Chi-square (χ²) tests are statistical tests used to determine the association or

independence between categorical variables. There are primarily three types

of Chi-square tests:

1. Chi-square Test of Independence (Contingency Table Test):

 Purpose: This test determines whether there is a relationship
between two categorical variables. It is often used to assess the
association between two variables in a contingency table.
 Example: Analyzing the relationship between gender
(Male/Female) and voting preference (Candidate A, Candidate B,
Candidate C) in an election survey.
2. Chi-square Goodness of Fit Test:
 Purpose: This test compares observed categorical data with
expected data to assess whether the observed frequencies differ
significantly from the expected frequencies under a specific
hypothesis.
 Example: Assessing whether observed frequencies of different eye
colors in a population match the expected frequencies based on a
certain hypothesis or known proportions.
3. Chi-square Test for Homogeneity:
 Purpose: This test determines whether the distribution of a
categorical variable is similar or different across different groups
or populations.
 Example: Comparing the distribution of preferences for
smartphone brands among different age groups (e.g., 18-25, 26-
35, 36-45) to see if they significantly differ.

These tests assess relationships or differences between categorical data and

are commonly used in various fields such as social sciences, biology, market
research, and quality control to analyze categorical data and determine the
significance of observed differences or associations. The appropriate test to
use depends on the research question and the nature of the data being
analyzed.