Governance

SESSION 12 – POLITICS & SOCIETY

DR. REZA FATHURRAHMAN
Overview

 Definition of Governance, Government, and Governing

 Government to Governance as A Continuum
 New Patterns of Interaction between Government and
Society
 THE DEFINITION OF GOVERNANCE,
GOVERNMENT, GOVERNING

❖ Government : institution/officer (pemerintah/aktor)

❖ Governance : leadership, management, command, direction,

guidance(pemerintahan/tata kelola/administrasi)

❖ Governing: steering (memerintah/mengendalikan/mengontrol)

 GOVERNANCE

❖ Governance is actually a rather old term known in French (gouvernance) in the 14th
century although it quickly came to refer to royal officers rather than to the process
of governing or steering.

❖ Governance has become an umbrella concept for such a wide variety of

phenomena as policy networks (Rhodes, 1997), public management (Hood, 1990),
coordination of sectors of the economy (Campbell et al., 1991; Hollingsworth et al.,
1994), public-private partnerships (Pierre, 1998), corporate governance (Williamson,
1996), and good governance as a reform objective promoted by the World Bank
and the IMF (Lewftwich, 1994).
DIFFERENT WAYS TO THINK ABOUT
GOVERNANCE
Governance as Structure Governance as Process
1. Governance as hierarchies 1. Governance as steering and
2. Governance as markets coordinating
3. Governance as networks 2. Governance as analytical
framework
4. Governance as communities
 GOVERNANCE AS STRUCTURE

Governance as hierarchies
❖ Governance conducted by and through vertically
integrated state structures, is an idealized model of
democratic government and the public bureaucracy.
❖ Subnational government enjoyed some degree of
autonomy, but the state never surrender its legal authority
over these institutions.
❖ The hierarchical state is believed to be too big to solve the
small problems in life and too small to solve the big
problems. (Bell, 1987)
 GOVERNANCE AS STRUCTURE
❖ Governance as markets
The market has come to be seen as everything Big
Government is not; it is believed to be the most efficient
and just allocative mechanism available since it does
not allow for politics to allocate resource where they are
not employed in the most efficient way.
❖ Market in the governance context is as arenas for
economic actors. Governance here refers to various
mechanisms in which economic actors can cooperate
to resolve common problems without distorting the basic
mechanisms of the market.
 GOVERNANCE AS STRUCTURE
Governance as networks
❖ Governance as networks are such networks comprising a
wide variety of actors, state institutions, organized interests
and so on, in a given policy sector.
❖ Policy network facilitates coordination of public and private
interest and resources and, in that respect, enhance
efficiency in the implementation of public policy.
❖ Networks in the new governance thus regulate and
coordinate policy sectors more according to the
preferences of the actors involved than with consideration
to public policy.
❖ Public policy becomes shaped more by the interests of self-
referential actors in the network than by the larger
collective interest.
 GOVERNANCE AS STRUCTURE

 Governance as communities
❖ Thegeneral idea is that the communities can and should
resolve their common problems with a minimum of state
involvement.
❖ The state, for that matter, local government, is believed
to be too big and too bureaucratic to deal with these
issues.
 GOVERNANCE AS PROCESS
Governance with its encompassing and contextual approach to political
behavior, often is less concerned with institution than with outcomes.
❖ Governance as steering and coordinating
Government refers to steering and coordinating of a sector of the
economy or of industry. Government has a central role in producing
economic outcomes and as helping to manage the tensions of modern
economies in the global environment.
❖ Governance as analytical framework
The analytical framework in theories of governance differs in several
important aspects from traditional political science framework. In
governance theory many political science postulates concerning political
institution and their capacity to govern are not accepted at face value.
Government to Governance as
A Continuum
Governance
without
Government

State Intervention X X Societal Autonomy

Traditional
Government

 Bell & Hindmoor’s Standpoint (2009) on the primary role of government

a) Society-Centred Approach: National governments are said to have
been ‘hollowed out’ due to lack of governing ability
b) State-Centric Relational Approach: “relational” because governments
need to develop partnerships with a range of non-state actors
 Possibility to Implement the “Governance without Government” concept
 GOVERNANCE ACTORS

■ State menyusun kebijakan

politik, hukum, dan ekonomi
yang kondusif.
State
■ Market menyediakan
lapangan pekerjaan untuk
masyarakat dan turut serta
Civil dalam melakukan
Market pembangunan
Society
■ Civil society berperan aktif
memberikan masukan kepada
negara dalam perumusan
kebijakan.
 What changes have occured (within
the past two decades) in the way the
government governs our society?
New Patterns of Interaction
between Government and Society
 Balance shifting: from public to private sector; from doing alone to
collaboration, sharing of responsibilities; non-traditional mixtures of
public and private sector
 Governing Needs (input) & Governing Capacity (output): Crossing or
close to the threshold of “the law of diminishing returns“
 Solution: Reducing the need for governing (let problems solve
themselves) + rephrase their capacities (let others help)
 Kooiman and colleagues (1997, p. 2): New patterns of interaction
between government and society occur on two different level, namely
on governing level (new models of governing); and governance level
(more efforts to deal with fundamental developments and structural
characteristics of the societies).
Interaction
Dependecies

Actor Actor
D A

Actor
E State Society Actor
B

Actor Actor
F C

Interdependecies
Why traditional ways of doing
things (arguably) no longer work?
According to Kooiman (1993):
 #1 Hypothesis: Dissatisfaction with or ineffectiveness of
traditional approaches
 #2 Hypothesis: Growing recognition on the complexity,
dynamics, and diversity of social-political system

Are you agree with this argument?

Thank you!