Quality & Quantity

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01224-5

Impact of effective construction planning in project

performance improvement

Soumi Majumder1 · Soumyajit Majumder1 · Debasish Biswas2

Accepted: 13 August 2021

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021

Abstract
Project performance of the construction sector can be significantly improved by proper
project planning and scheduling. A divergence opinion is included in this area which
implies the amount of effort that is required or should be invested in construction planning
and scheduling activity to make the project management effective. A lot of work has been
already reported in the literature which clearly shows that the project performance can be
enhanced by raising the efforts invested in project planning, scheduling, and controlling
activities. The organizational characteristics of the construction firms and the project envi-
ronment have a great influence on planning and scheduling efforts. The firm should be
organized appropriately to maintain a relevant environmental context in the project plan-
ning. In India, after agriculture, it has been notified that the construction sector is the sec-
ond largest employment sector. Also, it has been considered as one of the largest sectors
which support the economic growth of the country. The magnification of the construc-
tion sector is based on the growth of the corporate sector and infrastructure development
either directly or indirectly. The construction sector generates employment and provides
job opportunities to millions of unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled workforce. When it
comes to the economic development of the country and a large labour force are engaged in
this sector, definitely a high work effort we can consider from appropriate project planning
activity. To keep in mind the importance of project management in the construction sector,
our study is focusing on the relationship between construction planning efforts and their
effectiveness in the field of project performance. Software used for Construction Project
Management (CPM) is also discussed.

Keywords Project planning · Project scheduling · Effectiveness measurement ·

Construction sector · Economic growth · CPM software

* Soumi Majumder
majumdersoumihr@gmail.com
Soumyajit Majumder
soumyajit.majumder@yahoo.com
Debasish Biswas
debasish762010@yahoo.com
1
Dept of Business Administration, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, West Bengal, India
2
Sugam Homes, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

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 S. Majumder et al.

1 Introduction

In the area of management and execution of construction projects, construction planning is

a fundamental and challenging activity (Hinze 2004; Neale and Neale 1989). This includes
the selection of technology, the explanation of work, the estimated value of the required
resources, time duration of individual tasks, and lastly the identification of interactions
among the different works. A good construction plan develops the budget and schedules the
work (Peurifoy et al. 2018; Petroutsatou et al. 2021). In the area of construction manage-
ment, the development of a construction plan is one of the critical tasks. This is also very
much essential to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project
participants. Project construction is highly complex, extensive, and varies in size. The con-
struction project plan acts as a map that guides the team to complete the steps of a project.
There should be an alignment between the plan and the project. The process of creating a
construction plan is very large. The construction project managers create a proper plan for
the project. The construction industry contributes a large share to the economic growth of
the nation. Based on this industry, modern civilization is developed which includes physi-
cal and technological foundations. It creates investment opportunities for the other sectors.
For the achievement of national socio-economic objectives, the construction industry plays
a vital role. Apart from economical development construction is the most pervasive fac-
tor in our life. The construction sector does have a profound influence on human life and
civilization. It also helps to bring people together in their social, political, cultural, recrea-
tional, and economic endeavors. The magnification of the construction sector is based on
the growth of the corporate sector and infrastructure development either directly or indi-
rectly (Shirowzhan et al. 2020; Häußler and Borrmann 2020). It is established by several
researchers that the growth of this sector is related to the growth of the economic environ-
ment. The main motivation of this study is to highlight the construction project planning
and its effectiveness in the area of construction project performance when the industry is
showing a significant growth in India.
In Sect. 2, the literature review is discussed. Construction project planning and types of
planning are reported in Sect. 3. Steps to create a construction project plan and the signifi-
cance of project planning under project management are discussed in Sects. 4 and 5. Sec-
tion 6 reported the used software for Construction Project Management (CPM). Section 7
includes a discussion section followed by a conclusion in Sect. 8.

2 Literature review

The construction project planning is the integration for on-site safety induction. The study
has been explored the importance of project planning on health and safety issues on sites.
An integrated visual tool framework is developed for better health and safety practices
where all practitioners, are actively included in the framework (Ganah and John 2017).
Under the area of project planning and management, construction project complexity is
one of the key components. Research has been made on the complex nature of construc-
tion projects, their trends in the market, and various implications. This study has focused
on four factors of project complexity, namely the impact of project complexity on pro-
ject planning, methods of complexity measurement, considerations for project manage-
ment, and proper development of management guidelines (Luo et al. 2017). The impact

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Impact of effective construction planning in project performance…

of integration management on project performance is evaluated in the construction indus-

try and generates its significance. It has been said that construction project performance is
based on different dimensions of project management. Among that integration, manage-
ment influences effective project performance. This study identified the influence of differ-
ent components under integration management on the performance of construction projects
and also established the relationship between those components with integration manage-
ment (Demirkesen and Ozorhon 2017). A risk-based work breakdown structure of road
construction projects is another parameter of evaluating the quality of a project. Poor plan-
ning of road construction with Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) can affect the quality of
the project. Risk-based work breakdown structure is very much standardized to achieve the
quality of the project under road construction (Amini and Latief 2018). For large-size con-
struction projects, a dynamic facility of the planning model should be incorporated. In the
case of multiple stages of project planning dynamic facilities allocation has been proposed
to make the project effective. For accommodating safety, sometimes a grid layout model
or framework is used (based on the health and safety proximity level amongst different
dynamic facilities) (Al Hawarneh et al. 2019). Project performance has also a relation with
the risk management of project planning (Butt et al. 2021). Similar study has been reported
in Salleh et al. (2020), Sami Ur Rehman et al. (2020), Nguyen and Nguyen (2020). Alkai-
ssy et al. (2020) reported 20 years of risk modelling for safety management in construction.
Correct planning helps to identify the owners’ vision. Research has shown a positive cor-
relation between preparation of planning and project success. The study revealed the influ-
ence of activity planning on the efficiency of the building sector (Smith 2021).
Effective construction planning and scheduling improves the process of materials man-
agement and work efficiency. Proper distribution of resources reduces cost and also helps
to save time. Integrated project control and management increases the capacity level of a
team and ensure the completion of the project within stipulated schedule and budget.

3 Construction project planning and types of planning

It is established that under-construction project management, project planning is the pro-

cess of increasing project efficiency by generating the master plan. The construction and
project managers with help of key team members prepare the master plan of the project.
After that, this master plan is kept into the proper schedule by the scheduling process. It is
named project scheduling. The complex moving parts of construction projects can be bro-
ken down by project planning. It should be very much realistic and actionable.
There are different kinds of project planning; among them, three are major types of
project planning. These are i) strategic planning, ii) operational planning, and iii) sched-
uling. Strategic planning is a special action planning that is created by the owner’s cor-
porate planners. In this method, it is decided that what project is to be built and what
should be the date of completion of the project. Within the guidelines of the strategic
and contracting plans, the team under corporate construction generates the master con-
struction plan that is executed in a very significant way. On the other hand, operational
planning is done by construction teams. They are focusing on some of the domains of
construction before making the operational plan for the project. In this case, the opera-
tional plan is associated with the strategic plan, it helps to meet the target action of the
strategic plan in a project. Under operational planning, the team is meeting the pro-
ject objectives by the availability of sufficient construction resources and services. It

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 S. Majumder et al.

signifies what type of long delivery materials or types of equipment are involved in
the project. The team also identifies the existing policy of the company that prevents
the plan from meeting the target date. The team is establishing of project concept and
design that helps to start the construction, checking the validity of the plan, using of
fast-track scheduling approach that would be more economical, and so on. Before the
detailed scheduling of the project, the above-mentioned areas are highly inspected by
the experts. In the case of strategic planning, the end-users and the owner both should
be satisfied. A strategic planner always develops a master construction deliverable plan
that includes some specified guidelines in the field of strategic and contracting plans. To
meet the strategic goals operational plans are delivered by construction teams. Some-
times contractors are involved in this process. Scheduling in a construction project is
another important element. It includes a planned start and end date along with listing
tasks, activities, and milestones.
The importance of scheduling under construction projects cannot be eliminated from the
system as it is playing a prime role in the journey of success of a project. Proper scheduling
establishes a planned budget for the completion of the project within the stipulated time.
With the help of appropriate scheduling, tasks are executed. Scheduling explains methods
and sequences in which materials can be delivered. The significance of scheduling in con-
struction projects are (i) it helps to assign dates to project activities, (ii) the preliminary
cost can be estimated by construction project scheduling, (iii) it formulates tender, (iv) it
provides the vision to the construction teams about the accomplishment of goals, (v) it
helps to improve safety performance to protect the workers at maximum level, (vi) it gives
a sequence of activities, (vii) in the project, scheduling matches the resources like types
of equipment, materials, and labour with work-tasks over time, (viii) it avoids all sorts of
delays on the completion of the whole project, (ix) it removes problems that are related to
production bottlenecks and (x) it acts as a mechanism for monitoring the work progress.

4 Steps to create a construction project plan

A construction project plan is also popular as a project management plan (Alaloul et al.
2020; Šuman and Pučko 2020). It is documentation where the procedures like project exe-
cution; project monitoring, controlling, and closing are involved. The project plan has cer-
tain objectives that serve as an official point of reference for the large company, stakehold-
ers, and project team members. The steps of the construction project plan are explained
below (Fig. 1).

4.1 Discuss key components of the project with shareholders

The first stage of project planning is discussing the key components of the project with
shareholders. It is important to take the shareholders in the loop always about the project.
Most of the time it has been seen that the shareholders are not understood the project plans
to their full extent. They are affected by the results of the project. The project is getting
committed when explaining the plan to the shareholders is very clear. In this regard, docu-
mentation is a very crucial activity in all parts of the project plan because shareholders
approve and evaluate those that associated with them.

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Impact of effective construction planning in project performance…

Fig. 1  Project planning

4.2 Designating the roles and responsibilities

In this step, the roles and responsibilities should be designated. The explanation must be
focused on business exports, project sponsors, project managers, project teams, end-users,
and others. The roles and responsibilities of these persons make the project efficient. If all
the persons who are engaged in a project follow all the regulations relating to the project,
the task must be completed within the scheduled time.

4.3 Hold kickoff meeting

The third step to planning a project is holding a kick-off meeting (Osha 2021). It is a practi-
cal step to bring stakeholders together and take them over the project in depth. Mutual trust
should be generated among the team members because everyone’s inputs are countable.
Few topics are discussed in this kick-off meeting, such as ground rules, team commitments,
roles and responsibilities of the team, how to make decisions on the project plan, and many
more.

4.4 Developing scope statement

The scope statement is a very vital part of a project plan. It helps to determine the outcome
of the construction project. All over the project, the scope will change and also develop. A
scope statement outlines the entire project which includes any deliverables and their fea-
tures along with the list of shareholders who will be affected by this. For measuring suc-
cess it also contains any major project objectives, deliverables, and goals.

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 S. Majumder et al.

4.5 Create baseline management plans

From the scope statement, deliverables need to be enhanced into a work breakdown struc-
ture (WBS) (Al-Kasasbeh et al. 2021). WBS is required by the project team to accomplish
the project objectives. It is a deliverable-oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work
that needs to be executed perfectly. WBS works as an effective cornerstone of the pro-
ject planning, execution, controlling, monitoring, and reporting. All the work under the
work breakdown structure needs to be identified, evaluated, scheduled and budgeted. Scope
baseline is stating about the identification of work that is needed to be finished perfectly.

4.6 Schedule development

The project manager creates the timeline of the construction project schedule. Team mem-
bers utilize this schedule plan for formulating the projects. Project schedules (Yuliana et al.
2021) allow the team members to break the whole plan into smaller ones. Working in this
way will be manageable for the team. In an organized way, the construction project plan-
ning and scheduling help the team to keep them on track and work effectively. They have to
maintain proper communication with subcontractors and employees. In this case, a detailed
explanation of team members is required. In the schedule, it is mandatory to create a cost
baseline. In the construction sector, there are few types of scheduling techniques. Two are
very common and popular, namely the Critical path method scheduling or CPM scheduling
and the Q schedule. CPM is applicable to estimate the minimum completion time for indi-
vidual activities. It uses a range of possible start and finish dates in the project.
There are six basic steps for CPM namely: activity identification, activities sequence
determination, network creation, activity completion, and time estimation. The CPM dia-
gram needs to be updated in activity identification. In critical path identification, the path
of each activity can be identified by using early start, early finish, and late start and late fin-
ish activity. The early time and start activity include some predetermined activity, it is said
that the prior activity must be completed at this juncture. Late finish and late start signify
that the activity should be started and completed without having any delay in the entire
project.CPM is very effective for organizing large and complex projects and optimized crit-
ical path selection helps to reduce the project duration. The impact of any schedule changes
can be visualized by CPM. Thousands of activities and their dependent relationships of
large and complex projects create a burden to the managers.
F. K. Levy, G. L. Thompson, and J. D. Wiest reported the techniques of the project
of building a house is readily analyzed by the CPM technique in an article titled: “The
ABCs of the Critical Path Method” published Harvard Business Review (https://​hbr.​org/​
1963/​09/​the-​abcs-​of-​the-​criti​cal-​path-​method). They have taken a nice example to illustrate
the notion of critical path scheduling and the process of constructing a graph. To satisfy the
contractor a list of major jobs (together with the estimated time and the immediate prede-
cessors for each job) are listed in Table 1.
Figure 2 shows the Project Graph wherein each circle the letter before the comma iden-
tifies the job and the number after the comma indicates the job time.
There are 22 unique paths from Start to End, with associate times ranging from a mini-
mum of 14 days (path a-b-c-r-v-w-x) to a maximum of 34 days (path a-b-c-d-j-k-l-n-t-s-
x). If any task is not on the critical path, it is irrelevant in determining total project time.
The contractor can shorten the critical path by examining the critical path for possible
improvements but it requires a consideration of both engineering problems and economic

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Impact of effective construction planning in project performance…

questions. CPM always helps to focus attention on those jobs that are critical to the project
time. Besides this, it also helps to provide an easy way to determine the effects of shorten-
ing various jobs in the project and evaluate the costs.
However, CPM assumes that all resources are available for the project at all times (an
optimal planning tool). CPM does not consider resource dependencies. Less attention is
paid to non-critical activities and projects based on the critical path often do not finish on
time.
Quantitative scheduling or Q-scheduling is used to monitor quantities of materials uti-
lized at different locations and also applicable to the levels at different times during the
project work. Q-scheduling indicates the relationship between the sequence of the job and
costs to be incurred. Q-scheduling is a relatively new technique and required more effort to
make the teams familiar.
Apart from these, there are many other scheduling techniques used for construction pro-
ject schedule namely: (i) Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) (Akpan and
Agadaga 2020), (ii)Line of Balance (LOB) (Damci 2020), (iii) Resource-Oriented Sched-
uling, (iv) Gantt charts, etc. It is recommended that a good construction project scheduling
tool must be cloud-based, secured, easily accessible from mobile, and easy to use.

Table 1  Sequence and time requirements of jobs

Job No Description Immediate Prede- Normal
cessors time
(days)

a Start 0
b Excavate and pour footers a 4
c Pour concrete foundation b 2
d Erect wooden frame including rough roof c 4
e Lay brickwork d 6
f Install basement drains and plumbing c 1
g Pour basement floor f 2
h Install rough plumbing f 3
i Install rough wiring d 2
j Install heating and ventilating d, g 4
k Fasten plasterboard and plaster (including drying) I, j, k 10
l Lay finish flooring k 3
m Install kitchen fixtures l 1
n Install finish plumbing l 2
o Finish Carpentry l 3
p Finish roofing and flashing e 2
q Fasten gutters and downspouts p 1
r Lay storm drains for rainwater c 1
s Sand and Varnish flooring o, t 2
t Paint m, n 3
u Finish electrical work t 1
v Finish grading q, r 2
w Pour walks and complete landscaping v 5
x Finish s, u, w 0

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 S. Majumder et al.

Fig. 2  Project graph

4.7 Develop a staffing plan

The staffing plan is also a very significant part of the steps of the project plan. Staffing plan
includes which resources are flowing in and out in a specific period, either it is monthly
or quarterly, or annually. There is a similarity of staffing plan with the Gantt charts, but
they do not show the critical path of development. The staffing plan helps for labor cost
reduction and maximizes productivity. Proper staffing plans eliminate skill gaps and also
increase employee engagement, retention and reduce turnover. Besides these, it helps to
improve customer experiences and also streamline business growth.
To optimize the staffing plan it is important to identify the goals properly, understand the
current staffing situation (number of employees, staff distribution, the skills of the employ-
ees, identify high and low-performance employees, the average age of the employee, pos-
sibility for turnover, etc.), assessment of future staffing requirement, gap analysis and creat-
ing staffing plan.

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Impact of effective construction planning in project performance…

4.8 Analyze project quality and risk plans

The quality of the project includes the quality of acts to the final product. Analysis of pro-
ject quality helps to meet the expectation of the customers as well as sponsors. Quality
analysis prevents errors in the project. Implementation of quality plans is ensuring quality
reviews and inspections along with the set of metrics, standards, and acceptance of criteria.
There are various quality assurance tools for project quality assessment like Affinity dia-
grams, Process decision program charts, Interrelationship diagrams, Tree diagrams, Prior-
itization matrices, Network diagrams, Matrix diagrams, etc.
In any project management risk mitigation is a prime activity. Lack of proper proce-
dures creates a delay in the project; incurs some extra costs and litigation. Risk mitigation
is an assessment of risk; it communicates about high-risk possibilities to the training team
members. Initially, the potential risks need to identify followed by documentation and pri-
oritization. It is important to Evaluate and assess the consequence, impact, and probability
of each potential risk (assign roles and responsibilities to each risk). Preventative strategies
for each risk need to be finalized followed by the creation of a contingency plan in case
things go wrong. Finally, the risk threshold needs to be measured (work with project stake-
holders, and continuous monitoring is required for each risk).

5 Significance of project planning under project management

Project planning plays a critical role through other project phases (Simanjuntak 2020;
Lee and Cho 2020). It guides stakeholders, teams, sponsors, and project managers. The
roles of planning are implemented into different work activities, such as identifies preset
goals, diminishes risks, avoid missed deadlines, and lastly able to deliver the planned prod-
uct, service, and its result. Project performance will be surely suffered if there is a lack
of careful planning. The requirement of project planning is, it breaks down a larger task
into smaller tasks and it gives a guideline of the schedule by which the work needs to be
completed. From a larger project, smaller goals can be created and each goal needs to be
achieved within the time frame. Project planning has great significance in the construction
industry. Planning recognizes different risks associated with the project and reduces those
risks. In the case of macro and micro-level projects, risk factors are very much involved.
Proper planning ensures the team members that the risk can be mitigated and the smaller
tasks help to achieve the larger goals of the project. Under the project management plan-
ning is the second phase. It shows where the scope of the project is implemented. It also
identifies the areas where the timeline, costs, deliverables are to be utilized. Without this
vital step, the project team is bound to miss crucial details, deadlines, and deliverables
and the project will suffer loss. There are few benefits of project planning and the rea-
sons for making a solid project plan is necessary for project management are explained
here, (i) plan helps to minimize the stress of the project team, (ii) plan provides confidence
among team members, (iii) plan makes the team in unity, (iv) plan generates accountabil-
ity, (v) it can prevent team overloads, (vi) it reduces the risk factors of the project, (vii)
plan enhances the level of profitability, (viii) it creates effective communication and (ix)
plan helps to meet deadlines in the project work.

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 S. Majumder et al.

6 Construction project management software

Construction Project Management Software helps to specify project objectives, plan-

ning, budget, scheduling, performance requirements set, and project participants’ selec-
tion. CPM software (Fig. 3.) assists to develop effective communications and mecha-
nisms to resolve conflicts. GanttPRO, BIM 360, Acculynx, Procore, Jonas Premier,
BuilTools, Radar, SiteMac, WorkflowMax, eSUM, etc. are well-known CPM software.
CPM software also uses to monitor the cost control to obtain the estimated profit on pro-
jects. GanttPRO is an online project planning tool having Grantt charts features, team
management features, and resource management features. GanttPRO helps to set roles,
assign team members tasks, track the progress of the project, etc. BIM 360 (online pro-
ject management system) can track construction, acquire real-time data, manage field
data, etc. Acculynx ensures team connectivity and working in synchronization mode.
Jonas Premier uses cloud technology. eSUB scheduling assign project start time, end
time, and track percentage of completion of individual assignment (https://​www.​predi​
ctive​analy​ticst​oday.​com/​top-​const​r ucti​on-​proje​ct-​manag​ement-​softw​are/; Pellerin and
Perrier 2019).

7 Discussion

Construction management uses some specialized project management techniques to cre-

ate the planning, design, and scheduling of a project from its start to end (Allahar 2019).
The construction projects are using the knowledge of modern management, understand-
ing of the construction process and design. Construction projects have some constraints
and objectives such as an appropriate time frame for completion. Project management
is the process by which an organization can direct and coordinate human and mate-
rial resources all over the life cycle of a project. Project planning now a day’s using
different modern management techniques and can achieve predetermined objectives of
scope that lead to qualitative satisfaction. Project planning is the most effective coor-
dinator to project success (Zhang et al. 2019; Jünge et al. 2019). Various established
literature has been stated that there is a positive relationship between project planning
and project success (Boyuan et al. 2019). Project success can be measured by providing
the deliverables on time along with the required features. Project planning makes the
objectives achieved by satisfying the clients in the market. If the project goals are not
met, clients will not be happy and it would create an adverse effect on the brand value
of the company (Kurnianto et al. 2019). The effectiveness of the project planning (Wang
et al. 2020; Rathore 2020; Khelifa and Laouar 2020) is the positive outcome of differ-
ent interrelated actions and events. It contributes a high level of satisfaction to all the
involved parties.

Team Document
Accounting and Management Project Management Management Materials
Financials Management

Fig. 3  Construction project management software

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Impact of effective construction planning in project performance…

8 Conclusion

A systematic project planning under the construction industry helps to make detailed activ-
ities that need to be accomplished. In this process who will be involved in the comple-
tion of the task, and the knowledge about to start and finish date of the project are also
included. Projects progress in steps is very incremental stages. A rapid and interactive pro-
ject management system is also widely used in different phases of project planning under
the construction sector. We can assume that if the project planning stage is done in the best
way it will create high impacts on project completion. It is the art to make an economi-
cal uplift in the nation. Employers will respond proactively against construction decisions.
This helps to improve the bottom line for the business through productivity gains. In this
way, investors and developers will be focused more on generating physical assets. Effective
and appropriate construction project planning brings organizational success.

Declarations

Conflict of interest There is no conflict of interest.

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