Cairo university

Faculty of veterinary medicine

Department of internal medicine

Heart Failure
Prepared by:

 Amr Abdel Ghany

 Esraa Yasser
Under supervision of:

Prof. Dr. Osama Abdo

 Heart Failure
Def:
Heart failure is a lifelong condition in which the heart muscle can't
pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs for blood and
oxygen
Or Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the clinical syndrome of fluid retention
due to severe heart disease. In dogs and cats, the fluid is retained in
specific parts of the body, depending on the side of the heart that is
diseased.
Common Types
Right Heart Failure in Dogs and Cats

* Atrial Septal defect {ASD}

its hole between 2 atrium (R. atrium openned to Left atrium
its Congital defect in the heart.
*ventricular septal defect{VSD}

A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the heart that's present at birth
(congenital heart defect).
The hole is between the lower heart chambers (right and left ventricles). It
allows oxygen-rich blood to move back into the lungs instead of being
pumped to the rest of the body.
(VSD) changes how blood flows through the heart and lungs.
Oxygen-rich blood gets pumped back to the lungs instead of out
to the body. The oxygen-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor
blood. These changes may increase blood pressure in the lungs
and require the heart to work harder to pump blood.
*patent ductus arteriosus {PDA}

The ductus arteriosus Carries bl. away from

Lungs & sends it directly to the body

*Myocardial infarction
Due to Selenium Deficiency
Myocardial infarction is the end result of either acute or chronic myocardial ischemia.
Myocardial ischemia differs slightly from myocardial hypoxia in that ischemia results in a
stasis of waste products of cellular metabolism in addition to a lack of oxygen delivery,
1
leading to cellular damage above and beyond that from hypoxemia. Myocardial infarction
is a pathologic diagnosis and, depending on whether it is acute or chronic, is characterized
by loss of normal cardiac myocyte structure (i.e., myocytolysis, coagulative necrosis,
inflammatory cell infiltration, and fibrosis). Myocardial infarction has a host of causes and
2
is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease and death in humans. The vast majority of
myocardial infarction in people stems from coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis,
both of which are relatively uncommon in the veterinary patient population. In dogs,
1
collateral circulation of the coronary arterial supply is relatively extensive, so the
probability of irreversible myocardial ischemia from any one coronary arterial occlusion
may be lower in this species.

*stenosis or incompetence of pulmonary valve

Pulmonary valve stenosis is
a narrowing of the valve between the lower right heart chamber
{ Right Ventricl}and the lung arteries. In a narrowed heart
valve, the valve flaps may become thick or stiff. This reduces
blood flow through the valve.
*Mitral valve stenosis
is a narrowing of the valve between the two left heart chambers.
The narrowed valve reduces or blocks blood flow into the heart's
main pumping chamber. The heart's main pumping chamber is
the lower left heart chamber, also called the left ventricle.

*pericardial defect
buildup of extra fluid in the space arround the Heart. It can make
pressure on the heart
** Heart failure symptoms in pets
1- Blue discoloration of skin it is called
 Blue puppy or calf
 Blue baby in human
Life expectancy in few days or few weeks
2- PYREXIA (Fever)
3- Infection (Sepsis)
Sepsis is the body’s extreme reaction to an infection. Sepsis is a twofold
condition—first, the infection, and then the body’s systemic (whole-body)
response to the infection. The infection triggers a chain reaction throughout
the body, leading to sepsis.
The most common cause is bacterial infection. However, sepsis can also be
caused by viruses, parasites, or fungal infections.

4- Sever Anaemia
5- Arrythmia
is a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat
the most common types of arrhythmia
Tachycardia
Bradycardia

** Clinical signs of Heart Failure

1- Oliguria
Is decrease in amount of urine in animal
2- Muscle weakness (claudication)

Claudication refers to muscle pain due to lack of oxygen that's

triggered by activity and relieved by rest. Symptoms include the
following: Pain, ache, discomfort or fatigue in muscles every
time those muscles are used. Pain in the calves, thighs,
buttocks, hips or feet.
3- Cyanotic or skin cold
: marked by or causing a bluish or purplish discoloration (as of
the skin and mucous membranes) due to deficient oxygenation of
the blood : relating to or affected with cyanosis
4- Mucus membrane cyanotic & the blood vessels engorged
&pulsating jugular v.
5- Dyspnea
difficulty breathing
6- Coughing
If it is occur after exercise called Cardial Cough
But upon exposure to cold called Respiratory Cough.

7- Recurrent chest infection.

8- Hemoptysis (bloody cough)
9- Edema
Inter maxillary space of lower neck
In bristle region
In the limbs
In the skin

10- Ascites

Cardiac ascites caused by heart failure

Or ascites caused by liver
*** Treatment of heart problems :

1- Resting of animal or cage rest.

2- Salt free food .

3- Diuretics
As Lasix amp. Or tab.,S.C , IM
0.5mg/kg
Or thiazine

4- Degetoxine ,Degoxine or Digitalis

Once/ day and forever

5- Captotril tab.
It cause *decrease heart contraction
*Enhance heart rate
REFERNCE:
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/circulatory-
system/heart-failure-in-dogs-and-cats/heart-failure-in-
dogs-and-cats?autoredirectid=20586

https://www.petmd.com/

https://www.drugwatch.com/health/cardiovascular-
health/congestive-heart-failure/
https://www.webmd.com/lung/shortness-breath-dyspnea

https://www.smalldoorvet.com/learning-
center/medical/congestive-heart-failure-in-dogs