PRECIPITATING FACTORS PREDISPOSING FACTORS

BACTERIA VIRUSES - BEING A CERTAIN AGE

- STREPTOCOCCU - METAPNEUMOVIRUS - SMOKING

S PNEUMONIA - ADENOVIRUSES - HEART DISEASE
- HAEMOPHILUS - PARAINFLUENZA VIRUSES - WEAK IMMUNE SYSTEM
INFLUENZ - INFLUENZA VIRUSES
- MYCOPLASMA - CORONA VIRUSES
PNEUMONIA - RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL
- CHLAMYDIA VIRUS
PNEUMONIA

EXPOSURE TO PATHOGEN BY INHALATION OR ASPIRATION

ENTRY OF BACTERIA/VIRUS INTO THE LUNGS

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

ALVEOLI FILL WITH EXUDATE MUCOSAL EDEMA OF ALVEOLAR MEMBRANE

ALVEOLI AND RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES FILL WITH SEROUS, BLOOD CELLS, FIBRIN, AND BACTERIA

CONSOLIDATION OF LUNG DISEASE

PNEUMONIA
 CAPLOW RISK CAP MODERATE RISK CAP HIGH RISK

STABLE VITAL SIGNS
- RR <30 BPM
- PR<125 BPM
- DBP ≥60 mmHg
No or stable comorbid
conditions
No evidence of extra
pulmonary sepsis
No evidence of aspiration\
Chest X-ray
- Localized infiltrates
- No evidence of
pleural effusion nor
abscess
- Not progressive
within 24 hours
UNSTABLE VITAL SIGNS Any of the clinical feature of
moderate risk CAP plus any
- RR 30 BPM of the following:
- PR 125 BPM
- TEMPERATURE 40 C 1. Shock or signs of hypo-
OR 35C perfusion
Unstable comorbid condition - Hypotension
- Altered mental state
(congestive heart failure CLASS
II-IV, uncontrolled diabetes 2. Urine output <30 mL/hr
mellitus, active malignancies,
progressing neurologic disease, 3. Hypoxia (PaO, <60
renal failure on dialysis, mmHg)or acute hypercapnea
uncompensated \COPD, (PaCO2 >50 mmHg)
decompensate liver disease
CHEST X-RAY
- As in moderate risk
CAP

GENERAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Can be resolved through the following:

- Fever PHARMACOTHERAPY
- Cough
- Dyspnea - Antibiotic Therapy
- Tachycardia - Antiviral Therapy
- Nasal Flaring
Supportive therapy includes:
- Wheezing
- Body Malaise - Fluids Therapy
- Restless - Oxygen Therapy
- Rales - Antipyretics Medications
- Sweating - Analgesics Medications
- Nebulization (Salbutamol)
- Mechanical Ventilator