International Journal of Education and Humanities

ISSN: 2770-6702 | Vol. 3, No. 3, 2022

Educational Management in the Contemporary World:

The Case of Boarding Schools in China
Shengyu Gu1, *
1 School of Geography and Tourism, Huizhou University, Huizhou, Guangdong 516007, P.R. China
* Corresponding author: Gu Shengyu (Email: miller@hzu.edu.cn)

Abstract: Since time immemorial, understanding educational management in the contemporary world has entailed adopting
various aspects in the educational sector. We can exploit one of its topics through academic leadership, thus evaluating boarding
schools as an entity. Therefore, by studying boarding schools, we establish our understanding by comparing boarding and day
schools, where we analyse the changes in the educational sectors achieved through contrast. More that, we evaluate how the
Parents Teachers Association works towards the benefits of the student in these schools. Furthermore, we consider the policies
put in place by the government to establish appropriate how they relate towards promoting boarding schools and how differently
they impact students' surroundings. Moreover, data collection included using statistical measures whereby various authors
effectively used correlation, thus deducing some statistical analysis. Conclusively, the essay contains explicit content indicating
how information was established efficiently, thus elaborating its relationship in the preceding article.
Keywords: Boarding schools, Comparison, government policies

They derive a beneficial outlook towards understanding why

1. Background Information
Since time immemorial, learning has been a continuous
process identified with the contemporary way of life.
Therefore, learning is survived by different aspects of our
surroundings, which curtails the necessary outlook on the
current world. It is efficient for us to include education in our
background to elaborate on the desired topic regarding the
preceding argument. Normatively, education is a long-life
process that is survived by the continuous learning nature of
all living entities, particularly human beings. In addition, it
entails the delivery of information in different platforms, thus
passing information. As a primary objective in the
contemporary world, it is efficient we establish that education
entails learning, while learning is beneficial if it follows
specific outlines such as educational management.
As a critical element of learning, it is essential to
understand that educational management is necessary for
analysing the required components and features of study
while ensuring commitment towards the delivery of
information. As part of the mentioned aspect, it is vital to note
that various scopes need to be considered while tackling
education management as an entity, thus understanding its
definition and the different topics it entails. According to the
description, the following is achieved and maintained.
According to research, educational management is the
technique in planning, organising, directing, and controlling
activities in a learning environment incumbent to academic
excellence.
According to the definition, it is critical to analyse and
achieve the necessities in ensuring that management is
entitled to various topics that facilitate learning and the
arguments we rely upon. Some of these principles include
analysis on how best supervisors and administrators expose
their skills in management. Furthermore, it entails project
topics such as the impacts of corruption on student academic
performance and the role of Parents- Teachers Associations in
schools regardless of their specific environmental allocation.
Accordingly, there are other allocations to the project topics.
there are particular issues such as the problems featured in
classroom management and their control in secondary schools.
Accordingly, evaluating various outlooks on the projected
topics regarding educational management as a learning scope
evaluates the necessities humankind needs to apply to
necessitate efficiency. For instance, a thematic concept such
as assessing the challenges in classroom management and
assessing specific challenges posed in controlling a class is
experienced both in higher and lower learning institutions. In
addition, we could also speculate on the evaluations of
analysing why the parents-teacher associations are critical in
analysing policy-making in their areas of administration and
the specific regions of coverage. Furthermore, P.T.A. could be
analysed, thus forming a concrete understanding of its
benefits and disadvantages, providing different learning
approaches.
Educational management entails a significant scope of
analysis in its description in the educational sector since time
immemorial. By understanding the numerous approaches
within which these challenges lie, it is appropriate to cover a
particular aspect that would be appropriate in understanding
what more information could be obtained regarding the same.
According to what is covered above regarding educational
management, it is essential to know how these elements
impact educational leadership in boarding schools in China
and how they facilitate learning. It is also necessary to
identify the academic sector used in China, thus
understanding similar issues, evaluating how best to analyse
the form of education related to the Chinese.
2. Research Problems
Understanding academic evaluation in the contemporary
world is vital for evaluating the circumstances through which
prevail in education. According to differences accorded by
different project topics under educational management, it is
sufficient to understand why boarding school projects are
significant in the educational sector. It is prudent to analyse

59
and understand the advantages found after investigating the
policies on projects regarding boarding schools. Since such
conditions are critical, it is essential to determine their
impacts on China's educational system.
Therefore, in detailed research, establishing evaluation
questions and problems demonstrate the necessities that
would help analyse a subject matter. For instance, according
to the education system, it would be essential to determine the
essence of boarding schools in the country and how they came
to existence over time. Understanding their growth and
establishing boarding schools in China will create some
background information regarding their historical
development and adoption in the academic sector. Further, it
would help us analyse the matter, why they are adopted, and
how they are being appraised in the contemporary world in
China.
Additionally, it would be vital to understand how the
boarding schools increase their popularity over time and how
popular they are among the nation's citizens. The basis of
becoming popular would require the extrapolation of what
nature the popularity applies. For instance, it is essential to
establish whether their existence is beneficial to the country
and the students or disadvantageous. After such an assessment,
we could regard the argument that precedes being negatively
or positively popular.
Furthermore, it would be efficient to analyse the
preferences between boarding schools and day schooling
categories, thus indicating whether they are beneficial and
more effective in delivering school-based knowledge. The
choices rely on the popularity of the boarding schools. For
instance, parents would prefer a cost-effective learning Centre
through which it would help them save more. Additionally,
cost-effectiveness should align their goals by ensuring that
learning is cost-effective. Such schools should also have good
scorecards regarding understanding and maintaining good
standards of morality for their children. In addition, parents,
teachers, and students would like to view an integrated
manner of learning and how day and boarding schools
compare regarding behaviour.
Another research question that is viable for consideration is
whether management factors from such establishments affect
the students' academic performances in those schools in the
country. In such instances, we evaluate why different
performance levels in the educational sectors are affected by
various management forms. In addition, management is
intertwined with the implementation of policies. Through
such occasions, we understand how best policies affect
learning for the students and the teachers in these schools,
thus evaluating their essence and impacts.
Since the education system is facing revolution as there are
various changes in the technology in the world, some of the
educational management issues that affect boarding schools
in such conditions include the influence of guidance and
counselling on such situations., thus setting up various levels
of doubts about the same. As indicated above, learning is a
lifelong process; it is critical to identify that peer guidance and
counselling are essential elements in learning. Students
receive guidelines regarding life, among other aspects. An
arising question, it is necessary to evaluate how boarding
schools in China offer guidance and counselling services to
their students, thus establishing whether they equip their
students with essential survival skills.
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3. Objectives of the study
According to the evaluation of various conditions and
factors affecting the education sector, understanding the
analysis provided by an author highlights various conditions
set through different prompts. Accordingly, it is essential to
establish various objectives achieved from analysing these
articles. For instance, some of the primary goals we acquire
from such occasions include the variances in establishing
whether there are different statistical provisions from data that
are compared. In addition, developing a close date that is
efficient for Comparison in the presented analytical data
could also be adopted as an objective to the essay.
According to the above prompt, it is essential to derive
several objectives according to the differences like the data
provided. Regarding various sources of Comparison, it would
be efficient to conclude how the prompt would fit to find the
differences between day and boarding schools. It is through
features that we identify how efficiency could be derived from
these comparisons. Additionally, analytical data acquired
from the data set would be efficient to establish the essence
between the effectiveness of different information sources
regarding day and boarding schools.
According to the research problems, deriving our research's
objective entails evaluating the historical milestones achieved
through the adoption of boarding schools. Through analysis,
an individual can analyse the historical differences that occur
by the inclusion of boarding schools. For instance, it would
help in creating the differences between samples before the
introduction of boarding schools. Through such
understanding, one could come up with the benefits
underlying such occasions. The growth in the number of
boarding schools would also help individuals create the
effectiveness of such schools before they existed and
afterwards. Further, analysing their popularity among
Chinese citizens would help understand the choices and
preferences of the day and boarding schools.
Another objective for Comparison is understanding and
finding out the quality of education offered in boarding and
day schools. According to such analysis, it would help
summarise whether schooling in day schools or boarding
schools would offer the best education to a student. Through
such comparisons, anybody can derive what level of
education students would acquire after attending a particular
school. Further, such classifications analyse the benefits one
could gain after becoming biased to a specific avenue such as
boardings and day schools.
Moreover, Comparison offers an understanding of the
various learning sectors whereby we could determine the
levels of efficiency acquired over time. For example,
according to research, there are significant differences in
which one needs to identify while conducting research. For
instance, boarding schools have different aspects concerning
management that is not applicable in day schools. Therefore,
as an objective, it is essential to research how other
management structures differ regarding the classes and the
management issues affecting these schools. Additionally, we
can establish various aspects such as boarding in schools that
create distinct differences between boarding schools and day
schools. Also, it would be appropriate to try and achieve
differences between how public and private schools are
allocated according to their classifications and how resources
are allocated towards both day and boarding schools.
4. Scope of the Study
Every entity of research holds weight on the various
analysis offered according to multiple statistics provided. For
instance, information underway intends to construct how a
project on educational management is developed by referring
to a particular project topic of the same aspect. Normatively,
the essay discusses boarding schools in China as a way of
identifying educational management issues. In addition, it
included how the report identifies the effectiveness of the
boarding schools regardless in Comparison to the day schools.
Therefore, the scope of the study involves researching journal
articles and books through which one could manage to create
quantitative research.
According to the scope, the journal articles used contain
essential information based on theoretical research. They state
how necessary boarding schools are and how efficient they
are in terms of their application. Further, they include efficient
allocation of resources regarding the distribution of
information regarding boarding schools and how superior
they are today schools. Additionally, the article will provide
information on what categories are schools included and how
effective is their management as per the research conducted.
According to the article, it is efficient to cover the policies
that promote or affect educational management techniques.
These techniques establish how the government treats schools
according to the class they fall in, such as public or private
schools. An analysis will state how effectiveness I detailed in
these schools respectively if they are concentrated upon.
Accordingly, the policies will establish how students learning
in China achieve effectiveness in the content they cover in
their classes irrespective of the various schools' classes.
Regardless of other thematic concepts of the essay, the
main scope of coverage is the boarding schools, whereby we
achieve various specific understanding according to different
manipulation of the idea. To facilitate manipulation of these
elements under study, we can establish that according to
varied pieces of research, such as journal articles on education
in China, have helped establish the scope of the essay. Most
of these articles measure the benefits arraigned towards
advantages and disadvantages of boarding schools and
disadvantages in place.
It is also accurate to include that the research included the
historical breaking ground of boarding schools in China. It
helps in outlining the revolutionary changes in the educational
sector, such that it makes comparisons between what is
presented before boarding schools became popular and
afterwards. It establishes the differences in the education
system by highlighting differences in classifying the
differences between the policies in play. The scope also
entails a significant increase in the boarding schools in China,
thus creating the basis for analysis.
For any literature review, it is essential to apply various
changes in the educational sector that makes known the
changes in the education elements such as schooling. One of
these factors that need to be understood includes the
significances of the introduction of boarding schools. For
instance, one of these occasions includes promoting the
establishment of boarding schools lifted through present
policies of enabling efficient schools' performances.
Therefore, the essay will highlight the advantages and
disadvantages of day schools, thus a factor to expect in the
review. Further, statistical data is provided regarding the
variances in the changes in percentages regarding changes in
61
the educational sector in China.
5. Research Significance
After a mission of finding facts and specific entities
relating to expanding the understanding based on the
actualisation concepts on boarding schools, it is sufficient to
establish that identification of significance and the
importance of research as a critical feature to consider.
According to the research problems identified above, we will
derive content on the advantages and disadvantages of the
matter. Therefore, basing our understanding on research., it is
essential to establish particular benefits achieved from such
situations, thus analysing how best the following
significances fit into our context. Thus, the following prompt
demonstrates how best these instances fit into context
according to boarding schools.
One of the advantages entails delivering analytical
information on the data produced. Accordingly, the research
helps in detailing a significant amount of the information
provided from various sources about the growth of boarding
schools in China. It helps elaborate the crucial steps that the
boarding schools have made, thus providing adequate
information for establishing a comparison of an issue.
Additionally, it is efficient because it plays a critical role in
ensuring that there is outlined information regarding how
information is listed down according to the various ways in
which boarding schools have been appraised in the
contemporary world.
Another significant contributing factor is to help
understand why there is a rampant growth of boarding schools
in China despite the popularity of day schools according to
various contexts. Accordingly, the prompt on the research
problems identifies that as part of the appraisal of the
boarding schools in the modern world, it is sufficient to
establish that popularity is defined as the valuable and
negating part of research according to the text. As a sign of
the essay, it is prudent to apply that; according to the nature
in which boarding schools have been perceived in the
educational sector, it is sufficient to explain that
understanding the development to be positively or negatively
popular is significant to education. The implementation of
such features includes the acceptance of ideas curtailing the
scope of boarding schools to the stakeholders.
Seemingly, understanding the project in boarding schools
aids with understanding how organisations affiliated with
schools exist. From the essay and other pieces of research, we
will derive essential organisations that work together with the
schools to help highlight the differences of operations
between boarding schools and day schools. According to the
study, we can derive the benefits accruing from the existence
of research by establishing how the presence of Parent
Teachers Authority manipulates variances in data. The P.T.A.
is a critical organisation in schools that helps outline the
habitable relationships between the school and the students,
the teachers and students, and the parents and the teachers.
Normatively, the essay helps in identifying such features of
the Parent Teachers Association in schools.
Additionally, understanding the best approaches towards
advising school-going children is a critical factor that calls for
intervention. As a significant, guidance and counselling helps
in the intervention of particular characteristics through which
individuals find efficient application in the schooling sector.
Through identifying such aspects in the economy, it is
essential to establish that certain entities need to be accepted
in boarding schools. It recognises that there are more
guidance and counselling sessions in boarding schools, unlike
in the day schools, thus an essence worth mentioning.
6. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework identifies the inclusion of
journal articles used while analysing boarding schools in
China as a project of educational management. These articles
will help provide the framework and the scope of study that
facilitates our understanding of the implementation of
boarding schools in the Republic of China. In addition, certain
aspects relied upon identifying that they provide the outlook
for the essay. They help in analysing particular outlines
established by the composition according to the research
problems presented. Furthermore, they apply significant
essence in creating the body of the text hence providing
critical information on boarding schools in China.
Instantaneously, the essay extrapolates how efficiently the
paper establishes the opportunities to effectively highlight the
benefits of boarding schools according to its different ways of
implication. They also compare data ranging from the
differences in the data provided between boarding schools
and day schools. Therefore, the theoretical framework entails
an analysis of journal articles concerning the above argument.
Earlier in the essay, I mentioned that it was critical to
establish the appropriate means to identify the historical
outline of the boarding schools in China. According to J.
Leibold, the development of boarding schools was introduced
in China to children in the rural and marginalised
communities to acquire sufficient education (Leibold, 2018).
Another article from sage publications indicates an analysis
of the policies that govern rural boarding schools in these
communities (Zhao, 2011). In addition, it is critical to identify
that the article establishes how best the Chinese government
allocated funds to such schools
Moreover, compensation for disadvantaged families by the
Chinese government was a policy that the government
adopted to aid struggling families to educate their students
(Luo & Wendel, 1999). The article provides a detailed
summary of how the government implements policies to help
low-income families take their children to school (Luo &
Wendel, 1999). According to the article by the OECD, the
Parents, Teachers Association is on the front line to ensure the
workability of the school programs (Shutterstock.com, 2016).
For instance, they have instigated an organised education
system that facilitates efficient learning. Similarly, a journal
article on "Early Childhood Education and Relative policies
in China" includes information on how students are handled
in school amid various challenges such as bad advice, thus an
intervention on guidance and counselling (Zhu, 2009). Other
themes support the article, such as "Junior High School
Education in China."
The highlighted citations from the above prompt are
sufficient to help maintain the arguments regarding the
expression of boarding schools are credible. Their application
is good while covering information on the presentation of data
for analysis. In addition, they provide opportunities for
verifying whether the data being used would be sufficient to
accommodate comparisons between information collected
regarding public schools and boarding schools. For instance,
according to (Zhao, 2011) general day schools were not
adequate for the citizens of the Chinese republican country,
thus identifying specified actions and policies by the
government thus facilitating qualitative education through the
62
invention of boarding schools in the areas. Additionally,
government intervention highlights the necessities in learning.
Contrastingly, it identifies a different approach while
responding to private institutions (Zhao, 2011). Private
institutions contrast to public institutions since they are barely
affected by policies regarding their finances; however, they
have similar approaches to those of boarding schools.
7. Hypothesis Testing
Testing of hypothesis is essential in coming up with the
integrated strategies we could use to create appropriate
conclusions for the essay. Testing of hypothesis includes
setting up conditions that need to be met to have the
credentials in the selection criteria in research. According to
our context, it is appropriate to follow the provisions
necessary for testing the hypothesis. For instance, the testing
hypothesis is synthesised by five elaborate methods through
which we elaborate on the best ways in which the selection of
specific elements is promoted.
While testing of hypothesis, it is sufficient we follow the
following specifications. For instance, one of the ways we test
for an inference includes specifying null hypotheses whereby
they entail an entity of value that doesn't signify a concrete
meaning; instead, it awaits approval. The second method for
testing a hypothesis provides that there should be a selected
alternative hypothesis through which there will be a
comparison between the null and the alternative view. After
comparing the elements, an individual must establish a result
regarding the practicability of the hypothesis existing
between the invalid and the alternate theory. Therefore, we
perform the appropriate arithmetic computations or statistical
tests that help us identify whether an approach will be
accepted or rejected.
According to our context, it would be efficient to apply
statistics from journal articles to identify whether boarding
schools are acceptable in the Chinese schooling system.
While texting for hypothesis, we consider day schools a null
hypothesis while boarding schools are an alternative
hypothesis. The Comparison of the belief above would result
in evaluating whether either of the views could be adopted.
After establishing the idea, it is essential to subject the
hypothesis to statistical tests following correlation variation
of statistical data. According to the statistics, it is suitable to
analyse the statistical results, after which we could derive
information for the journal article.
For the hypothesis test to be practical, it is essential to
derive that the hypothesis's credibility is credible if it will lie
within the limits of the correlating variances, failure to which
will result in the nullification of the thesis. For the hypothesis
to be compelling, we need to relate the information provided
by a journal article according to the means, modes, and
medians. We describe the essential elements of the results.
From the data, we derive that we will not consider the
hypothesis if the presented data does not reach the limits of
the variances and mean. Therefore, we need to make a
comparison between the means provided by these articles. For
instance, the set limit of the standard that needs to be attained
exists at a 0.75 level; it is ideal for accepting a hypothesis if
results are greater than or equal to 0.6 but doesn't exceed 0.75;
it is practical to get an idea. However, if the view goes below
0.6, the hypothesis should be rejected.
Therefore, after subjecting the null and the alternative
hypothesis, it is prudent to identify a clarified difference
between the two subjects. According to the results, we explain
that day schools were rejected as the null hypothesis through
which we can identify particular characteristics exhibited by
the analysis. For instance, day schooling provided a mean of
0.55 preference which was within the rejection area of the
hypothesis, thus its nullification as a hypothesis.
Contrastingly, the alternative view exhibited its characteristic
as belonging to the range of 0.65, thus showing a preference
of the theory hence its approval.
8. Literature Review
By evaluating the information listed above, it is tentative to
conclude that the information provided is credible for use and
Comparison according to the data presented above.
According to the above discussions, several aspects regarding
boarding schools outline certain factors in the educational
sector. Accordingly, the essay above outlines particular
factors such as; the introduction of boardings in the
contemporary world, the comparisons between boarding
schools and day schools, marginalisation of education by the
government according to different perspectives, and the
impacts of the parents' teachers' association among schools in
China. Through understanding these factors in the
contemporary world, it is necessary to contemplate these
features by analysing the peer reviews being used in the text.
According to research, the historical manifestation of the
education sector was felt after the introduction of boarding
institutions in China to facilitate students' learning in rural
areas. Further, these learning institutions gradually increased
in the country due to the implementation of various policies
by the Chinese government. The government agreed to create
incentives that would promote the growth of boarding schools,
thus their popularity. As a primary objective of the Chinese
republic, it was essential to establish the factual grounds that
would be implemented regarding the popularisation of
education in the economic sector. According to Lebold, and
author of a journal article, the invention of boarding schools
was implemented in the rural areas of the China country,
whereby it was used to facilitate the growth of education.
Similarly, the government was keen to adopt incentives that
would facilitate the creation of boarding schools, which is
evidenced by the creation of opportunities for the children in
rural areas. Further, the government is recorded in a journal
article to implement various incentives that promote the
expansion and integration of education in these areas, thus
helping create opportunities in the sector. Such incentives
helped analyse the differences experienced in the education
sectors that the disparities brought about by the differences
like poor financing abilities. Accordingly, due to lack of
finances, poor attendances in these areas permitted
establishing educative centres at lower prices through the help
of government incentives.
Further, after evaluating how boarding schools have
infringed on China's education sector, it is sufficient to
establish the differences between day schools and boarding
schools regarding various aspects such as management, their
description, and the nature of operation while conducting
their daily curriculum structure. Further, it is sufficient to hold
that, other than Comparison over the mentioned features of
the study, it is also critical to analyse the measures in which
their implementations are put in place and what is done to
facilitate learning in these schools.
There are distinct differences that would help individuals
establish a clarified understanding between day and boarding
schools. For instance, in terms of the activities, the day
63
schools have different activities and curriculum activities. one
of the most significant changes in the education sector is how
the learning was conducted. Children in day schools are
usually accustomed to going home after school. However,
there is a difference in the school system while referring to
learning in boarding schools. Students in boarding schools
have limited access to the outside world after school after
reporting to school.
Another distinct difference outlined by research is the
management of various activities, such as how learning
activities are conducted in such schools. For instance,
learning activities in schools are also conducted overnight
since there is more time at the disposal of the teachers and
students in these schools. The case is contrary in day schools,
whereby they face challenges in attending classes overnight.
Additionally, management in boarding schools is different in
that students are made sure to be accustomed to staying in the
school rather than going home. According to such
adjustments, it is critical to identify a contrast between the
boarding and day schools.
As maintained by statistical data, it is sufficient to withhold
that according to hypothesis testing as presented in a review
above, it would be adequate to establish that day school
learning is not preferred by many people, unlike boarding
schools due to the results presented regarding the same. The
differences in the means of the two aspects could have been
brought about by the advantages boarding schools have over
day schools. One of these advantages includes more time for
the students to read their books and concentrate on their
studies, thereby identifying it as a benefit. Additionally,
boarding schools are beneficial to the education sector since
they evaluate the policies presented by the government to
improve learning hence a vital advantage to review.
9. Research Methodology
The information is used in analysing the essay mainly
entailed journal articles that maintained different sources of
information and analysis of the structure of this research paper.
Through research, the inclusion of data was elaborated
according to how data was presented over the analysis
provided. For instance, the document offered statistical
measures, especially while measuring coefficient variations
through which they analyse the hypothesis testing methods
and techniques used in testing the acceptable hypothesis.
Additionally, establishing good relationships between
interrelating aspects of boarding schools, such as P.T.A.'s,
management of such schools, and the policies governing these
entities demonstrate sufficient correlation of similar concepts
regardless of such situations. Additionally, these schools offer
comparisons between the differences in schools hence, the
research.
10. Findings and Conclusions
According to hypothesis testing, the results obtained above
contained a detailed overview of the analysis, thus concluding
that boarding schools have been widely accepted and adopted
in China.
11. Recommendation
After research was conducted by various means and
methods, it established that boarding schools are beneficial to
the Chinese education system, thus should be appraised by the
mass population in these schools. Additionally, incentives by
the government should be considered while ensuring the
adoption of boarding schools in China.
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