Chapter

Manufacturing Industries
CHAPTER-6 :
MANUFACTURING 6
INDUSTR
Summary IES
IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING
• Agriculture forms the backbone of a country and it helps in its modernisation.
• Industrial development is necessary to keep a check on the widening gap between the rich and the poor.
• Export of manufactured products brings in foreign exchange.
• Countries are considered to prosper if they transform their raw materials into finished goods in large numbers.

IDEAL LOCATION FOR INDUSTRY

• Place where raw materials are available easily at low cost.
• Site where cost of production will be comparatively low.
• Place where distribution cost will be low.
• Finally location of factory is decided.

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES
ON THE BASIS OF SOURCE OF
RAW MATERIALS

Agro Based Industries Mineral Based Industries

AGRO BASED INDUSTRIES

Textile Industry : This industry occupies an important position in the Indian economy

Cotton Textile Industry : Hand Jute Textile Industry : India is

spinning and handloom weaving
techniques are used for the production
of cotton textiles. Weaving is a
centralised process in some states while
a decentralised process in others.
Cotton textile industries are mostly
found in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
the largest producer and the
second largest exporter of jute.
Most of the jute mills are located in
West Bengal because of the
availability of inexpensive water
transport and better transportation
facility.
Sugar Industry : India is the
second largest producer of
sugar. Sugar mills are mostly
located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, etc.

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238 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X

MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES

Information
Iron and Steel Aluminium Chemical Cement Automobile Fertiliser Technology (IT) and
Industry Smelting Industry Industry Industry Industry Electronics
Industry

It includes all It is one of the These industries This industry Demand of Nitrogenous It covers all the
the heavy, most important contribute up to is important these industries fertilisers, equipments
medium and metallurgical 3 per cent of GDP for construction increased after Ammonium used in the
small industries. industry in India. and is growing activity and liberalisation as Phosphate, telecommunication
Industries are Aluminium is a at a fast pace. involves bulky vehicles are Phosphatic industry and other
dependent on it good conductor It includes and heavy raw required for fertilisers and industries as well.
for its machineries. of electricity and both organic materials. Most transportation complex fertilisers Bengaluru is a
It is considered to is used to and inorganic of the cement of people, are produced in hub for these
be a heavy manufacture chemical industries are goods and these industries. industries. These
industry because aircrafts, wires industries. located in services. Demand of this industries are
it involves and even utensils. Gujarat. industry increased also located in
high transportation In some industries, after the Green Mumbai.
costs as all the it is used as a Revolution.
raw materials to substitute of steel.
finished goods The smelting plants
are heavy. are mostly located
in Odisha, Kerala
and West Bengal.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
Air Pollution: Sulphur Noise Pollution:
dioxide and Carbon monoxide Unwanted sound produced by
that come out of these industries industries and construction sites
cause air pollution. Smoke coming causes noise pollution. It affects the
out of factories, dust particles, hearing ability of people, increases
sprays mist are main Water Pollution: heart rate and causes irritation
pollutants. Thermal Pollution:
Organic and Inorganic wastes and anger.
Hot water from factories,
discharged into rivers cause water
wastes from nuclear power
pollution. Fertilisers, paper pulp,
plants cause thermal pollution.
chemicals dyes and detergents are
It affects aquatic life
some of the major
adversely.
culprits.

CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

• Reusing and recycling of water.
• Rainwater Harvesting.
• Treatment of hot water before releasing it in rivers and ponds. Treatment can be done in three phases i.e., Primary,
Secondary and Tertiary treatment.

Important Terms and Concepts

1. Basic Industries : Industries which supply their 2. Consumer Industries : The industries that produce
products or materials to manufacture other goods goods for direct use by consumers, such as
like iron and steel, etc., are known as basic or key sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans,
industries. etc.

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3. Private Sector Industries : Private sector industries
are owned and operated by individuals or a group
of individuals. For example—Tata Steel, Bajaj Auto
Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
4. Joint Sector Industries : Joint sector industries
are jointly run by the state and individuals or a
group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly
owned by the public and private sectors.
5. Heavy Industries : These industries use heavy
and bulky raw materials.
6. Light Industries : These industries use light raw
materials.
7. NMCC : National Manufacturing Competitiveness
Council was set up by the government to provide
a continuing forum for policy dialogue to
energise and sustain the growth of manufacturing
industries in India.
8. National Jute Policy : National Jute Policy was
formulated in the year 2005 with the objective
of increasing productivity, improving quality,
ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and
enhancing the yield per year.
9. Organic Chemicals : Organic chemicals include
petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing
Manufacturing Industries | 239
of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-
stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
10. Manufacturing : Production of goods in large
quantities after processing from raw materials into
more valuable products is called Manufacturing.
11. Agro-based Industries : Industries based on
agricultural raw materials. For example–cotton
textiles, jute textiles, woolen textiles, silk textiles,
synthetic textiles, sugar industry.
12. Mineral-based Industries : Industries using minerals
as their raw materials like iron and steel, cement,
chemical industries, aluminium smelting, copper
smelting, fertilizer industry, etc.
13. Small Scale Industries : In the process of
manufacturing, production and servicing in
these industries are done in small scale. The total
investment on such industry does not exceed ` 1
crore.
14. Large Scale Industries : In the process of
manufacturing production and servicing in
these industries are alone in large scale. The total
investment on such industry more than ` 1 crore.
15. Public Sector Industries : Public sector industries
are owned and operated by the government. For
example–SAIL.

Quick Learning

(i) Manufacturing industries SAIL and Tata Steel

(ii) Agro based industries Textile industry and Sugar industry
(iii) Mineral based industries SAIL and Tata Steel
(iv) Small scale industries Jute industry and Sugar industry
(v) Large scale industries Poultry farms and Furniture manufacturing
(vi) Public sector industries Burn Standard Company and Cement Corporation of India
(vii) Cooperative sector industries Amul and IFFCO
(viii) Cotton textile industries Raymond Ltd. and Grasim Industries Ltd
(ix) Sugar industries KM Sugar Mills and Piccadilly Agro
(x) Iron and Steel industries Jindal Steel & Power Ltd. and Tata Steel

Multiple Choice Questions

16. Mineral based industries include : Ans. (b) Service sector

(a) Cotton (c) Cement 18. Identify the correct statements about
(b) Sugar (d) Silk ‘Manufacturing’ :
Ans. (c) Cement I. It is production of goods in large quantities.
II. It is called industry.
17. Which sector among the following is considered
III. It is making valuable products from raw
as the backbone in the overall economic
material.
development of a country?
IV.  It includes things produced in cottage
(a) Manufacturing sector industries.
(b) Service sector (a) I, II (c) I, III
(c) Agriculture sector (b) II, III (d) II, IV
(d) None of the above Ans. (a) I, II

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240 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
19. The economic strength of a country is measured 27.
by the development of ________.
(a) industries
(b) manufacturing industries
(c) primary sector
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b) manufacturing industries
20. ________of manufactured goods expands trade
and commerce.
(a) Import (c) Export
In which city this National Thermal Power
(b) Selling (d) Buying
Corporation (NTPC) plant is situated ?
Ans. (c) Export
(a) Kolkata (c) Ranchi
21. What is the full form of NMCC ?
(b) Hyderabad (d) Ramagundam
(a) National Municipal Cleanliness Corporation
Ans. (d) Ramagundam
(b)  National Manufacturing Competitiveness
Council 28. Which of following occurs after increase in
(c) National Manufacturing Cotton Council industrial activities?
(d) National Municipal Charity Council (a) Urbanisation
National Manufacturing Competitiveness (b) Rural expansion
Ans. (b) 
Council (c) Development (Loss of labour)
22. Over the last two decades, the share of (d) All of these
manufacturing sector has stagnated at______ Ans. (a) Urbanisation
percent out of GDP- out of a total of ______ per 29. Which industry among the following is the only
cent for the industry which includes______ per industry in India that is self-reliant?
cent of mining, quarrying, electricity and gas.
(a) Textile industry (c) Electrical
(a) 17, 28, 10 (c) 17, 27, 10
(b) Iron and steel (d) Sugar
(b) 27, 17, 10 (d) 17, 28, 27
Ans. (a) Textile industry
Ans. (c) 17, 27, 10
30. Which factor influences the location of a factory?
23. What percentage is contributed to industrial
(a) Least cost (c) Supply
production by the textile industry?
(b) Demand (d) Raw material
(a) 11% (c) 13%
(b) 12% (d) 14% Ans. (a) Least cost
Ans. (d) 14% 31. Which city has emerged as the electronic capital
of India?
24. What is GDP?
(a) Gross Domestic Product (a) Bengaluru (c) Lucknow
(b) Government Domestic Product (b) Hyderabad (d) Kolkata
(c) General Domestic Product Ans. (a) Bengaluru
(d) Gross Domestic Possession 32. The maximum investment allowed for a small-
Ans. (a) Gross Domestic Product scale industry is :
25. Which of the following is an agro-based industry? (a) One lakh rupees
(a) Sugar (c) Coffee (b) Ten lakh rupees
(b) Tea (d) All of these (c) One crore rupees
Ans. (d) All of these
(d) Ten crore rupees
26. Regular supply of electricity and an assured
Ans. (c) One crore rupees
source of raw material are a must for the location
of __________ . 33. BHEL, SAIL industries are owned by :
(a) Textile Industry (a) Public Sector
(b) Iron and Steel (b) Private Sector
(c) Chemical Industry
(c) Joint Sector
(d) Aluminium Smelting (d) None of these
Ans. (d) Aluminium Smelting Ans. (a) Public Sector

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 Manufacturing Industries | 241
34. Which one of the following is a joint sector
industry ?

(a) OIL
(b) Tata Steel

(c) Bajaj Which of the following best signifies the above
(d) Dabur image?
Ans. (a) OIL (a) Mineral-based Industries
35. Which is the second most important metallurgical (b) Iron and Steel Industry
industry in India ? (c) Information Technology and Electronics
(a) Petrochemicals Industry
(b) Aluminium smelting (d) Agro-based Industries
(c) Machine tools Ans. (d) Agro-based Industries
(d) Iron and steel 39. Processing of jute and rubber falls under which of
the following industries?
Ans. (b) Aluminium Smelting
(a) Agro-based industry
36. Identify the type of industry with the help of
(b) Mineral-based industry
following features :
(c) Business-based industry
(i) It is the second most important metallurgical
industry in India. (d) Basic industry
(ii)  It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good Ans. (a) Agro-based industry
conductor of heat, malleable and becomes 40. Which of the following activities employees
strong when it is mixed with other metals. people in the manufacturing of primary materials
into finished goods?
(iii) It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and
wires. (a) Secondary activities
(iv)  It has gained popularity as a substitute of (b) Primary activities
steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of (c) Tertiary activities
industries. (d) None of these
(a) Petrochemicals Ans. (a) Secondary activities
(b) Aluminium smelting 41. The industries which use heavy types of raw
(c) Machine tools material are called :
(d) Iron and Steel (a) Light industries
Ans. (b) Aliminium smelting
(b) Agro based industries
37. Identify the type of industry with the help of (c) Heavy industries
following features : (d) Mineral based industries
(i)  It covers a wide range of products from Ans. (c) Heavy industries
transistor sets of television, telephones,
42. Which of the following is transformed into a wide
cellular telecom, telephone exchange, radars,
variety of furnished goods of higher value?
computers and many other equipments.
(a) Manufactured goods
(ii)  The major industry concentration is at
Bengaluru, Noida, Mumbai, Chennai, (b) Raw material
Hyderabad and Pune. (c) Industrial goods
(iii) A major impact of this industry has been on (d) All of the above
employment generation. Ans. (b) Raw material
(a) Petrochemicals 43. Which of the following has been a major source of
(b) Aluminium steel foreign exchange for IT industry?
(c) Information Technology and Electronics (a) Bharat Heavy Electricals United
(d) Iron and steel
(b) Oil India Limited
Ans. (c) Information Technology and Electronics (c) Steel Authority of India Limited
38. Study the picture and answer the question that (d) Business Process Outsourcing
follows : Ans. (d) Business Process Outsourcing

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242 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
44. Which of the following is a mineral based (a) Air pollution
industry? (b) Water pollution
(a) Sugar (c) Noise pollution
(b) Tea (d) Thermal pollution
(c) Coffee
Ans. (b) Water pollution
(d) Petrochemicals
51. Which type of pollution among the following is
Ans. (d) Petrochemicals caused by agents such as paper, pulp, chemical,
45. Which industry among the following expanded textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries and
after the green revolution? tanneries?
(a) Cement (a) Air pollution
(b) Fertilizer
(b) Water pollution
(c) Sugar (c) Noise pollution
(d) Steel (d) None of these
Ans. (b) Fertilizer Ans. (b) Water pollution
46. __________ has gained popularity as a substitute 52. Which of the following solid waste causes Water
of steel. pollution ?
(a) Aluminium (a) Bleaching powder
(b) Copper
(b) Chlorine
(c) Iron
(c) Phospho–gypsum
(d) Bauxite
(d) None of the above
Ans. (a) Aluminium
Ans. (c) Phospho–gypsum
47. Which pollution among the following is caused
by industries? 53. 1 Litre of waste water from industry _________
(a) Land Litre of fresh water.

(b) Water (a) 9 (c) 8
(c) Air (b) 10 (d) 5
(d) All of these Ans. (c) 8
Ans. (d) All of these 54. Air pollution is caused by the presence of
__________.
48. Which pollution among the following is caused
by the presence of high proportion of undesirable (a) sulphur dioxide
gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon (b) carbon monoxide
monoxide? (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) Air pollution (d) None of the above

(b) Water pollution Ans. (c) Both (a) and (b)
(c) Noise pollution 55. Blood pressure can increase due to __________.
(d) All of these
(a) air pollution
Ans. (a) Air pollution
(b) noise pollution
49. Which of the following is emitted by chemical
and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and (c) water pollution
smelting plants? (d) thermal pollution
(a) Fog Ans. (b) noise pollution

(b) Smoke 56. NTPC has ISO certificate for ______________.
(c) Water vapour (a) PDS
(d) All of these (b) NMCC
Ans. (b) All of these
(c) EMS
50. Which pollution is caused by the discharge
(d) SAIL
of organic and inorganic industrial waste and
affluents? Ans. (c) EMS

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 Manufacturing Industries | 243

Assertion and Reasoning Based Questions

Directions: In the following questions, a statement of Explanation :

assertion is followed by a statement of reason. Mark the
correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion and reason are correct and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are correct but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
57. Assertion : The economic strength of the country Ans. (a)  Both assertion and reason are correct and
is measured by the development of manufacturing
industries.
Reason : India’s prosperity lies in diversifying its
manufacturing industries.
Ans. (b) 
Both assertion and reason are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation :
Industries creates a variety of goods and thus
reduce the dependence of the people on
agriculture. Exports of manufactured goods add
value to the economy.
58. Assertion : Textile industry occupies a unique
position in Indian economy.
Reason : It contributes significantly to industrial
production employment generation directly.
Ans. (a) 
Both assertion and reason are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation :
It is the only industry in the country, which is self-
reliant and complete in the value chain, from raw
material to the highest value added products.
59. Assertion : Chemical industries are lagging behind
in India.
Reason : Both large and small scale industries are Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
present and growth of this industry is very high
comparatively.
Ans. (d) Assertion is false but reason is true.
Explanation :
Chemical industries in India are fast growing
and diversifying .There is a rapid growth in the
manufacturing of organic and inorganic chemicals.
60. Assertion : Industries gives boost to
agricultural sector.
Reason : Agriculture and industry are not Reason : Rainwater helps industry to meet water
exclusive of each other.
Both assertion and reason are correct and Ans. (a) 
Ans. (a) 
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
The industries have given a major boost to
agriculture by raising its productivity. They
depend on the latter for raw materials and sell
their products.
61. Assertion : Aluminium is a universally accepted
metal for a large number of industries
Reason : Aluminium is flexible and a good
conductor of heat and electricity.
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
Explanation :
In India, Aluminium smelting is the second largest
industry. It is flexible, good conductor of heat and
electricity and hence, it is a universally accepted
metal for a large number of industries. It is widely
used as a substitute of copper, zinc, lead and steel.
62. Assertion : Consumer industries produces goods
for direct use by consumers.
Reason : Consumer industries are only agro-
based.
Ans. (b) Assertion is true but reason is false.
Explanation :
Consumer industries that produce goods for direct
use by consumers like sugar, toothpaste, paper,
sewing machines, fans etc. But all of these are not
only agro – based industries.
63. Assertion : Air pollution is caused by the presence
of high proportion of undesirable gases.
Reason : Air pollution does not affect human
health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
Explanation :
Air pollution is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide. Airborne particulate
materials contain both solid and liquid particles
like dust, sprays mist and smoke and adversely
affect human health, plants and animals.
the 64. Assertion : Harvesting of rainwater reduces
industrial pollution of fresh water.
requirements.
Both assertion and reason are correct and
reason is the correct explanation of assertion.

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244 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
Explanation : Reason : Environmental degradation depends on

the raw material used.
Every litre of waste water discharged by our
Ans. (c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
industry pollutes eight times the quantity of fresh
water, harvesting of rainwater replenishes the Explanation :
water table and thus helps industry to meet its Proper fuel selection and utilisation, smoke can
water requirements. be prevented by the use of oil instead of coal in
65. Assertion : Industrial development can be industries and equipments to control emissions
minimize environmental degradation. can minimise environmental degradation.

Very Short Answer Type Questions

66. How do industries help in reducing dependence
on agriculture?
Ans. Industries provide jobs in secondary and tertiary
sectors, thus, reducing heavy dependence of
people on agricultural income.
67. Correct the following statement and rewrite :
Our traditional industries suffered a setback
during the colonial period because they could not
compete with the hand-made cloth from England.
Ans. Our traditional industries suffered a setback during
the colonial period because they could not compete
with the mill-made cloth from England.
68. What is manufacturing?
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials into more valuable
products is called manufacturing.
69. Why are manufacturing industries important?
Ans. In general, manufacturing industries are
considered to be the backbone of development as
they help in the economic growth of a country.
70. Which countries are called prosperous?
Ans. Countries that transform their raw materials into a
wide variety of finished goods of higher value are
called prosperous.
71. Why has the National Manufacturing Competitiveness
Council been set up?
Ans. National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council
provide a forum for policy dialogue related to
enchance growth of manufacturing industries in
India.
72. What is agglomeration economics?
Ans. Agglomeration economics refers to the benefits
received by the firms and people when they come
together to make use of the advantage offered by
the cuban cities that prove helpful to them.
79. Complete the following table with correct information with regard to Classification of Industries :
Classification Agro-based Industries
of Industries (two examples)
(A)-? A small scale industry is defined with Public sector and
reference to the maximum investment Private Sector
allowed on the assets of a unit.
73. How is the economic strength of a country
measured?
Ans. The economic strength of a country is measured
by the development of manufacturing industries.
74. How do manufacturing industries help in various
ways?
Ans. Manufacturing industries are not only the
backbone of an economy but they also reduce
the heavy dependence of people on agricultural
income by providing jobs.
75. How can foreign exchange be brought in the
country?
Ans. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce, bringing in the much needed foreign
exchange.
76. Which city is known as the electronic capital of
India? Which are the other centres for electronic
goods?
Ans. Bengaluru is known as the electronic capital of
India. Other important centres for electronic
goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai,
Pune, Kolkata, Lucknow and Coimbatore.
77. India has emerged as a software giant at the
International level. Suggest any one way to
enhance the export of information technology.
 [Board Question]
Ans. One way to enhance the export of informatin
technology is by promoting this platform all over
the world by planned manner and synchronised
with digital media for marketing.
78. Which factors influence industrial location?
Ans. Availability of raw material, labour, capital, power
resources and market are factors that influence the
industrial location.
Basis of capital Basis of
investment ownership

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Ans. (A) cotton, woolen.
80. What are mineral based industries? Ans. Cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea,
Ans. Industries that use minerals and metals as raw
materials are called mineral based industries.
Example : iron and steel and aluminium industry. 91. Which industries are said to be mineral based?
81. What are basic industries?
Ans. Industries which supply their products or
materials to manufacture other goods like iron and
steel, etc. are known as basic or key industries.
82. What do you understand by consumer industries?
Ans. Consumer industries are the industries that
produce goods for direct use by consumers such
as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans,
etc.
83. What is a large scale industry?
Ans. The industries which employ large number of
workers in each unit and have large production
levels with more than one crore investment are
known as large scale industries.
84. What is a small scale industry?
Ans. A small scale industry is defined with reference to
the maximum investment allowed on the assets of
a unit and employing small number of workers.
At present the maximum investment allowed is
rupees one crore.
85. Which industries are called heavy industries?
Ans. Industries which use heavy and bulky raw
materials and manufacture heavy goods like iron
and steel are called heavy industries.
86. Which industries are called light industries?
Ans. Industries which use light raw materials and
manufactures light goods like electrical industries
are called light industries.
87. Business processes Outsourcing (BPO) is an
example of ­______ industry in India.
 [Board Question]
Ans. Information Technology.
88. How are agriculture and industry correlated?
Ans. Agriculture provides raw materials for the
industries, whereas, agro-based industries have
given a major boost to agriculture by raising its
productivity value.
89. How are the industries classified?
Ans. Industries are classified on the basis of source of Ans. Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which
raw materials used, according to their main role,
capital investment, ownership and the bulk and
weight of raw material and finished goods.
Short Answer Type Questions
99. What is manufacturing?
Ans. Manufacturing is the production of goods in
large quantity after processing raw material into
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Manufacturing Industries | 245
90. Name some agro based industries.
coffee and edible oil are some of the agro based
industries.
Ans. Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools
and petrochemical industries are mineral based
industries.
92. Who owns private sector industries?
Ans. Private sector industries are owned and operated
by individuals or a group of individuals. For
example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries,
etc.
93. Which industries are joint sector industries?
Ans. Joint sector industries are jointly run by the state
and individuals or a group of individuals. Oil
India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by the public
and private sectors.
94. Sugar Industry in Maharashtra comes under
which category?
Ans. Sugar industry in Maharashtra falls under the
category of cooperative sector industries which
are owned and operated by the producers or
suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
95. How many aluminium smelting plants are there
in India and where are they located?
Ans. There are 8 aluminium smelting plants in the
country located in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala,
Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and
Tamil Nadu.
96. What is bauxite?
Ans. Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters. It
is a bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
97. Which chemicals are categorized as ‘inorganic
chemicals’?
Ans. Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid (used
to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics,
adhesives, paints, and dyes), such as nitric acid,
alkalis, soda ash and caustic soda.
98. Which are ‘organic chemicals’?
are used for the manufacturing of synthetic fibres,
synthetic rubber, plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and
pharmaceuticals.
more valuable products. Manufacturing sector
is considered the backbone of development in
general and economic development.
246 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
100. ‘‘Manufacturing sector is considered as the Ans. Three physical factors responsible for the
backbone of economic development of a country.’’ determination of the location of an industry
Support the statement with example. are :
 [Board Question] 1. Availability of raw materials.
Ans. Manufacturing sector is regarded as the backbone 2. Water and power supply.
of economic development of a country because of 3. Suitable transport facilities.
the following reasons : 105. Name any three human factors for the location of
1. 
This sector has modernised agriculture. For an industry.
example, use of high quality seeds, tractors Ans. Three human factors responsible for the
and fertilisers are some of the modern tools determination of the location of the industry are :
and products that are manufactured by the 1. Availability of cheap labour.
industries and used by the farmers to increase
2. Availability of market.
the productivity of their crops.
Manufacturing sector has provided jobs to 3. 
2.  Availability of services such as consultants
secondary and tertiary sectors. For example, and finance advice.
in a manufacturing company, people from 106. Why our industries need to be more efficient?
different sectors of the society can work. Ans. In the present world of globalisation, our industry
A post graduate person to an uneducated needs to be more efficient and competitive.
person can work in a manufacturing industry. Selfsufficiency alone is not enough. Our
3. Manufacturing sector has several number of manufactured goods must be at par in quality
employees. For example, a manufacturing with those in the international market. For this,
company needs a large number of people to the factors which influence the setup or location of
produce a large number of products. Thus, it the factory must be kept in mind so that maximum
employs huge number of people. output can be attained. Only then, we will be able
101. Explain briefly the importance of manufacturing to compete in the international market.
industries for India. 107. Explain with examples the interdependence of
Ans. Manufacturing industries are important for India agriculture and industries.  [Board Question]
because : Ans. Agriculture and industries are interrelated to each
1.  They help in upgrading the agriculture other in following way:
industries and reduce heavy dependence on 1.  Agriculture contributes as the major source of
agriculture income by providing employment raw materials to many industry.
in non-agriculture sector.
2  Industries process these raw material for
2.  They help in creating jobs other than in further industries to produce final goods for
agriculture and generating income. consumer.
3.  Manufacturing of more goods facilitate in
3. Manufacturing industries which are involved
expansion of trade and exchange of foreign
in the production of tools, equipment that
currencies.
have helped in modernising agriculture.
4.  They help in overall development of the
4. Industries also involved in producing fertilizer,
country.
pesticides, etc., to enchance the quality as well
102. How does manufacturing industry help in
as quantity of agriculture field produce.
bringing in foreign exchange?
Ans. Manufacturing industry emphasises on 108. What are the different types of industries based
manufacturing goods not only for its own country on ownership?
but for export purposes too. These exports bring Ans. On the basis of ownership, industries are classified
in foreign exchange. as :
103. What are the factors that determine the location 1.  Public sector industries : Owned and
of an industry? operated by government agencies—BHEL,
Ans. The factors that determine the location of an SAIL, etc.
industry are : 2.  Private sector industries : Owned and
1. Capital 3. Labour operated by an individual or group of
2. Power 4. Raw material. individuals—Tata Steel, Dabur Industries, etc.
104. Name any three physical factors for the location 3. 
Joint sector industries : Jointly run by the
of an industry. public and private sectors—Oil India Ltd.

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 Manufacturing Industries | 247
4. Cooperative sector industries : Owned and 2. Large Scale industries : Here, the investment
operated by the producer or suppliers of raw is more than one crore rupees.
material, workers or both—Sugar industries 114. Explain the importance of textile industry in
in Maharashtra. Indian economy.
109. What is the importance of aluminium smelting Ans. The textile industry contributes significantly to
industry? industrial production.
Ans. 1. Aluminium smelting is the second most 1. After agriculture, textile industry employs the
important metallurgic industry in India. largest number of people.
2.  It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good 2. They bring in about 26.4% of the total foreign
conductor of heat, malleable and becomes exchange earnings.
strong when it is mixed with other metals.
3.  Their contribution towards the GDP is 4%
3. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and
which is quite significant.
wires.
4.  Textile is the only industry which is self-
4. It is used as a substitute of steel, copper, zinc
sufficient and complete in the value chain.
and lead in a number of industries.
115. Give an account of the chemical industries.
110. What are the bases on which industries are
classified? Ans. 1. 
The chemical industry in India is a fast
Ans. The bases on which the industries are classified growing and diversifying industry.
are : 2. It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP.
1. Source of raw material. 3. It is the third largest in Asia and occupies the
2. Significance of main role. twelfth place in the world in term of its size.
3. Capital investment. 4. 
It comprises both large and small scale
4. Ownership. manufacturing units.
5. Weight of raw material and finished goods. 5. 
Rapid growth has been recorded in both
inorganic and organic sectors.
111. What are the different types of industries based
on the source of raw material? 6. Chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Ans. On the basis of the source of raw material, 7. Basic chemicals undergo processing to further
industries are classified into two categories : produce other chemicals that are used for
1.  Agro-based industries : These industries get industrial application, agriculture or directly
their raw material from agriculture products. for consumer markets.
For example–Sugar factory, Textile mills, etc. 116. What different types of pollution are the
2.  ineral-based industries : These industries
M industries responsible for?
get their raw material from minerals. For Ans. Industries are responsible for the following types
example– SAIL, Cement industries, etc. of pollution :
112. What are the different types of industries based 1. Air Pollution : The smoke from the industries
on main role? pollute the air.
Ans. On the basis of the main role, industries are 2.  Water Pollution : It is caused by untreated
classified into two categories : organic and inorganic industrial wastes and
1.  Basic or key industries : These industries affluent discharged into rivers.
which supply their products or raw materials 3. 
Thermal pollution : It occurs when hot water
to manufacture other goods-iron and steel from factories and thermal plants is drained
and copper smelting, aluminum smelting. into rivers and ponds before cooling.
2.  Consumer industries : These industries 4.  Noise pollution : It not only results in
produce goods for direct use by consumers irritation and anger, it can also cause hearing
– sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, impairment, increased heart rate and blood
fans, etc. pressure among other physiological effects.
113. What are the different types of industries based Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of
on capital investment? stress.
Ans. On the basis of the capital investment, industries 5. 
Land Pollution : Land and water pollution are
are classified as : closely related. Dumping of industrial waste
1.  Small Scale industries : Here, the investment specially glasses, harmful chemicals, salts, etc.,
is less than one crore rupees. into soil.

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248 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
117. How do industrial units cause air pollution?
Explain.  [Board Question]
Ans. Industrial units cause air pollution by releasing
toxic gases in the atmosphere such as carbon
monooxide, sulphur oxide. Factory like paper
industries, chemical industry, refineries, etc., have
major contribution to release smoke.
Burning of fossil fuels also pollutes air.
Long Answer Type Questions
119. Why is the economic strength of a country
measured by the development of manufacturing
industries? Explain with examples.
 [Board Question]
OR
How is manufacturing industry important for
India?
Ans. Manufacturing sector is considered as the
backbone of development in general and
economic development. This is because of the
below mentioned reasons :
1. Manufacturing sector has been proved very
useful in modernising agriculture sector,
which is considered as the backbone of our
economy. It has decreased the dependency of
people on agriculture income, through giving
them jobs in integral secondary and tertiary
sectors.
2. In lieu, to eradicate poverty and
unemployment from our country,
industrial improvement is considered to
be a precondition. This was once the main
philosophy adopted by using public quarter
industries and a number of joint ventures in
India.
3.  Export of manufactured goods expands
exchange and commerce, and brings in plenty
wished foreign exchange.
4.  Countries are considered to be prosperous,
who seriously change their raw fabric into an
extensive variety of furnished items having a
high value.
5.  Therefore, our country’s prosperity lies in
increasing and diversifying its manufacturing
industries at a faster rate. Henceforth, it can
be concluded that monetary strength of
country is measured by the development of
its manufacturing industries.
120. What is the contribution of industries to the
national economy?
OR                               are :
How industries contribute to the national
economy of the country?
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118. How can we minimise environmental
degradation caused by industrial development ?
Ans. 1. Treating waste matter and effluents before
releasing them in rivers and ponds.
2.  Fitting smoke stacks in factories with
electrostatic precipitors.
3.  Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas
instead of coal in factories.
Ans. Contribution of industries to the national
economy:
1. 
Industries involve the production of goods
and services. This has brought about
substantial increase in the GDP of the country.
2. 
Industries improves the living condition of
people and also help in poverty eradiction by
providing employment.
3. The industrial sector enhances the country's
growth and also offers a wide variety of
choices to consumers.
4. 
Manufactured goods are exported to other
nations, thereby adding to the country's
foreign exchange.
5. 
Industries also contribute significantly in
improving the country's infrastructure
in various sectors and help in all-round
development of the nation.
121. How urbanisation depends upon industries?
Ans. 1. 
Urbanisation depends upon industries.
Industrial locations are very complex in nature
and are influenced by the availability of raw
material labour, capital, power resources and
market, but all these factors are rare to find at
one place.
2. 
So, manufacturing activities tend to locate
at the most appropriate place, where all the
factors can be arranged at a lower cost.
3. After an industrial activity starts, urbanisation
follows. Sometimes, industries are located in
or near the cities.
4. 
Cities provide markets and also provide
services such as banking, insurance, transport,
labour, consultants and financial advice to the
industry.
122. Examine any five factors affecting the location of
industries in India.  [Board Question]
Ans. Factors affecting the location of industries in India
1. Raw Material : The easy availability of raw
materials is an important factor that affects
 Manufacturing Industries | 249
the location of the industry. In the early days 2. 18 software technology parks provide single
industries in India developed near the sources window service and high data communication
of raw material. For instance, the textile mills facility to software experts.
of Bombay (now Mumbai) had supply of 3. A major impact of this industry has been on
cotton coming from Gujarat and Vidarbha employment generation. Till 31st March 2005,
and the jute mills of Hooghly region got the the IT industry employed over one million
raw material from the delta region of the people.
Ganga. The nature of raw material also has a
4. This number is expected to increase by eight-
bearing on the location.
fold in the next 3 to 4 years.
2. Energy : Energy is another important factor
5. It is encouraging to know that 30% of the
that affects the location of an industry. For
people employed in this sector are women.
example, the iron and steel industry has been
traditionally tied with the coal resources, 6.  This industry has been a major foreign
as it uses coal as cooking fuel. Similarly, the exchange earner in the last 2 or 3 years
electro-metallurgical and electro-chemical because of its fast growing Business Process
industries, being power intensive, have been Outsourcing (BPO) sector.
located where electricity is easily available. 7. The continuing growth in the hardware
3. Transport : A cheap and effective transport and software is the key to the success of IT
system is another factor that determines the industry in India.
location of an industry. Transport is required 124. On what basis the industries are classified ?
for carrying raw materials to manufacturing Ans. The industries are classified on the following
units and finished products to the market. basis :
The earliest industries developed near the
1. On the basis of the source of raw materials
port towns of Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai,
used :
as these ports were linked with rail and
(a) Agro–based : Cotton, woollen, jute, silk,
road to the hinterland. This infrastructure
textile, rubber and sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil.
for transport was further developed after
Independence. (b) Mineral–based : Iron and steel, cement,
aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals.
4. Labour : Easy availability of cheap labour is
2. On the basis of their main role :
another factor for the determination of the
location of an industry. Unskilled labour is (a) Basic or key industries : Industries which
easily available in urban locations due to large supply their products or materials to
rural-urban migration. One characteristic manufacture other goods like iron and steel,
feature of labour as a factor of production copper smelting, aluminium smelting, etc.
is its mobility. The industrial belt around (b) Consumer industries : The industries that
Mumbai attracts labour from all over the produce goods for direct use by consumers
country. Some of the small scale industries, such as sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing
traditionally associated with labour is glass machines, fans etc.
work (Firozabad), brass work (Moradabad), 3. On the basis of capital investment :
utensils (Yamunanagar in Haryana), silk (a) Small scale industry : Small scale industry in
sarees (Varanasi), carpets (Mirzapur), etc. which investment is less than one crore.
5. Market : High demand and a satisfactory (b) Large scale industry : Investment is more
purchasing power give impetus to industrial than one crore.
development. Government policies facilitate 4. On the basis of ownership :
expansion of the market and, thus, of the
(a) Public sector : Owned and operated by
industry. Markets may be local, national or
government agencies.
international.
Example : BHEL, SAIL etc.
123. Enlist the contribution of IT and electronics
industry in the economy. (b) Private sector : Owned and operated by
individuals or group of individuals.
Ans. 1. The electronics industry covers a wide range
Example : Tata Steel, Dabur Industries etc.
of products from transistor sets to television,
telephones, cellular telecom and other (c) Joint sector : Jointly owned by the state and
equipment required by the telecommunication individuals or group of individuals.
industry. Example : OIL.

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250 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
(d) Cooperative sector : Owned and operated by 3. It is advisable to create cooling ponds which
the producers or suppliers of raw materials, are man-made and designed to cool the
workers or both. heated waters of industries by evaporation,
Example : Sugar industry in Maharashtra. condensation and radiation.
5. On the basis of the bulk and weight of raw 4. It is very important to attach water treatment
material and finished goods : plant to the industry for filtration of the
(a) Heavy industries : They use heavy raw sewage before it enters the water bodies.
materials and produces heavy goods. Sewage treatment plants are important for the
Example : Iron and steel. treatment of polluted water.
(b) Light industries : They use light raw materials 127. How do industries create air, water, noise, and
and produces light goods. thermal pollution ?
Example : Electrical goods industries. Ans. 1. Air Pollution : It is caused by the presence
125. Give some facts about the fertilizer industry. of high proportion of undesirable gases such
Ans. 1.  The fertilizer industry is centred on the as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide.
production of nitrogenous fertilizers, Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper
factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting
phosphate fertilizers, ammonium phosphate
plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and
and complex fertilizers.
small factories that ignore pollution norms.
2.  India is the third largest producer of Toxic gas leaks can be very hazardous with
nitrogenous fertilizers. long term effects. It adversely affects human
3.  There are 57 fertilizer units manufacturing health, animals, plants, buildings and the
nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous atmosphere as a whole.
fertilizers, 29 for urea and 9 for producing 2. Water Pollution : It is caused by organic
ammonium sulphate. and inorganic industrial wastes and effluent
4. There are 10 public sector undertakings and discharged into rivers. The main culprits in
1 in cooperative sector at Hazira in Gujarat this regard are paper, pulp, chemical, textile
and dyeing, petroleum refineries, tanneries
under the Fertilizer Corporations of India.
and electroplating industries that let out many
5.  After the Green Revolution, the industry harmful substances into the water bodies.
has expanded to several other parts of the
3. Noise Pollution : It not only results in
country.
irritation and anger, but also causes hearing
6. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab impairment, increased heart rate and blood
and Kerala contribute towards half the pressure among other psychological effects.
fertilizer production of the country. Industries, factories, generators, electric drills,
126. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water etc. make a lot of noise.
be reduced? Explain various ways. 4. Thermal Pollution : It occurs when hot water
Ans. Main causes of water pollution is due to the from factories and thermal plants is drained
wastes discharged from factories, refineries into into rivers and ponds before cooling which
the water bodies. These wastes contains harmful affects the aquatic life. Wastes from nuclear
chemicals such as alkalis, acids etc. and toxic power plants, nuclear and weapon production
metals like mercury, lead, arsenic etc. which kill facilities cause cancers, birth defects and
miscarriages.
the aquatic life.
128. How can the environmental degradation be
The following steps can be taken to reduce the
controlled?
industrial pollution :
OR                                                  
1. Restructuring the manufacturing processes to
Suggest some measures to control environmental
reduce or eliminate pollutants, like, lead, zinc,
degradation.
arsenic through a process called Pollution
OR                                                  
Prevention. Chimneys for treating of gaseous
waste are also important. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise
2.  It is necessary to encourage industries to environmental degradation by industry?
promote “green” methods of production and Ans. Every litre of waste water discharged by our
products. It includes environment-friendly industries pollutes eight times the quantity of
operating processes. fresh water. Some suggestions are :

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(i) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing
and recycling it in two or more successive stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet increasing water
requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing
(iv) Overdrawing of groundwater reserves by
them into rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial
effluents can be done in three phases :
Manufacturing Industries | 251
(a) 
Primary treatment by mechanical means. This
involves screening, grinding, flocculation and
sedimentation.
(b) Secondary treatment by biological process.
(c) 
Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and
physical processes.
industries where there is a threat to groundwater
resources also needs to be regulated legally.

Difference Based Questions

129. Explain with examples any two differences between Agro-based and Mineral-based Industries.
Ans. Agro-based Industries Mineral-based Industries
1. They use agricultural products as raw materials. They use minerals and metals as raw materials.
2. Examples of agro-based industries are cotton, Examples of mineral-based industries are iron and
jute, silk, sugar and edible oil. steel, cement, aluminium and petrochemicals.

Analysis and Evaluation Based Questions

130. “The economic strength of a country is measured 7. Industrial sector contributes 26% of GDP and
by the development of manufacturing industries”. manufacturing contributes 17% of GDP.
Explain the values of the statement. 131. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of
Ans. 1. Manufacturing industries help in modernising each other. They move hand in hand.” Justify the
agriculture. statement with four examples.
2. They also reduce the heavy dependence of Ans. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand as :
people on agricultural income by providing 1. Agro-based industries have given a boost to
jobs. agriculture by raising its productivity.
3. Industrial development reduces 2.  Agro-based industries depend on agriculture
unemployment and poverty. for their raw materials such as cotton,
sugarcane, jute, etc.
4. It also brings down regional disparities.
5.  Export of manufactured goods expands 3.  Agriculture depends on industries for
trade and commerce, and brings in foreign products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers,
exchange. insecticides, pesticides, machines and tools,
6.  Prosperity of our country depends on etc.
transforming raw materials into furnished 4. 
Industrial development helps agriculture in
goods of higher value and diversifying our increasing their production and make the
industries. production processes very efficient.

Project / Activity Based Questions

132. A factory produces aluminium saucepans with (ii) Do you think the cost of transporting the
plastic handles. It obtains aluminium from a finished products after packaging is likely
smelter and a plastic component from another to be cheaper or more expensive than the
cost of transporting aluminium and plastic?
factory. All the manufactured saucepans are sent
Why ?
to a warehouse :  [NCERT] Ans. (i) (a) Aluminum is supposed to be an expensive

(i) (a)  Which raw material is likely to be most raw material because it is heavier than
expensive to transport and why ? plastic, and also the saucepan body is
bulkier than the handle.
(b)  Which raw material is likely to be the (b) Plastic is cheaper because it is lighter than
cheapest to transport and why ? aluminium.

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252 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
(ii) Cost of transporting finished products after Ans. One agro-based industry located in my area is the
packaging will be cheaper because they are vegetable oil industry. They use sunflower seeds to
likely to be enclosed in rectangular packing extract oil. They follow the environment norms by
boxes, which can be easily transported in using environment-friendly equipments and send
larger quantities by proper stacking, either by the waste products for recycling.
goods train or by truck. One mineral-based industry located in my area
133. Classify the following into two groups on the is the heavy machinery industry. They use
basis of bulk and weight of raw material and iron which they get from the nearby iron ore
finished goods. factory. They follow eco-friendly techniques for
(i) Oil (ii) Sewing machines manufacturing and dispose the waste in a suitable
(iii) Knitting needles (iv) Shipbuilding manner. They do not dump the waste in the
(v) Brassware (vi) Electric bulbs nearby river; instead they send it for recycling.
(vii) Fuse wires (viii) Paint brushes 135. Give one word for each of the following with
regard to industry. The numbers of letters in each
(ix) Watches (x) Automobiles
word are hinted in brackets.
Ans.
(i) Used to drive machinery (1) P.....................
Light Industries Heavy Industries (ii) People who work in a factory
 (2) W..........................
Knitting needles Oil
(iii) Where the product is sold (3) M........................
Paint Brush Sewing Machine (iv) A person who sells goods (4) R..........................
Fuse wire Shipbuilding (v) Thing produced  (5) P...........................
Watches Automobiles (vi) To make or produce  (6) M..........................
(vii) Land, Water and Air degraded
Electric Bulb Brassware  (7) P...........................
134. Select one agro-based and one mineral-based Ans. (i) Used to drive machinery  (1) POWER
industry in your area.  [NCERT] (ii) People who work in a factory  (2) WORKER
(i) What are the raw materials they use? (iii) Where the product is sold  (3) MARKET
(iv) A person who sells goods  (4) RETAILER
(ii) What are the other inputs in the process of
(v) Thing produced (5) PRODUCT
manufacturing that involve transportation
(vi) To make or produce  (6) MANUFACTURE
cost? (vii) Land, Water and Air degraded
(iii) Are these factories following environmental  (7) POLLUTION
norms?
136. Solve the puzzle by following your search horizontally and vertically to find the hidden answers.

(i) Textile, sugar, vegetable oil and plantation industries deriving raw materials from agriculture are called
_________ .
(ii) The basic raw material for sugar industry.
(iii) This fibre is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
(iv) Iron-ore, coking coal and limestone are the chief raw materials of this industry.
(v) A public sector steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
(vi) Railway diesel engines are manufactured in Uttar Pradesh at this place.

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 Manufacturing Industries | 253
Ans.

(i) Agro-based, (ii) Sugarcane, (iii) Jute, (iv) Iron Steel, (v) Bhilai, (vi) Varanasi.

Map Based Questions

137. On a political map of India, locate and label the following :

(i) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur.
(ii) Woollen Industries : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Mirzapur.
(iii) Silk Industries : Srinagar, Murshidabad, Mysuru.
Ans.

Legend

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254 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
138. On a political map of India mark the major iron and steel plants in India :
Durgapur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Vijayanagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam and Salem.
Ans.

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 Manufacturing Industries | 255
139. On a political map of India, show the following Software Technology Parks :
Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad,
Bengaluru, Chennai.
Ans.

Self-Assessment

140. What is manufacturing?
141. What is an ‘organic chemical’?
142. What are public sector industries?
143. What is a basic industry?
144. What is an agro-based industry?
145. State the importance of manufacturing industries.
146. How industries contribute to the national economy
of the country?
147. Why our industries need to be more efficient?
148. What is the importance of textile industry in our
economy?
149. Which factors influence the location of an industry?
150. How do the industries help in reducing dependence
on agriculture?
151. Which countries are called prosperous?
152. How are agriculture and industry correlated?

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256 | CBSE Question Bank Social Science – X
153. What is the importance of the aluminium smelting
(i) 
One iron and steel and one cotton textile
industry? plant.
154. Give an account of the chemical industries. (ii) One software technology park in Karnataka.

155. Why has the National Manufacturing 158. Give examples of two consumer industries.
Competitiveness Council been set up? 159. Give examples of two private sector industries.
156. Examine the features of agro-based industries 160. Give examples of two mineral based industries.
related to the economic development of India.
161. Give examples of two basic industries.
157. Locate and label the following on the given political
162. Give examples of two joint sector industries.
outline map of India :



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