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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Landslides can have devastating effects on communities, causing significant damage to

infrastructure, loss of lives, and displacement of residents. In the case of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Barangay

Assumption in Koronadal City, the impact of landslides can be particularly severe due to the

geographical location and vulnerability of the area.

Sitio Ulom-Lao is situated in a mountainous region, making it prone to landslides during

periods of heavy rainfall or seismic activity. The community relies heavily on agriculture for their

livelihood, with many residents engaged in farming and livestock raising. Unfortunately, landslides can

destroy valuable crops, damage farmlands, and even lead to the loss of livestock, resulting in

significant economic losses for the community.

Apart from the economic impact, landslides also pose a direct threat to the safety and well-

being of the people in Sitio Ulom-Lao. Landslides can cause injuries or fatalities, especially if they occur

suddenly and without warning. The collapse of hillsides can bury homes, roads, and other

infrastructure, making it difficult for residents to access basic services such as healthcare, education,

and transportation.

Furthermore, landslides can result in the displacement of residents, forcing them to seek

temporary shelter or relocate to safer areas. This can disrupt the social fabric of the community,

separating families and causing emotional distress among affected individuals.

Given the recurrent nature of landslides in Sitio Ulom-Lao, it is crucial for the local

government and relevant authorities to implement measures to mitigate the risks and provide support to

the affected residents. This may include early warning systems, slope stabilization measures, and the
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provision of alternative livelihood opportunities to help the community recover from the economic

losses.

A landslide is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity. It

occurs when the driving force is greater than the resisting force. It is a natural process that occurs in

steep slopes. The movement may range from very slow to rapid. It can affect areas both near and far

from the source. They can accompany heavy rains or follow droughts, earthquakes, or volcanic

eruptions. Mudslides develop when water rapidly accumulates in the ground and results in a surge of

water-saturated rock, earth, and debris. Mudslide usually start on steep slopes and can be activated by

natural disasters. Areas where wildfires or human modification of the land have destroyed vegetation

on slopes are particularly vulnerable to landslides during and after heavy rains.

Landslides are usually triggered without warning, giving people less time to evacuate. It is

responsible for significant loss of lives and injury to people and their livestock as well as damage to

infrastructure, agricultural lands, housing, resources such as water supplies and the forests, resulting in

economic loss. Its material can block rivers and increase downstream sedimentation, increasing the

risk of floods.

The idea that landslide could occur is frightening people in every area prone to such

phenomena. This is because the effects of landslides can be devastating, leaving thousands of people

without home and threatening our lives. Our country, being in Asia, has a high number of hotspots and

is the most affected by landslides in terms of frequency, mortality, damage, and losses when comparted

to other parts of the world.

Experts warn that the risk of landslide is increasing in the Philippines, one of the world’s

most disaster-prone countries. The Philippines is a combination of mountainous and hilly regions

making it susceptible to landslides, combined with the heavy rains brought by monsoon seasons,

hurricanes, and typhoons puts dense populations at risk. Moreover, rapid population growth, which
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leads to increased urbanization, deforestation, and unplanned land-use development, all together

contribute to increasing the vulnerability of areas that are already predisposed to landslide in the

Philippines.

As people move into new areas of hilly or mountainous terrain, it is important to understand

the nature of their potential exposure to landslide hazards, and how cities, towns, and countries can

plan for land-use, engineering of new construction and infrastructure which will reduce the costs of

living with landslides.

Therefore, the researcher wanted to conduct a study on the effects of landslides on the

community in Sitio Ulom-lao, Barangay Assumption in Koronadal City. To develop a better

understanding of how communities are exposed to and impacted by landslides. To achieve this, the

researcher is devoted to study the factors that trigger landslides, their properties and mechanisms of

development, their occurrence probability, and the social and economic impacts of occurrence. By

doing so, we may be able to formulate ideas to better prepare and mitigate against future landslide risk.

Furthermore, regulations and enforcement can be made to avoid future human activity near the area.

Research Objectives

This research study aimed to achieve the following objectives:

1. To determine the impact of landslides on the natural environment, including vegetation,

soil erosion, and water bodies.

2. To determine the effects of landslides on infrastructure, such as roads, buildings, and

utilities.

3. To gather residents' perceptions and experiences regarding landslides and their effects.
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Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter covers research on the variable under investigation as well as related literature.

Information was gathered from websites, books, and journals.

Foreign Literature

The article "Human-Induced Landslides: A Global Review of Anthropogenic Mass

Movements" by Guzzetti et al. (2014) explores the phenomenon of human-induced landslides and

provides a comprehensive review of such occurrences globally. The study focuses on landslides that

are caused by or have an impact on human activity, such as mining, agriculture, deforestation, and

infrastructure development. To comprehend the origins, workings, and effects of these anthropogenic

mass movements, the writers examine a variety of case studies from throughout the globe.

Heavy rains brought on by typhoons and monsoons, as well as ground movement known as

earthquakes, can also result in landslides. Water is one of the many soil constituents that can trigger

landslides. It consequently alters the slope's internal pressure, making it unstable (Conners, 2019).

Tectonic plate movement is another natural event that can result in landslides. Tectonic plate

action can occur anywhere in the world, including tropical and polar regions. If an earthquake happens

in a region where there is a high risk of landslides, it is quite probable that these will occur. Landslips

occur when soil components dilate due to ground shaking or from shaking alone, which makes it

possible for water to quickly seep into the ground (Brown, 2018).

According to Keller and Blodgett (2004), landslides constitute a major global hazard that are

frequently linked to other dangers like earthquakes or volcanic activity. Most landslides are mild and

gradual, but some happen quickly and dramatically, with disastrous results (Keller and Blodgett, 2004).
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Although the aforementioned variables are significant and the primary cause of landslides,

other dangers also have a significant impact. Dangerous landslides can be caused by storms, forest

fires, earthquakes, or volcanoes worldwide. In fact, in some locations, like Hawaii and the Canary

Islands, landslides caused by volcanic activity and earthquakes have resulted in mega-landslides1, or

underwater mass movements (Whelan and Kelletat, 2003).

The article "Geological Controls on Landslide Initiation and Movement" by Hungr et al.

(2005) discusses the geological factors that influence the initiation and movement of landslides. The

study aims to provide a better understanding of the geological conditions that contribute to slope

instability and landslide occurrence. The authors examine various geological factors such as slope

angle, lithology, groundwater conditions, and geological structures. They discuss how these factors

interact and contribute to the initiation and movement of landslides. He also discusses the role of pore

water pressure and how it affects the stability of slopes. They explain how changes in groundwater

conditions, such as increased pore water pressure due to heavy rainfall or human activities, can trigger

landslides.

As stated by (Keller and Blodgett, 2004) Geological materials may affect the type and

frequency of the landslides. The composition and consolidation of the materials are two factors very

important in the stability of the soil mass and rocks. Slides should be controlled by the geological

materials.

The article, "Landslides and Transportation Infrastructure: A Review of Impacts and

Mitigation" by Crosta and Frattini (2016), provides a comprehensive review of the impacts of landslides

on transportation infrastructure and discusses various mitigation measures that can be implemented to

minimize these impacts. The article begins by discussing the importance of transportation infrastructure

and the vulnerability of such infrastructure to landslides. They highlight that landslides can cause

significant damage to roads, railways, bridges, and tunnels, resulting in disruptions to transportation

networks and economic losses.

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Kirschbaum and Stanley's (2018) paper "Landslide Fatalities and Injuries: A Global Review"

offers a thorough examination of landslide-related deaths and injuries worldwide. They stress that in

order to reliably record landslide incidents and their effects, data collection methods must be

standardized. It offers insightful information about the patterns and trends of landslide risks and how

they affect human populations. In order to lessen the effects of landslides globally, the article highlights

the significance of data collecting, risk assessment, and mitigation techniques.

Shen et al. (2019) paper "Mining-Induced Landslides: Causes and Mitigation" by Shen et al.

(2019) focuses on examining of the causes of mining-induced landslides and explores the mitigation

measures that can be implemented to reduce their occurrence and impact. The article discusses the

factors that contribute to mining-induced landslides, including geological conditions, slope geometry,

and mining activities. It explores engineering techniques, monitoring systems, and early warning

systems as mitigation measures. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and

ongoing research to effectively mitigate mining-induced landslides.

According to Sidle et al. (2017), "Logging Practices and Landslide Risk in Temperate

Forests" explores the connection between logging methods and the possibility of landslides in

temperate forests. The paper examines variables like logging intensity, slope gradient, and soil

properties in order to analyze the possible impacts of forestry operations on slope stability and

landslide risk. It also looks at the ways that logging activities might raise the danger of landslides and

identifies mitigation strategies that can be used to lower that risk. The paper focuses on the necessity of

careful planning, close observation, and teamwork to guarantee sustainable logging methods that

reduce the risk of landslides.

"Human Vulnerability to Landslides: A Review of Factors Influencing Loss of Life" by Glade

and Anderson (2013) offers a thorough analysis of the variables that affect people's susceptibility to

landslides and play a role in the deaths caused by landslides. It is a crucial tool for understanding the

various factors that increase human sensitivity to landslide events. The study clarifies the cultural,
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social, economic, and physical aspects of susceptibility and emphasizes how important it is to use this

knowledge to landslide risk reduction and disaster preparedness initiatives.

Ibsen et al. (2015)'s paper "Landslides and Climate Change: A Review of Interactions and

Implications" offers a thorough analysis of the relationships and consequences between landslides and

climate change. It provides an extensive overview of the connection between climate change and

landslides. The article highlights the possible effects of climate change on the incidence and nature of

landslides, as well as its implications for ecosystems and human populations. It highlights the necessity

of working together and taking preventative action to manage the hazards of landslides in the face of

climate change.

The paper "Urban Development and Landslide Susceptibility in Volcanic Terrain" (Aspinall

and Blong, 2018) examines the relationship between urban development and landslide susceptibility in

volcanic terrains. The article discusses the geological factors that contribute to landslide occurrence,

the impact of urban development on landslide susceptibility, and the mitigation measures that can be

implemented to reduce landslide hazards in urban areas. It emphasizes the importance of proper land-

use planning, slope stabilization techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration to ensure the safety and

sustainability of urban development in volcanic terrains.

The 1994 study "Quarrying Activities and Landslide Risk" by Slob and Hack investigates the

connection between landslide risk and quarrying activities. The article explores issues including

blasting, excavation, and changes in stress distribution in order to analyze the possible consequences

of quarrying operations on slope stability and landslide risk. It also looks at the ways that quarrying

operations might cause landslides and identifies preventative steps that can be taken to lessen the

danger. The essay focuses on the necessity of careful planning, observation, and teamwork to

guarantee ethical quarrying methods that reduce the danger of landslides.

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The article "Review of early warning systems for landslides: Methods, technologies, and

challenges" by Guzzetti et al. (2014) provides an in-depth examination of early warning systems (EWS)

for landslides. the article provides a detailed examination of the methods, technologies, and challenges

associated with implementing effective EWS for landslides. The article emphasizes the need for reliable

monitoring systems, data analysis algorithms, and effective communication channels to enhance the

effectiveness of landslide early warning systems.

The article "Land use planning for landslide risk reduction: A review of current practices and

challenges" by Cardona et al. (2019) provides a comprehensive overview of the current practices and

challenges in land use planning for reducing landslide risks. The article highlights the importance of

hazard mapping, land use regulations, stakeholder engagement, and integration with other risk

reduction measures. It emphasizes the need for improved data, standardized methodologies, and

collaborative approaches to enhance land use planning for landslide risk reduction.

The 2007 study "Construction-Induced Landslides Near Open-Pit Mines" by Guzzetti et al.

explores the relation between landslide risk and construction activities nearby open-pit mines. The

article examines variables including excavation, slope geometry, and water present in order to evaluate

the possible implications of open-pit mining operations on slope stability and landslide risk. It also looks

at the ways that building projects can cause landslides and identifies preventative steps that can be

taken to lessen the danger. The article focuses on the necessity of careful planning, close supervision,

and teamwork to guarantee ethical mining methods that reduce the risk of landslides.

In the article "Landslide Fatalities in Urban Areas: A Review of Risk Factors and

Preparedness" published in 2017, von Ruette et al. examine the readiness strategies that can be used

to reduce the risks connected with landslide fatalities in urban settings in addition to analyzing the risk

factors related to these incidents. It covers the preparedness steps that might help reduce these risks

and gives an overview of the risk variables linked to landslide fatalities in urban areas. The paper

emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend how geological, geomorphological, and human variables
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combine to raise the danger of landslides. In order to lessen the effects of landslides in urban locations,

it highlights the necessity of efficient early warning systems, emergency response strategies, and

community involvement.

The article "Landslide Fatalities in Mountainous Terrain: A Review of Contributing Factors" by

Petley (2012) examines the various factors that contribute to landslide fatalities in mountainous regions.

The article discusses the characteristics of landslide events, human factors, societal conditions, and the

influence of climate change. It also highlights the challenges and limitations associated with reducing

landslide fatalities and emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in landslide risk

management.

According to Ahmad and Rendell (2016), "Landslide-Related Injuries in Remote Areas: A

Review of Challenges and Solutions" looks at the difficulties in treating landslide-related injuries in

isolated areas. The story talks about how hard it is to get to affected communities and how few medical

resources are available. It investigates how technology, capacity building, and early warning systems

might lessen the effects of landslides. The paper highlights the necessity of working together and

incorporating local expertise to create practical solutions for treating injuries caused by landslides in

isolated locations.

The 2019 paper "Children and Landslides: A Review of Vulnerability and Protective

Measures" by Mercer and Kelman investigates protective ways to lessen the impact of landslides as

well as children's vulnerability to them. The article talks about the things that make kids more

vulnerable to landslides, how such things could affect their health, and how crucial it is to reduce

landslide risk using child-centered strategies. It also discusses the difficulties and constraints involved

in putting protective measures in place for kids and highlights the significance of interdisciplinary

cooperation and community involvement.

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The economic effects of landslide-induced losses to public infrastructure are examined in

"Landslide-Induced Damages to Public Infrastructure: A Review of Economic Consequences" by

Guzzetti et al. (2002). The difficulties in calculating these costs are covered, along with the direct and

indirect expenses of rebuilding and repairing damaged infrastructure. It looks at case studies and real-

world examples of landslide damage and stresses the value of proactive steps and thorough risk

assessment techniques. The paper also discusses the difficulties and constraints involved in estimating

the financial effects of landslide losses and emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation in

this area.

The article "Landslide Effects on Utility Infrastructure: A Review of Power, Gas, and Water

Systems" by Kirschbaum et al. (2018) focuses on examining the impacts of landslides on utility

infrastructure, specifically power, gas, and water systems. The article examines case studies and

examples of landslide impacts on utility infrastructure. It discusses the consequences of landslides,

such as power outages, gas leaks, and water supply disruptions. The authors analyze the causes of

these impacts, including the susceptibility of utility infrastructure to ground shaking, slope instability, and

soil erosion.

The article "Landslide education for urban communities: A review of community-based

initiatives" by Gomez et al. (2019) focuses on reviewing community-based initiatives aimed at

educating urban communities about landslides. The article explores the strategies and methodologies

used in these initiatives, as well as their outcomes and impacts. It discusses the challenges and

limitations associated with landslide education in urban areas and emphasizes the need for

collaboration and ongoing engagement to enhance the effectiveness of community-based landslide

education programs.

It is important to note that rocks and soil exposed to the elements are susceptible to a wide

range of physical, chemical, temperature, and pressure changes. Landslides can be caused in part by
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weathering. Weathering refers to the natural deterioration of items due to exposure to the weather

(Horton & Mancini, 2008).

Additionally, landslides are categorized based on the manner in which they move the slope

(Autade & Pardeshi, S., 2013). Among other things, they consist of falls, topples, slides, spreads, and

flows. These modes, which include bedrock and debris, are categorized based on the kind of geologic

material that is present. Furthermore, the occurrence of slides is linked to steep mountainous and hilly

terrains, which are also more likely to witness the phenomena.

Körner and Spehn's 2002 study "Ecosystem Effects of Landslides in Mountainous Terrain"

provides a thorough analysis of the ecological effects of landslides in mountainous areas. It talks about

how vegetation, soil processes, and biodiversity are affected by landslides both directly and indirectly.

In landslide-prone locations, the paper emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend these ecological

consequences for efficient land management and conservation.

Shrestha et al. (2015)'s "Landslide Effects on Water Quality: A Review of Contaminant

Transport" presents an in-depth examination of how landslides affect the quality of water. It discusses

the processes and mechanisms of contaminant transport, the sources and types of contaminants

associated with landslides, and the challenges and strategies for assessing and mitigating these

effects. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding and managing landslide-induced

contaminant transport for protecting water resources and maintaining ecosystem health.

Local Study

According to Budhu (2000), landslides are brought about by weathered materials being

dragged downhill and erosion forces being carried by moving water, ice, or winds. The Philippines' soil

is a mixture of sandy, clayey, and eroded bedrock, which contributes to the country's extensive mass

movement. Landslides are by far the most dangerous geological hazard in hilly regions.
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There are many causes to blame for the landslides here in the Philippines starting in 2006

and onwards. However, the specific reason for the landslide was still being determined as of February

22, heavy rains are presumably to a fault. Heavy rains doused Leyte and Mindanao, the island quickly

south of Leyte, through a large portion of February, setting off inescapable flooding. The mid-February

landslides were set off by heavy rains and made broad damage to homes, businesses, and crops.

Numerous streets are closed, and power has been cut off in certain areas, key activities, for example,

Fish for Every Family have been annihilated. Note total of 16,342 were affected (Fleming, 2020).

An enormous landslide covered a whole town in the southern Philippines on February 17,

2006. On February 22, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs detailed

those 85 individuals were affirmed dead with 981 extra missing and dreaded dead in the slide.

However, the specific reason for the landslide was not entirely set in stone as of February 22, heavy

rains are likely to blame. The untimely rains might have been associated with the creation of La Niña.

Logging was blamed for a comparable catastrophe in December 2003, and Philippines President Gloria

Arroyo restricted logging in December 2004. Hugh Speech, a forestry consultant who resided in the

Philippines for a very long time, said that a large part of the logging in the nation had proactively

occurred. "The Philippines has gone from a significant timber-producing country to one where they

import timber," he said, adding that during the 1930s before it started serious logging, the country had a

few million hectares of forest cover, contrasted and something like 600,000 untouched hectares today

(Earth Observatory, 2017).

What specialists settled on was the plausible effect of heavy rainfall nearby for as long as

about two weeks before the landslide. "This multitude of outrageous calamities are multicausal however

there's typically some single trigger at the last minute," said Hazel Faulkner, a senior research

individual at the Flood Hazard Research Center at Middlesex University, London. Edward Alan O'Lenic,

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Prediction Center, Feb. 2, 2006. Authorities

said the region got around 200cm of downpour over the most recent 10 days. Heavy rainstorms are
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incessant in the Philippines and were likewise thought to be the trigger for the December 2003

landslide (BBC News, 2006).

Factors that trigger landslide development incorporate heavy rainfall, disintegration, poor

construction practices, freezing and defrosting, earthquake shaking, and volcanic eruptions. Landslides

are commonly connected with periods of heavy rainfall or fast snowmelt and will quite often worsen the

impacts of flooding (BBC News, 2006).

According to Cariño et al. (2017) in their article “Landslide Inventory and Susceptibility

Mapping in Leyte Province, Philippines" they emphasize the mapping and assessment of landslides in

the province. The study aims to produce a landslide susceptibility map for the region and useful

information to help in understanding landslide occurrences. This is particularly important in the province

of Leyte, in which there has been a history of seismic activity, steep terrain, and heavy rainfall, all of

which have contributed to landslides. It also provides valuable insights into the landslides in Leyte

Province, including their distribution, characteristics, and factors influencing their occurrence. The

findings can be utilized by local authorities, planners, and communities to develop effective strategies

for landslide risk reduction and management in the area.

The article "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Aurora Province, Philippines" by Dela

Cruz et al. (2018) focuses on the assessment of landslide susceptibility in Aurora Province, Philippines.

The study's objectives are to assess the landslide risk associated with various Aurora Province

locations and to offer useful data for the area's efforts to reduce hazards and plan land use. Landslides

are known to occur frequently in Aurora Province because of its topography, geology, and heavy

rainfall.

Sarmiento et al. (2015), "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Tandag City, Surigao del

Sur, Mindanao, Philippines" is concerned with evaluating Tandag City's susceptibility to landslides in the

Philippine province of Surigao del Sur. The purpose of the study is to assess how vulnerable various
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parts of Tandag City are to landslides and to offer useful data for the area's efforts to reduce disaster

risk and plan land use. Because of its mountainous topography, unique geology, and frequent rainfall,

Tandag City is recognized for being vulnerable to landslides.

The research was conducted by Barredo et al. (2017) titled "Landslide Inventory and

Susceptibility Mapping in the Province of Misamis Oriental, Mindanao, Philippines" focuses on the

mapping and assessment of landslides in the Philippine province of Misamis Oriental, which is part of

Mindanao. The study is to create a map of the region's landslide susceptibility and offer a thorough

understanding of landslide occurrences in Misamis Oriental. Because of its high rainfall, geological

makeup, and steep slopes, Misamis Oriental is recognized for being prone to landslides.

Santiago et al. (2016)'s paper "Landslide Hazard Mapping in the Philippines: Methods,

Challenges, and Future Directions" focuses on these issues as well as potential solutions for the

country. The goal of the study is to present an overview of the several methodologies and strategies

utilized in the Philippines for mapping landslide hazards, along with the difficulties encountered in

putting these strategies into practice. It also talks about possible future paths for enhancing the nation's

mapping of landslide hazards.

According to Alcazar et al. (2020), "Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Selected

Provinces of the Philippines using Machine Learning Algorithms" focuses on the use of machine

learning algorithms for landslide susceptibility assessment in a few selected Philippine provinces. The

goal of the project is to use machine learning techniques to create a reliable and accurate model of

landslide susceptibility. It concentrates on a few Philippine regions that are known to be vulnerable to

landslides as a result of a variety of variables, including steep slopes, unique geology, and frequent

rainfall.

The article "Landslide Hazard Assessment and Mapping in Benguet Province, Philippines"

by Acosta et al. (2017) provides a detailed account of the methodology, challenges, and results of
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landslide hazard assessment and mapping in Benguet Province. It emphasizes the importance of such

assessments in mitigating landslide risks and offers insights for future research and improvement in this

field. The study paper focuses on mapping and assessing the risk of landslides in the Philippines'

Benguet Province. Benguet Province is infamous for having steep hills and a lot of rain, which makes

landslides a common occurrence there. The study intends to produce precise hazard maps for efficient

risk management as well as a thorough understanding of the local landslide threats.

The 2019 paper "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping in a Mountainous Area of the Cordillera

Administrative Region, Philippines" by Balangue et al. provides a thorough examination of mapping and

assessment methods for landslides in a mountainous area. It lays the groundwork for more landslide

research in this area and advances our knowledge of and ability to manage landslide risks in the study

area. The goal of the project is to evaluate and map the study area's vulnerability to landslides based

on a variety of variables, including rainfall, land cover, geology, and terrain. In mountainous areas,

landslides present serious concerns. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend how susceptible they are

for efficient land-use planning and catastrophe risk reduction.

Cruz et al.'s study article from 2019 titled "Landslide Risk Assessment and Management in

the Philippines: A Review of Policies and Practices" aims to give a thorough analysis of the laws and

procedures pertaining to landslide risk assessment and management in the country. The purpose of the

study is to appraise the efficacy of the nation's current policies and practices in mitigating the danger of

landslides. To learn more about the laws and procedures put into place in the Philippines, the

researchers thoroughly examined pertinent books, official records, and case studies.

Theoretical Framework

This study was anchored to the theory of Karl Terzaghi (20 th century). The "Infinite Slope

Model" theory is a concept used in geotechnical engineering to analyze the stability of slopes or

embankments. It assumes that the slope or embankment is infinitely long and that the soil or rock mass

is homogeneous and isotropic. The theory considers the equilibrium of forces acting on the slope,
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including the weight of the soil or rock, any external loads, and the shear strength of the material. It

assumes that failure occurs along a potential failure surface, which can be represented by a straight

line.

The "Infinite Slope Model" theory can be helpful in studying the effects of landslides on the

people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Barangay Assumption, Koronadal City. By applying this theory, engineers can

assess the stability of slopes in the area and determine the potential for landslide occurrence. The

Infinite Slope Model theory allows engineers to analyze the stability of slopes in Sitio Ulom-Lao. By

considering factors such as the soil properties, slope geometry, and groundwater conditions, they can

determine the factor of safety against slope failure. This analysis helps identify areas at high risk of

landslides. By understanding the factors that contribute to slope instability, engineers can identify

warning signs of potential landslides. These signs may include cracks in the ground, tilting trees or

structures, or changes in groundwater levels. Monitoring these signs can help provide early warnings to

the people in the area, allowing them to take necessary precautions. the Infinite Slope Model theory

provides a framework for assessing slope stability and understanding the potential effects of landslides.

By applying this theory in the study of Sitio Ulom-Lao, engineers can make informed decisions to

protect the people and mitigate the risks associated with landslides.

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework is composed of 2 boxes, the input and output. The Input which

was The Effect of Landslide to the People of Sitio Ulom-Lao Brgy. Assumption Koronadal city. And in

the output section was identification of landslide risk and impact assessment. The researcher wants to

find out The Effect of Landslide to the People of Sitio Ulom-Lao Brgy. Assumption Koronadal city.

Input

The Effect of Landslide to the People of Sitio Ulom-Lao Brgy. Assumption

Koronadal city
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Identification of landslide risks

Impact assessment

Output

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework of the study

Significance of the study

The findings of this study will be beneficial to the following:

Government: The government can use the findings to assess the extent of the damage

caused by landslides and develop appropriate strategies for prevention and mitigation. This information

can help in the allocation of resources and implementation of measures to ensure the safety and well-

being of the affected population.

Brgy Ulom-Lao: The findings can provide valuable insights to the local community, enabling

them to better understand the risks and vulnerabilities associated with landslides. This knowledge can

help them make informed decisions regarding land use, infrastructure development, and disaster

preparedness. It can also aid in the formulation of community-based plans and initiatives to reduce the

impact of future landslides.

National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC): The NDRRMC

can utilize the findings to enhance their understanding of landslide risks in the area. This information

can contribute to the development of more effective early warning systems, evacuation plans, and

emergency response protocols. It can also aid in the coordination of resources and support for affected

communities during and after a landslide event.

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Researchers: The findings can serve as a valuable reference for researchers studying

landslides, natural hazards, and disaster management. It can contribute to the existing body of

knowledge on landslide behavior, risk assessment, and mitigation strategies. This information can

further help in the development of innovative solutions and technologies to minimize the impact of

landslides on vulnerable communities.

Future Researchers: The findings can provide a baseline for future research and studies

on landslides in the area. It can help future researchers identify research gaps, conduct further

investigations, and build upon the existing knowledge. This can lead to a more comprehensive

understanding of landslide dynamics and contribute to the development of long-term sustainable

solutions.

Definition of terms

Landslide: A landslide refers to the movement of soil, rocks, or debris down a slope, often

triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, seismic activity, slope instability, or human activities. It can

result in the rapid and destructive displacement of materials, potentially causing damage to

infrastructure, loss of property, and posing risks to human life.

Sitio Ulom-Lao: Sitio Ulom-Lao is a specific area or community located in Brgy. Assumption,

Koronadal City. It is the focus of the study on the effect of landslide on its people.

Brgy. Assumption: Brgy. Assumption is a barangay or a local administrative division within

Koronadal City. It is the larger area where Sitio Ulom-Lao is situated.

Effect: Effect refers to the consequences or impacts resulting from a landslide event. It

encompasses various outcomes that can affect the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, including physical

injuries, property damage, displacement, psychological trauma, economic losses, and disruptions to

access essential services

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This section presents the research design, Research Locale, population and sampling,

research instrument, and data collection.

Research design

The descriptive-quantitative survey design was be used in this study. It is a method that

attempts to collect quantifiable information for statistical analysis of the population sample. The

researchers utilized research questions that is descriptive in nature in attempting to identify responses

associated, or in retate with a specific variable, regardless of whether that variable was dependent,

independent, or moderating (Creswell, 2014).

Quantitative research methods involve careful planning, encompassing all aspects of the

study inclusive of research questioning, sampling, and data collection (Borrego, Douglas, & Amelink,

2009). Allison (1998) and Creswell (2003) believed that quantitative research involves collecting

numerical information that can be quantified and statistically be tested to either reject or not reject the

hypothesis. Nonexperimental Quantitative research is descriptive in nature and does not allow

manipulation of the independent variables (Christensen et al., 2011).

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Research Locale

The research locale for studying the effect of landslide on the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Brgy.

Assumption, Koronadal City, is Sitio Ulom-Lao itself, which is a specific area within Brgy. Assumption.

Sitio Ulom-Lao is the focus of the study because it is the location where the landslides occur and where

the residents are directly affected.

Sitio Ulom-Lao is situated within Brgy. Assumption, which is a barangay or village in

Koronadal City, Philippines. Brgy. Assumption is located in the southern part of Koronadal City and is

characterized by its hilly terrain and proximity to mountainous areas. The area is known to be prone to

landslides due to its geographical features and the occurrence of heavy rainfall.

By conducting the research in Sitio Ulom-Lao, the study aims to specifically investigate the

impact of landslides on the residents of this community. This allows for a more focused and detailed

analysis of the effects of landslides on the people living in the area. Additionally, studying the specific

locale can provide insights into the unique characteristics and vulnerabilities of Sitio Ulom-Lao, which

can inform targeted interventions and mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of landslides on the

community.

Population and Sample

The target population of the study are the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao Brgy. Assumption,

Koronadal city. The population data will give you an estimate of the number of people living in the area

affected by landslides. Obtain data on the total population of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Brgy. Assumption,

Koronadal City. This can be obtained from local government records, census data, or community

leaders.

For the sampling technique, the study utilized a random sampling technique. This technique

involves randomly selecting participants from the population. It ensures that every individual in the

population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random sampling can provide a
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representative sample if implemented correctly. Random Sampling is the “simplest and most common

method of selecting a sample, in which the. sample is selected unit by unit, with equal probability of

selection for each unit at each draw” (Singh, 2003, p. 71).

Research Instrument

To study the effect of landslides on the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Brgy. Assumption, Koronadal

City, you will need to use research instruments to collect data. The study utilized a self-developed

survey questionnaire, (1) Design a questionnaire to gather information from the residents of Sitio Ulom-

Lao. The questionnaire can include questions about their experiences with landslides, the impact on

their lives and property, their perception of the risks, and their preparedness measures. Ensure that the

questionnaire is clear, concise, and easy to understand. (2) Conduct interviews with the residents to

gather more in-depth information about their experiences and the effects of landslides on their lives.

Structured or semi-structured interviews can be used, depending on the research objectives. Prepare a

set of questions to guide the interview process and allow for open-ended responses to capture detailed

narratives. (3) Conduct direct observations of the affected area to document the physical impact of

landslides and observe the changes in the environment and infrastructure. This can include noting

damage to houses, roads, and other infrastructure, as well as changes in the landscape.

Data Collection

the researcher conducted the said study at sitio ulom-lao Brgy. Assumption Koronadal city.

To collect data on the effects of a landslide on the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Brgy. Assumption,

Koronadal City, the researcher follows these steps:

Identify the objectives. Determine what specific information you want to collect about the

effects of the landslide on the people of the mentioned area. For example, you may want to gather data

on the number of affected individuals, their immediate needs, the impact on their livelihoods, health

concerns, or any displacement or casualties.

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Conduct interviews. Engage with the affected individuals directly by conducting interviews.

You can create a questionnaire or interview guide with questions related to the identified objectives.

Ensure that the questions are open-ended to allow for detailed responses. You can also conduct face-

to-face interviews or phone interviews depending on the availability and accessibility of the affected

individuals.

Organize focus group discussions. Arrange focus group discussions with the affected

community members. This will allow for a more interactive and group-based approach to collect data. In

these discussions, you can explore the impact of the landslide on their daily lives, emotional well-being,

access to basic services, and any challenges they are facing.

Engage with local authorities and organizations. Collaborate with local government

authorities, non-governmental organizations, or community-based organizations working in the area.

They may have already collected data on the effects of the landslide and can provide you with valuable

insights and information.

Conduct site visits and observations. Visit the affected area to observe the physical impact of

the landslide and its effects on the people. Take note of any visible damages, infrastructure issues, or

changes in the environment. This firsthand observation can complement the data collected through

interviews and discussions.

Analyze and interpret the data. Once you have collected the data, analyze it to identify

trends, patterns, and key findings. This will help you understand the specific effects of the landslide on

the people of Sitio Ulom-Lao, Brgy. Assumption, Koronadal City.

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MARVELOUS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, INC.

M. H. Del Pillar Street, Brgy. Zone IV, Koronadal City, South Cotabato
Tel. No.:(082) 228-8756
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Research Questionnaire / Developed Materials
Name (optional): Date:
The effect of landslide to the people of sitio ulom-lao Brgy. Assumption Koronadal city
Direction: Please answer the question by putting ( ) in the appropriate box for each questions.

NO. Questions YES NO

1 Have you ever experienced a landslide in your area?

2 Are you aware of the potential risks associated with the landslides?

3 Do you think climate change is contributing to an increase in landslides?

4 Are landslides a common occurrence in your region?

5 Has a landslide ever affected your property or community?

6 Do you believe landslides pose a threat to infrastructure in your area?

7 Are you familiar with the warning signs of an impending landslide?

8 Have you received information or education about landslide prevention?

9 Do you think government authorities take adequate measures to prevent

landslide?

10 Have you ever been evacuated due to a landslide warning?

11 Do you have an emergency plan in place for a potential landslide event?

12 Are you concerned about the impact of landslides on the environment?

13 Do you think landslides are more likely in hilly or mountainous regions?

14 Have you ever observed soil erosion in your area, which can be a precursor
to landslides?

15 Have you heard of vegetation or reforestation efforts to reduce landslide

risks?

16 Are you aware of landslide insurance options in your region?

17 Do you believe community engagement and awareness can help prevent

landslides?
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18 Has your area experienced landslides triggered by heavy rainfall?

19 Are you concerned about the long-term consequences of landslides?

20 Do you think landslides are adequately covered in your local disaster

management plans?