Archtiecture

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Indo Islamic Archtiecture

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1

This is a long lecture.

Indo Islamic Architecture

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• Aywan / Iwan - arched portal • Jali - perforated screen made of stone

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

Delhi Sult n te Provinci l Style Mugh l Architecture

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

Indian Islamic Architecture (JB Page, 2008)

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• A mixture of Indian (Hindu) and Iranian (Muslim) Style

• The Sultans of Delhi wanted to construct their

22 Alai Gate and Qutub Minar

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• Several buildings were constructed out

• It is noted that the Hindus used square

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• It is noted that the Hindus used square

• The Muslims did not allow any

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• During the Sultanate period,

27 Qutub Minar Complex

• The use of Quaranic ‘Ayats’ in the

28 Qutub Minar Complex

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• During the Sultanate period several

29 Qutub Minar Complex

Lodhi Gardens, Delhi 30 Nizamuddin Dargah (mausoleum)

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• Multan (Present day Punjab, Pakistan)

33 Shrine of Shah Yusuf-ul-Gardizi (Islamic saint)

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq's tomb in Delhi 34

Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam, Pakistan 34 Mausoleum of Iltutmish

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• Stone had to be imported to most

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

39 Jama Mosque, Jaunpur

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• The Governor of Jaunpur, an eastern

42 Lal Darwaza Mosque

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• The buildings constructed in Malwa

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• The most notable buildings of Mandu

45 Jami Masjid in Mandu

• The notable buildings which were

46 Tomb of Sultan Hushang Shah

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

The style can be divided into 3 phases:

47 Jami Masjid at Chanderi

48 Baz Bahadur Summer Palace (third phase)

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021

• The Gujarat style is the most important of all

The style can be divided into three main periods:

Sidi Sayyid Masjid - 'palm-and-parasite' motif.

6 Indo Islamic Archtiecture - September 22, 2021