Electric charges and field

Lecture-1
Electrostatics:
It is a study of electric charges at rest.

Electrodynamics:
Study of charge in motion.
Note:
- There are only 2 kinds of electric charges positive and negative.
- Like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each
other. This statement is called fundamental law of electrostatics.
Electric charge:
It is an intrinsic property of elementary particles of matter which
give rise to electric force between various objects.
Its S.I unit is Coulomb (C);
Charge on electron is -1.6 X 10-19 C
Positive charge:
It is developed when glass
rod is rubbed by silk cloth.

Negative charge:
It is developed when plastic rod
is rubbed by woollen cloth.
Conductors:
The substance through which electric charge can flow easily.
Insulators:
The substance through which electric charges cannot flow
easily.
Electrostatic induction:
Gold-leaf electroscope:
Basic property of electric charge

- Additivity
- Quantisation
- Conservation
- Additivity of electric charge
It means that the total charge of a system is the algebraic
sum of all the individual charges located at different points
inside the system. If a system contains charges q1, q2, q3
then its total charge is q = q1 + q2 + q3.
Quantisation of electric charge:
It means that electric charge cannot vary continuously to
have any arbitrary value but it can change discontinuously to
take any one of only a discrete set of values. The
experimental fact that electric charges occur in discrete
amounts instead of continuous amounts is called
quantisation of electric charge. The quantisation of electric
charge means that the total charge (q) of a body is always an
integral multiple of basic quantum of charge (e) i.e., q = ne
where n = ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4......
Conservation of charge Law of conservation of charge states
that:
(i)Total charge of an isolated system remains constant
(ii)The electric charges can neither be created nor be
destroyed, they can only be transferred from one body to
another.