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Problem-Set Solutions
2.1 It is easier to use because it is a decimal unit system.
2.2 Common measurements include mass, volume, length, time, temperature, pressure, and
concentration.
2.9 The meaning of a metric system prefix is independent of the base unit it modifies. The lists,
arranged from smallest to largest are:
a. nanogram, milligram, centigram b. kilometer, megameter, gigameter
c. picoliter, microliter, deciliter d. microgram, milligram, kilogram
2.11 60 minutes is a counted (exact number), and 60 feet is a measured (inexact) number.
2.12 27 people is a counted (exact number), and 27 miles per hour is a measured (inexact) number.
2.13 An exact number has no uncertainty associated with it; an inexact number has a degree of
uncertainty. Whenever defining a quantity or counting, the resulting number is exact.
Whenever a measurement is made, the resulting number is inexact.
a. 32 is an exact number of chairs.
b. 60 is an exact number of seconds.
c. 3.2 pounds is an inexact measure of weight.
d. 323 is an exact number of words.
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2.15 Measurement results in an inexact number; counting and definition result in exact numbers.
a. The length of a swimming pool is an inexact number because it is measured.
b. The number of gummi bears in a bag is an exact number; gummi bears are counted.
c. The number of quarts in a gallon is exact because it is a defined number.
d. The surface area of a living room rug is an inexact number because it is calculated from
two inexact measurements of length.
2.18 a. 2 b. 1 c. 1 d. 0
2.19 The magnitude of the uncertainty is indicated by a 1 in the last measured digit.
a. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.001
b. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 1.
c. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.0001
d. The magnitude of the uncertainty is 0.1
2.20 a. 0.001 b. 1 c. 0.01 d. 0.01
2.23 a. 0.1 cm; since the ruler is marked in ones units, the estimated digit is tenths
b. 0.1 cm; since the ruler is marked in ones units, the estimated digit is tenths
2.24 a. 0.01 cm; since the ruler is marked in tenths units, the estimated digit is hundredths
b. 1 cm; since the ruler is marked in tens units, the estimated digit is ones
2.25 a. 2.70 cm; the value is very close to 2.7, with the estimated value being 2.70
b. 27 cm; the value is definitely between 20 and 30, with the estimated value being 27
2.26 a. 2.7 cm; the value is definitely between 2 and 3, with the estimated value being 2.7
b. 27.0 cm; the value is very close to 27, with the estimated value being 27.0
2.27 a. ruler 4; since the ruler is marked in ones units it can be read to tenths
b. ruler 1 or 4; since both rulers are marked in ones units they can be read to tenths
c. ruler 2; since the ruler is marked in tenths units it can be read to hundredths
d. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones
© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated,
or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
10 Problem-Set Solutions Chapter 2
2.28 a. ruler 1 or 4; since both rulers are marked in ones units they can be read to tenths
b. ruler 2; since the ruler is marked in tenths units it can be read to hundredths
c. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones
d. ruler 3; since the ruler is marked in tens units it can be read to ones
2.29 a. The zeros are not significant because they are trailing zeros with no decimal point.
b. The zeros are significant; trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is present.
c. The zeros are not significant; leading zeros are never significant.
d. The zeros are significant; confined zeros (between nonzero digits) are significant.
2.30 a. significant b. significant
c. not significant d. not significant
2.31 Significant figures are the digits in a measurement that are known with certainty plus one digit
that is uncertain. In a measurement all nonzero numbers, and some zeros, are significant.
a. 6.000 has four significant figures. Trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is
present.
b. 0.0032 has two significant figures. Leading zeros are never significant.
c. 0.01001 has four significant figures. Confined zeros (between nonzero digits) are
significant, but leading zeros are not.
d. 65,400 has three significant figures. Trailing zeros are not significant if the number lacks an
explicit decimal point.
e. 76.010 has five significant figures. Trailing zeros are significant when a decimal point is
present.
f. 0.03050 has four significant figures. Confined zeros are significant; leading zeros are not.
2.32 a. 5 b. 3 c. 4 d. 2 e. 5 f. 5
2.33 a. 11.01 and 11.00 have the same number (four) of significant figures. All of the zeros are
significant because they are either confined or trailing with an explicit decimal point.
b. 2002 has four significant figures, and 2020 has three. The last zero in 2020 is not
significant because there is no explicit decimal point.
c. 0.000066 and 660,000 have the same number (two) of significant figures. None of the zeros
in either number are significant because they are either leading zeros or trailing zeros with
no explicit decimal point.
d. 0.05700 and 0.05070 have the same number (four) of significant figures. The trailing zeros
are significant because there is an explicit decimal point.
2.34 a. different b. different c. different d. same
2.35 The estimated digit is the last significant figure in each measured value, and is underlined in
the numbers below:
a. 6.000 b. 0.0032 c. 0.01001 d. 65,400 e. 76.010 f. 0.03050
2.36 a. the 9 b. the 1 c. last zero d. the 3 e. last zero f. last zero
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dans leur cerveau des zones nouvelles, empiéter de plus en plus sur
l’obscure région de l’instinct.
Nous devenons conscients de plus de choses autour de nous et
de plus de choses en nous.
Dans une nouvelle étape, cette conscience de l’univers
deviendra plus sensible. Elle nous aidera à compatir. Ainsi, jadis,
nous eussions ignoré une catastrophe lointaine. Aujourd’hui, nous la
connaissons, mais elle ne nous émeut pas. Plus tard, elle nous
touchera comme nous touche actuellement une catastrophe toute
proche.
De la Fidélité.
La bravoure.
La vraie bravoure, dans un monde conscient que nous devons
tous travailler à construire, ce sera d’exposer sa vie pour un effet
utile.
Actuellement on trouve brave celui qui expose sa vie, tout court.
On n’examine pas s’il l’expose par ostentation pour éblouir des
témoins, pour leur montrer qu’il n’a pas peur de la mort ni du danger.
On n’examine pas s’il l’expose dans une impulsion pour un effet
futile, qui ne vaut pas son sacrifice.
A la vue de ces actes irréfléchis, s’éveille et applaudit en nous un
très vieil instinct qui nous pousse à admirer le mépris de la mort, le
dédain de la vie.
On dira que ce vieil instinct contient en germe l’altruisme,
puisqu’il nous fait admirer l’homme qui sauve son semblable. J’en
doute. Car on admire aussi l’homme qui risque sa vie pour un tour
de force, pour le plus stupide pari, où nulle existence n’est à sauver.
Ainsi que nos autres sentiments — plus même que beaucoup de
nos sentiments — la bravoure demande à être contrôlée, pour
devenir consciente, cesser d’être parfois un jeu de vanité, pour
s’exercer utilement, noblement, humainement.
La mort.
Religion.
N’est-ce pas une foi, de croire à une justice plus juste, à une
liberté plus libre, à une vie meilleure sur la terre ?
L’altruisme.
Solidarité.
On ne met pas assez les enfants devant cette réalité que, nés
sur un sol, en un temps donné, ils doivent accepter les obligations
de la vie sociale telle qu’elle est régie sur ce sol et en ce temps. De
ce fait, ils ont contracté une sorte d’engagement, touchant les
impôts, les charges, les lois.
C’est là du patriotisme pacifique. C’est aussi un aspect de la
solidarité. Nous devons beaucoup à ceux qui nous ont précédés.
Tout objet dont nous nous servons est le résultat d’une longue suite
d’efforts. Nos vêtements, nos trains, notre téléphone, nous trouvons
tout cela sous notre main, nous jugeons tout naturel de nous en
servir. Mais tout cela nous le devons à ceux qui sont morts. Voilà ce
qui rend les générations solidaires.
[2] Les notes qui composent cet Essai ont été réunies
de 1903 à 1914. Celles qui concernent l’idée de Patrie
datent du printemps 1914. Je n’ai rien à y changer.
J’aurais trop à y ajouter.