IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 19-20, 2017, India

Nano materials for Filtering Electromagnetic Noise

Dakshayini M L, Dept. of ECE, MSRIT Bangalore-India, m.l.dakshayini@gmail.com
Sujatha B, Dept. of ECE, MSRIT Bangalore-India, sujatha@msrit.edu and
Praveen Manjappa, Dept. of Chemistry, MSRIT Bangalore-India, saintypraveen@gmail.com
Aishwarya Menon, Centre for Nanoscience and Engineering, IISC-India, aishuvmenon20@gmail.com

Abstract— The proposed work for the shielding materials II. EXPERIMENTAL
used for electromagnetic interference (EMI) are composites of
In the proposed work, synthesis of graphene, PANI and
graphene, copper ferrite and polyaniline (PANI). The
constituents of the composite were brought together through CuFe2O4 was carried out and these samples were
mechanical mixing, and its effect on the EMI shielding characterized in XRD and SEM. After Characterization,
performance was investigated. X-ray diffraction was performed samples were prepared at different weight percentage and
on synthesized composites to confirm the phase formations. EMI shielding effectiveness measurement at different
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) contains information frequencies was carried out. SE measurements was done
about the sample's surface topography and composition. using a two port (VNA) vector network analyzer, frequency
Electromagnetic measurements were done by using a coaxial ranging from 0 to 20GHz.
cable connected to a network analyzer to obtain the shielding
effectiveness (SE), SE due to reflection (SER) and absorption A. Synthesis of polyaniline
(SEA), permittivity(μr), and permeability(εr). The tests on Synthesis of polyaniline was carried out by taking 10gm
composite mixture of samples with 1:1 ratios have been done
of potassium dichromate dissolved in distilled water taken
and it is inferred from the tests that the mixture of graphene and
polyaniline mixed in a ratio 1:1 gives the SE of 30.2772dB, SEA in a beaker (A) and 100ml dilute HCl was added to this
is 27.7931dB and SER is 2.48414dB. solution and this solution was taken in the burette. In
another beaker (B) 10ml of aniline liquid was taken and 5
Keywords— CuFe2O4, Electromagnetic interference, Graphene, drops of dilute HCl was added and this solution was kept
Nanocomposite , PANI, Permeability, Permittivity, Reflection, in ice bath on a magnetic stirrer, the burette solution is
Shielding Effectiveness. added drop wise to the beaker (B) which is kept for stirring
for about 1 hour, and then the solution was kept in hot air
I. INTRODUCTION oven for 24 hours. The criterion here in the synthesis of
Leakage of electromagnetic wave in various polyaniline is it must be carried out in cold condition.
communication system leads to electromagnetic interference.
EMI is a problem owed to the rapid raise in high speed
electronic system and equipment’s such as computers, mobile
phones and electronic appliances in almost all the fields.
shielding materials reduces the external electromagnetic waves
from disturbing the functioning of electronic equipment’s. cost
effective shielding materials with minimum thickness is still in
demand. In the recent years, many research has been carried
out for EMI shielding Nano materials and few references are
reported [1-5].
Polyaniline (PANI) is a conducting polymer that is been
extensively in practice for electrochemical, electronic and
optical applications owed to its good environmental stability,
cost effective, high pseudo capacitance, fascinating electro
activity. Graphene is a 2-dimentional material, it is highly
super conductive and has best electrical conductivity, it is used
Figure 1: Synthesis of Polyaniline
to make very small devices. Graphene based polyaniline Nano
composite has got the individual assets of graphene and
polyaniline, correspondingly they show many enhanced B. Graphene Synthesis
properties [6]. Copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) is a significant spinel Graphene synthesis is carried out by taking 1gm of
ferrites MFe2O4 because CuFe2O4 shows semiconducting graphite powder and 0.5 gm NaNo 3 mixed and doped to a
properties, electrical switching, phase transitions, and round bottom flask containing 25ml of concentrated H2SO4.
tetragonality variation when handled under certain conditions This flask is kept in ice bath on magnetic stirrer. After 2 hours
[7]. The proposed work has been concentrated on the 6gm of KMnO 4 doped to this mixture and made for vigorous
properties of the composites like Graphene, Polyaniline,
starring for four hours. Then this mixture was poured to the
Copper Ferrite with respect to SE.
beaker contain 500 ml distilled H2O and 2ml H 2O2 was
added to this and product will convert to yellow color,
indicates complete oxidation of Graphene oxide, which was
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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 19-20, 2017, India

filtered and dried. After drying it is heated in a tubular D. Characterization Technique

furnace at 4000C temperature. Then we get Graphene powder. The EMI measurements were made by two port Network
Analyzer. To study their surface properties, X-Ray
Diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
are utilized. The EMI shielding appropriate parameters of
grapheme, polyaniline and copper ferrite composites are
measured using an Anritsu MS4642A 20GHz VNA (Vector
Network Analyzer).
III. THEORY
A. Electromagnetic shielding
The shielding effectiveness of an EMI sample is
proportional to the ratio of power transmitted and the incident
power and it is expressed as below (1)
( ) (1)
Where = Transmitted power of EM waves
= Incident power of EM waves
can be split into three components as follows in (2)
(2)
Where due to absorption
due to reflection
due to multiple reflections
The scattering parameters and of a two-port network
analyzer can be correlated with the transmittance and
reflectance as in (3)

Figure 2: Synthesis of graphene. (3)

C. Synthesis of Copper Ferrite Here, the absorption coefficient is given with respect to
. If then is negligible [7]. The
Synthesis of CuFe2O4 was carried out by taking 1gm of between two intermix samples is trivial, and the incident EM
copper nitrate and 1gm of iron nitrate taken in beaker A and wave relative intensity in the materials after the reflection is
25ml of distilled water was added. This solution was kept for based on the quantity . Therefore, the effective
stirring for one hour, and 100ml of NaOH was added drop Absorbance ( ) can be characterized as in (4)
wise to this solution. After this the material was filtered and
(4)
kept in hot air oven for 24 hours. After drying the material,
we get CuFe2O4. After preparing PANI, XRD and SEM was with concerning to in the shielding material.
obtained. The is estimated from the measured and
parameters.
The total EMI (5)
where [
[
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. SEM Analysis
The study of the prepared PANI, CuFe2O4 , Graphene
Nano composites was studied by SEM. Fig.4. Shows the
SEM images of polyaniline and graphene.

Figure 3: Synthesis of copper ferrite

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 19-20, 2017, India

Figure 4: SEM image of (a) polyaniline (b) Graphene

B. XRD Analysis
The XRD patterning of PANI and graphene is shown in
Fig. 5. The broad peak indicates the sample is amorphous in
nature.
Figure 6: Shielding Effectiveness of different composites

D. Permeability and Permittivity

The deviation of permeability and permittivity of few
samples of polyaniline, graphene and copper ferrite composite
ranging from 0-20 GHz are shown in Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. The
real and imaginary part of permeability and permittivity are
shown in fig.7 and fig.8. The minimum values of dielectric
losses is an attribute that qualifies the composite material to
be a good shielding material as seen from other sources of
literature with similar phenomenon[12].

Figure 5: XRD image of (a) polyaniline (b) Graphene.

C. Shielding Effectiveness
The values of SET, SEA and SER are 30.27 dB, 27.79
dB and 2.48 dB is retrieved at 19.9GHz for 1:1 ratio for
polyaniline and graphene composite which is maximum and
4.071dB is retrieved at 9.3 GHz for 1:1 ratio of
CuFe2O4+PANI which is minimum shown in fig.6. This
shows that the absorption shielding gives the major
contribution to shielding effectiveness. Figure 7: Real and Imaginary parts of Permeability
(B) CuFe2O4 + Graphene + PANI (C) CuFe2O4 + Graphene
(D) CuFe2O4 + PANI (E) CuFe2O4 (F) Graphene (G) PANI
(H) Graphene + PANI

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 IEEE International Conference On Recent Trends In Electronics Information Communication Technology, May 19-20, 2017, India

REFERENCES
[1] Chung D. D. L., "Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of
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Figure 8: Real and Imaginary parts of Permittivity
(B) CuFe2O4 + Graphene + PANI (C) CuFe2O4 + Graphene
(D) CuFe2O4 + PANI (E) CuFe2O4 (F) Graphene (G) PANI
(H) Graphene + PANI

V. CONCLUSION
Graphene, Polyaniline and Copper ferrites nano composites
were prepared and there EMI shielding properties were
measured. Shielding effectiveness of about 30.2772 dB is
retrieved at 19.9GHz for 1:1 ratio of polyaniline and
graphene composite which is maximum where as 4.071dB is
retrieved at 9.3 GHz for 1:1 ratio of CuFe2O4+PANI which is
minimum, this SE is due to the absorption of electromagnetic
waves. Hence thin material for shielding applications is
achieved. Due to the high loss tangent, the improved shielding
effectiveness is achieved.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our most profound thankfulness
to the HOD Dr. Sethu Selvi, the teachers and staff individuals
from E&C Department and the HOD of Chemistry Department
Dr. B.M Nagabhushan of Ramaiah Institute of Technology,
Bangalore for their support.

978-1-5090-3774-9/17/$31.00 © 2017 IEEE