Changing Cities Revision Support Geography GCSE Edexcel A 9-1 Name:

Solving Mexico City’s Problems Has quality of life improved in Mexico city for its people?
8 Mexico City 9 Mexico City – Increasing Inequalities.
4. Birmingham’s Structure. Yes
Topparts
Put these down=
of Birmingham in the correct order- from centre (1) to 5 Birmingham’s City Inequalities Background Information 6. Birmingham’s changes in retail and regeneration
edgeBottom Birmingham’s deprivation and inequality Mexicohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?
City is found in the country of _________on the continent of N____ America. The city has a
(5) up=
Then label the Burgess Concentric ring model zones with the names of v=rp2D6PxDAgo p___________ of 21 million. To the north is the _ _ _ and to the south is G__________ . To travel
places in Birmingham and complete the key. Use the choropleth map to describe between the patternNorth
of deprivation
and South America,
in Birmingham.
you must travel through Mexico. The city has a GDP of around
First: Match
Birmingham’s the problems with the solutions. Then: (GSE)
Structure state whether each solution $411 is TOP
billion making it one of the richest urban areashttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgN2Q7p9MoY
in the world but it suffers greatly from
inequality in housing, income, employment etc. And https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6fh7JB-LwCQ
Inner Suburbs –
DOWN or BOTTOM UP Beyond the inner city are the suburbs which
Mexico City’s context/ connectivity / site / situation. Retail Change in Birmingham
were built in Victorian times. Eg Bearwood. Site / situation / connectivity? Add the correct heading. There has been a massive change in retailing within the city over the past 40 years.
____________________ = Mexico City is in the centre of Mexico and the Pan American Highway
Problem Solution Why has Birmingham’s CBD changed? Put these in time order 1st to 4th.
Inner City
Waste– Beyond the CBD you will find many 1970’s tower ( the longest road on the planet) goes through the city. The city also has an international airport
1970’s – Shops moved away from the CBD to the suburbs to create retail parks e.g. Merry Hill. This
blocks and
MexicoflatsCity
with old terraced housing. Few shops are
produces and rail links. Mexico’s TV and radio is based in the city.
aboutfewer
13,000factories
tonnes of and some places of worship. was built
_____________________ = The city was originally built on an island of Lake on the site of a former
Texcoco steel
by the works (Round Oak Steel Works) and provided competition for
Aztecs
found here,
Key
waste terms
every day- but it has Use the info and the video . in 1325. The Spanish invaded, drained the lake and retail in the
expanded the city, as a result trade declined. Retail parks are advantageous due to easy access, free
city.
Environmental
no landfill quality
site!!! tends to be lower than the CBD, No
What has caused this pattern of inequality?
____________________
Use this info to= annotate
The city isthe
on amap. parking
high flat plateau andthe
called a range
Valleyofof indoor
Mexico,shops.
or Mesa
suburbs and fringe. Eg Ladywood / Lozells
Economic change increasing inequality Central, the city surrounded on three sides by mountains 1879and volcanoes.
– Many factories moved away from the city centre to the inner suburbs e.g. Bourneville.
The economic structure of Birmingham has changed in the last 50 years following Internet shopping – Most recently an increase in computer / smart phone ownership has meant
Outer suburbs - Developed on the edge of Birmingham, the decline of manufacturing causingMexico unemployment
City’s Structure
of people with lower skills / Compare the rich and the poor in Mexico City using
internet shopping has increased due to its ease and cheapness. Birmingham has combatted this
inside the green belt between the 1930’s-1960’s. Building secondary sector workers. Higher skilled-educated
Developing World workers
Citiescan
grew livequickly
on the– so their structure is different the headings ‘wealth / education / services
issue through redevelopment- and offering a ‘day out’ rather than just shops.
density Water
is low–andmany land is used for housing with few
in the shops
15 year ‘Green plan’. outskirts and commute to the centre to work in new jobs in finance and IT. As a th
result of this change, new patterns of inequality have occurred across the city. We 19 century – People moved away from the city centre to the suburbs as it was noisy and polluted.
and lotsperiferico
of greenand space.
pueblaEgareas
Quinton Car free areas on Sundays
have little access to clean can use the index of multiple deprivation
Improvement to the MetroBus system has estimated to save 35000 to measure poverty in an area. Within THE FIGHT BACK – Birmingham’s CBD Redevelopment.
water. tonnes of CO2 a year. Birmingham, the most deprived areas tend to be in the centre of the city, with TASK= Label the Core-Frame Model using the info below.
Rural/Urban
Rapid
70% ofFringe – Where
urbanisation
water comes fromthecaused
has city meets
manythe countryside
problems
Buildingina Mexico City.
new $2 billion underground train tending
line
claimants of benefits to be in the same area. In the 1980’s the CBD fought back against the out of town developments by:
there is4280
lots of space available
underground wells- so land use is mixed e.g.has a cable car system
Neza that goes
Deprivation above the streets so it misses all
in Birmingham -Building flagship centres such as ICC and Symphony Hall. Building the new Central Library.
housing,but these
golf are causing
courses, airports and business parks. theEgtraffic and is quick Within
and cheap.
the inner city area, people suffer from high unemployment, poorer Making the city centre more pedestrian friendly. Encouraging stores to open until late. Adding new attractions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dEKLuZXrUc
subsidence. Pesaro Bus App developed by a student- so people can work out
Halesowen
Describe the impacts where the ‘Pesaro’ buseducation
stops are. and poorer health provision. Deprivation isn’t just found around the city
Challenge – Classify such as the Sea Life Centre. Redeveloping a previous Royal Mail sorting office into the Mailbox which includes
– Social, Economic, Environmental
centre, towards West areas suffer from similar issues eg Lozells area or Oldbury / high end stores such as Harvey Nicholls. Building the new Bull Ring shopping centre in 2003 creating a modern
Extreme Housing shortages=
Central Business District (CBD) – The oldest part of the city Smethwick . Deprivation is closely associated with the decline and movement of shopping with parking. Redeveloping New Street station into Grand Central in 2016 including shopping and
industry. As a result older buildings are left which is not suitable for new industry,
has department stores, offices, theatres and hotels. Many How successful do you restaurants. think Mexico SnowCity
Hill Station
has beenwas improved.
at solvingTheits
Jewellery Quarter was redeveloped a bit- but it wasn’t
problems?
investment is minimal and decline spirals. successful – this area has high crime rates – especially burglary and violent crime. A new area of growth of the
buildings are
Housing new with redevelopment taking place e.g.
Squatter– settlements
Mexico City (eg Neza) New network of reservoirs being developed BUT water has to be CBD with new offices / retail / restaurants along the Hagley Road such as TGI Fridays. Another new area is where
Bullring.cannot
The environmental
provide housing forquality is high but land is 96Km from the reservoirs to the city in covered channels /
pumped Mexico City’s Population
the BirdsGrowth
Custard Factory in Digbeth has been turned into an arts centre and ICT hub.
expensivemany soof the poordensity
building especially
is high with many high pipes. Effective but expensive.
rise Between 1900-2000, urban areas in Mexico City have seen the largest growth in population. Why does inequality exist?
new arrivals from the This is because of 3 factors: Use pg 65 of the revision guide to complete
buildings close together.
Underemployment
countryside A new massive underground sewer is being built. This will Rural-Urban
be used Migration/National Migration =
instead of the ‘Aqua Negro’ – because at the moment the sewage has
to be pumped uphill!

Pollution- air Charities have provided ‘Rain water harvesting systems’ nicknamed
Economic Investment and Growth/International Migration =
‘Sky Water’ :They enable people in squatter settlements to collect
water from their roofs and safely store it in tanks under their houses. Is it being sustainable?
Pollution-– waste/rubbish
Transport many cars and In 2011 the government introduced a ‘trash for food’ program where
the city being surrounded people could swap rubbish / recycling for food
Natural Increase=
by mountains has lead to a .
major air pollution problem People are helped by charities to have roof top gardens to grow their
Lack of water supplies- own food and therefore also reduce packaging and waste.

Any that we studied to add?

This migration and rapid population growth has caused issues – what six issues has migration to
Traffic -
Mexico City caused?

Background info on the core-frame model: The CBD consists of an inner core, outer core and frame. Within the inner core department
stores and offices can be found. Within the outer core town halls and administration buildings are found as they cannot afford the
rent of the inner core. Travel stations tend to be found within the frame. In some areas growth is occurring where old offices are
Changing Cities Revision Support Geography GCSE Edexcel A 9-1 Name:

3 Birmingham- Urbanisation, Globalisation and Economic Change

Birmingham’s connectivity -regional and global contexts and describe the structure of the city - its functions and building age.
Use the maps to describe Birmingham’s road, rail and air transport links (connectivity).

Birmingham’s Site / Situation / context

Site= Birmingham is located on River Rea on solid sandstone land. This was originally a good site for the location of a settlement because…
Situation = Birmingham was surrounded by the forest of Arden, useful for settlers because….. The hilly landscape also gave protection from…
Context= The West Midlands, Birmingham is close to nearby towns/cities of W________, W_________ and S_________.
Birmingham’s stages of urbanisation:
1) Urbanisation of Birmingham= Late 1700s to 1900 Birmingham’s population grew because people were migrating there from rural areas and the high natural increase. In the industrial revolution Birmingham’s population grew rapidly due to lots of pull factors.
Explain why these factors pulled people to Birmingham:
Cadbury Factory opens 1879= Rail line to Manchester (1837) and to London (1838)=
Birmingham connected to rest of UK by canal network= Lots of gun and jewellery factories=
2) Suburbanisation of Birmingham= in the early to mid 1900s Birmingham’s suburbs grew =
3) Counter urbanisation = In the 1960s-1990s Birmingham’s population declined (fell) = People left the city because parts of it had got really rundown and also because of a lack of jobs due to de-industrialisation. Watch the video to understand the basic concepts:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kbbAR-kivY THEN Use the diagram on pg 60 of the revision guide to explain how technological advances and globalisation caused Birmingham to lose industry and jobs (and therefore population too).

4) Regeneration and Re-urbanisation of Birmingham 2005 onwards= Birmingham has had A LOT of money spent on it as part of the ‘Big City Plan’ to improve the city. This has helped people to want to live there again!
Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3CW3-xaHGow and record key facts:

Birmingham’s population is currently __________ million. Birmingham’s population due to keep growing and its main population characteristic is a youthful population (this means more _________ people than older people). Birmingham’s population is due to keep
growing because of a high b______ rate, a declining D______ rate and lots of international and national migration. Migrants are attracted to Birmingham because of the good choice of e_________ (eg Birmingham/Aston Uni) and also lots of j_____ (eg retail sector /
engineering) available.

-Identify the phases of urbanisation in Birmingham by locating in the right places on the graph
‘urbanisation phase’ / suburbanisation phase / counter urbanisation phase / re urbanisation phase.
-Describe (GSE) Birmingham’s population changes over time.
Changing Cities Revision Support Geography GCSE Edexcel A 9-1
2 UK urbanisation differences
Population=
1 AN URBAN WORLD Distribution=
Choropleth=
Urban=
Urbanisation= Density=
Developed= infrastructure
Emerging= The UK’s average population density is
Developing= 266 people/km2.
Urban Population Growth Describe the UK’s uneven population
More than _________ the world’s population now live in live in cities and distribution.
this is expected to increase to 5 billion by the year _____ , with most (GSE- and include specific places!)
growth occurring in the developing/emerging world.
Urbanisation in the Developed World- A slower process
Growth of urban areas occurred in the 18th century due to the agricultural
revolution: this was when…
This caused people to migrate to urban areas because…
Urban growth also happened during the 19th century industrial revolution
(new jobs became available in factories). This pulled people to the urban The UK has an uneven population distribution: this means some areas
areas because… have….. whilst other areas …….
In urban areas there is a __________ population density (lots of people in
Urbanisation in the Developing/Emerging World- Faster growth a smaller area) with a __________ population density in rural areas. This is
Growth here has occurred in the last 50 years and at a much faster pace. due to 4 main reasons:
Due to this speed, there hasn’t been time to build sufficient houses so Physical Factors – The north and west have hilly areas (for example
many live in __________________________. which are difficult to build on/ provide infrastructure and have poor soils
Other problems caused by rapid growth of the cities include… so population density is…
The climate in the north and west is also colder and wetter so…
Reasons for growth in Developing/Emerging World
Natural Increase – B_____ rates are higher than d____ rates. Migrants In the south and east rich soils cause farming communities to grow which
tend to be young and fertile adults with lower death rates so cities are also have _______ people living there because they’re rural areas.
dominated by the young and fertility rates are high.
Migration – People move from rural areas due to push factors such as... Historical Factors – The industrial revolution caused the growth of urban
and migrate to urban areas areas near to coalfields e.g.B________ and also to ports e.g. L_________
due to pull factors such as This caused population density in these areas to be…..
Economic Factors – Since the 1950s the UK has focussed on tertiary and
This rapid growth in developing/emerging countries has resulted in the quaternary industry which requires space and good access e.g. Swindon.
formation of megacities. Tertiary industry supplies a service to people e.g. retail whilst the
A mega city is… Colour code the graph to
show what continent the quaternary industry involves high levels of education e.g. medical
cities are on. research. Areas of the UK with higher education /skills and good access
Describe what the graph now have ________ population densities. For example __________ has
shows about the location of continued to grow due to good access because of the excellent road, rail
megacities in 2015. and airport links, high skills, a large market and large labour force.
Political Factors – L__________ is the centre of UK government and
decision making and so attracts firms near to the area.
The south east of the UK is close to the EU so it is a convenient location to
base businesses, these businesses increase the population density
because…
Name:
Changing Cities Revision Checklist
I can describe trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in different parts of the
world. I can explain why urbanisation has occurred at different times and rates in
different parts of the world.
I can describe UK population distribution and the location of major urban centres.
I can explain regional differences in the rate and degree of urbanisation in the UK.
I can describe the importance of Birmingham’s connectivity -regional and global
contexts and describe the structure of the city - its functions and building age.
I can describe and explain the processes of urbanisation, suburbanisation, counter-
urbanisation and re-urbanisation in the context of Birmingham.
I can explain how migration has affected different parts of Birmingham and identify
Birmingham’s key population characteristics.
I can explain the link between economic change and inequality in Birmingham.
I can describe and explain the recent changes in retailing in Birmingham and the
impact of these changes.
I can describe strategies for making urban living more sustainable and improving the
quality of life in Birmingham and explain the challenges of making urban living more
sustainable in Birmingham.
I can describe the site and context of Mexico City and the importance of its
connectivity in regional and global contexts, I can describe the structure of the city in
terms of its functions and building age.
I can explain reasons for past and present trends in population growth in Mexico City
and identify causes of national and international migration to Mexico City and how it
impacts different part of the city.
I can describe the link between Mexico City’s growth and inequality and explain why
there are wealthy and poor areas and the reasons for the inequality.
I can describe the results of Mexico City’s rapid urbanisation and the impact on people
and the environment.
I can describe the characteristics of bottom-up and top-down strategies and the
advantages and disadvantages of these approaches and evaluate how well
government policies improve the quality of life within Mexico City.
SKILLS
I can use and interpret line graphs and calculate rate of change/annual or decadal
percentage growth.
I can use satellite images to identify different land use zones in urban areas.
I can use population pyramids, choropleth maps and GIS.
I can use Census output area data for 2011.
I can calculate the ecological footprint of people in the city and compare it to other
locations.
I can use GIS/satellite images, historic images and maps to investigate spatial growth.
I can use quantitative and qualitative information to judge variations in quality of life.
CASE STUDIES= BIRMINGHAM and MEXICO CITY