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Name: Glenroy Brown

School: Foga Road High

SBA: Physical Education

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Table of Content

(Task 1)
History of (Track and Field)

(Task 2)
How the game is played

(Task 3)
The laws of the game

(Task 4)
Local governing body

Region governing body

International governing body

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(Task 1)

The History Of Track And Field

The first ancient Olympic games were held in 776 B.C.

Ancient History
Track and field has been around since the start of the Olympics in Ancient
Greece in 776 B.C. It was created alongside religious events and celebrations for
the Greek gods where men (no women were allowed) could show off their
athletic abilities. From there it spread to the Romans who continued the games
until the Christian Emperor Theodosius I banned them in 394 A.D. because of
their ties to pagan beliefs.

While it has grown since its inception, the first games included categories such
as sprint races, long jump, discus, shot put, and javelin. The track and field
events in these ancient times still remain in today’s sport. Victors were praised
and celebrated by their home cities for their success in these games.

Modern Age
While track and field has a long and storied history, it did not gain great
popularity and take off until the 1860s. In 1866, England held its first
championships for men amateurs. No financial compensation was provided to
the winners, setting a precedent for the modern-day Olympics and the basis for
the sport.

The momentum behind track and field grew in England and later traveled to the
United States. The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) was founded in the U.S. in
1887 and has been the governing body for the sport since. Just shy of 10 years

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later, the modern Olympics began in 1896 with track and field amongst the list of
participating sports.

Track Events

Specific track events include indoor and outdoor sprints. Indoor sprints range
from 50 yards to 500 meters and outdoor sprints are either 100, 200, or 400
meters. Middle-distance races range from 800 to 2,000 meters and long
distances range from 3,000 to 30,000 meters.

In addition to the sprints, there are also hurdles and relay teams. Hurdles are
placed on the track and the athlete must run while jumping over the barriers. Men
must cross 10 hurdles in the 110 or 400-meter race and women must cross eight
hurdles at 100 or 400 meters. Relay teams are composed of four athletes who
each run separate distances or legs of the race. The 4x100m and 4x400m are
most common.

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Field event

Today's field events include high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, shot
put, discus, javelin, and hammer. Vertical jump competitions include the high
jump and pole vault. These events are scored by the height at which each athlete
reaches without knocking down the pole/marker. Horizontal jump competitions
include the long and triple jump. Both of these are measured by how far an
athlete can jump forward, with the winner jumping the farthest into a sandpit from
a runway. The triple jump has specific components of a hop, step, and jump.
Throwing competitions include shot put, discus, javelin, and hammer. The winner
of these events succeeds by throwing the object the farthest.

In some cases, these competitions held once by Greek and Roman warriors
could be considered the birthplace of true sport. Track and field has grown to be
one of the most participated and popular sports around the world. Whether you
are an avid all-year fan or just catch the highlights every four years watching the
Olympics, track and field has been a part of history since ancient times and will
continue to be for many years to come.

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(Task 2)

How the game of track and field is played

Track and field is a sport that includes athletic contests based on running, jumping,
and throwing skills.[1] The name is derived from where the sport takes place, a running
track and a grass field for the throwing and some of the jumping events. Track and field
is categorized under the umbrella sport of athletics, which also includes road running,
cross-country running, and racewalking.

The foot racing events, which include sprints, middle- and long-distance events,
racewalking, and hurdling, are won by the athlete who completes it in the least time.
The jumping and throwing events are won by those who achieve the greatest distance
or height. Regular jumping events include long jump, triple jump, high jump, and pole
vault, while the most common throwing events are shot put, javelin, discus, and hammer

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(Task 3)

laws of the game

Hurdle and Sprint Rules

Start: Starting blocks are used for all hurdle, relay, and sprint events.

The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a

rigid frame. Olympic hurdle and sprint races commence with the firing

of the Starter's gun. The starting commands are "On your marks" and

"Set." Once all athletes are in the set position, the Starter's gun is

fired, officially starting the race. For the 100m, women's 100m hurdles,

and men's 110m hurdles, all competitors are lined up side-by-side. For

the 200m, 400m, and 400m hurdles, which involve curves, runners are

staggered for the start.

False Starts: If a sprinter commences his or her starting motion from

the set position before the Starter's gun is fired, it is deemed a false

start. The first false start of a race results in an automatic

disqualification of the offending runner.

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Lanes: For all Olympic sprint and hurdle events, runners must remain

within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 meters (4 feet)

wide, from start to finish. The lanes are numbered 1 through 8, starting

with the inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane is

subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his

or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained,

there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or

her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane

on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as

long as no other runner is obstructed. The finish: The first athlete

whose torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands,

or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line

is the winner.Negotiating hurdles: Any competitor who trails a foot or

leg below the horizontal plane of the top of any hurdle at the instant of

clearance will be disqualified.

Middle Distance
Rules

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Start: With all individual races 800m and longer, there are no starting

blocks; runners begin in an upright position, their hands prohibited

from touching the ground. The starting command for these races is

"On your marks." Once all athletes are at the mark, the Starter's gun is

fired, officially starting the race. An 800m race comprises eight

runners, each in his or her own lane for the staggered start; in the

1500m and steeplechase, which have up to 12 runners, a group start

is used. Lanes: In the 800m, all runners must stay within their

assigned lanes through the first turn, after which they break for

position to the inside lane. In the 1500m and steeplechase, there are

no lane assignments and runners jockey for position from the start.

Negotiating barriers: In the steeplechase, any competitor who steps to

the side of a jump or trails his foot or leg alongside any barrier will be

disqualified. Athletes may go over the barriers in any way, as long as

no part of the foot or leg falls below the horizontal plane of the top bar

at the instance of clearance.

Distance Rules

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Start: In Olympic distance events, there are no starting blocks; runners

begin in an upright position, their hands prohibited from touching the

ground. The starting command for these races is "On your marks."

Once all athletes are at the mark, the Starter's gun is fired, officially

starting the race. Distance races begin with mass starts. When there

are more than 12 competitors in a race, they can be split into two

staggered groups for the start: one with roughly 65 percent of the

runners on the regular start line, another with the other runners on a

separate start line across the track's outer half. The latter group runs

on the outer half until clearing the first bend.

Lanes: In Olympic distance races, there are no lane assignments so

runners can break for position from the start.

Race Walking Rules

Definition: Race walking is a progression of steps so taken that the

walker makes constant contact with the ground. The advancing leg

shall be straightened from the moment of the first contact with the

ground until the vertical upright position.

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Judges: There are six to nine judges for each Olympic race-walk

event. Athletes are given warnings by the judges when they violate the

definition of race walking by exhibiting a visible loss of contact or a

bent knee. Warnings from three different judges result in

disqualification. Competitors must retire from the race if ordered to do

so by a member of the official medical staff. A competitor may leave

the course with the permission of a race judge, as long as it doesn't

result in the shortening of the race distance.

Jumping Rules
High Jump: Athletes must take off from one foot. A failed attempt

occurs when the crossbar does not remain on the supports after the

jump because the athlete touched it.

Pole Vault: Athletes are allowed to place a substance on their hands

or the pole to obtain a better grip, but are not permitted to use tape on

their hands or fingers except to cover an open wound. Athletes may

use their own poles during competition. The poles may be made of

any material and can be of any length and diameter. If the pole is

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broken during the attempt, it isn't considered a failure and the vaulter

gets another attempt.

A failed attempt occurs when:

● The bar does not remain on the pegs after the vault because the

athlete touched it.

● The athlete moves his lower hand above the upper one or moves

the upper hand higher on the pole once he has left the ground.

● The athlete steadies or replaces the bar during the vault.

Long Jump: All jumps are measured from the take-off line to the

nearest break in the landing area made by any part of the body.

A failed attempt occurs when:

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● The athlete touches the ground beyond the take-off line upon

executing the jump; the take-off line is the edge of the take-off

board (roughly 8 inches wide) closest to the landing pit.

● The athlete takes off from outside either end of the take-off

board.

● In the course of landing, he touches the ground outside the

landing area closer to the take-off line than the nearest break

made in the sand.

Triple Jump: The triple jump consists of a hop, a step, and a jump, in

that order. The hop is made so that the athlete lands on the same foot

from which he or she has taken off. In the step, the athlete lands on

the other foot from which the jump is performed. It is not considered a

failure if, while jumping, the athlete touches the ground with the non-

jumping or "sleeping" leg. Failed attempts occur as described in "Long

Jump" above.

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Throwing Rules

Implements: All implements used in Olympic competitions must meet

the exact specifications set forth by the International Association of

Athletics Federations (IAAF). No modification to any implement is

allowed during competition. No device used to assist an athlete when

making an attempt is allowed. This includes the taping of fingers

together. The use of tape on the hands is only permitted to cover an

open cut or wound. Use of gloves is not permitted except in the

hammer throw event.

The Throws: The shot, discus, and hammer are all thrown from the

throwing circle. The javelin is thrown from a runway. If the athlete

steps out of the throwing circle or runway during the act of throwing,

the throw is considered a failed attempt. A valid throw must fall

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completely within the marked landing area. The athlete must not leave

the circle or runway until the implement has touched the ground.

Combined Events Rules

For the most part, the IAAF rules that govern the individual track and

field events apply to the corresponding events in the decathlon and

heptathlon.

Exceptions:

● In the long jump and throwing events (shot put, discus, javelin),

competitors are allowed three attempts only.

● In track events, a false start is assigned only to the athlete who

committed it, and disqualification only occurs when the same

athlete false starts twice.

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(Task 4)

Local Governing Body

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