UNIT IIL TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYERSTRANSPORT LAYER The transport layer is the layer in the open system interconnection (OSI) model responsible for end-to-end communication over a network. It provides logical communication between application processes running on different hosts within a layered architecture of protocols and other network components. The transport layer is also responsible for the management of error correction, providing quality and reliability to the end user. This layer enables the host to send and receive error corrected data, packets or messages over a network and is the network component that allows multiplexing. Inthe OSI model, the transport layer is the fourth layer of this network structure.APPLICATION LAYER The application layer is a layer in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model and in the TCP/IP protocol suite. It consists of protocols that focus on process-to-process communication across an IP network and provides a firm communication interface and end-user services.TRANSPORT AND APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS Acre Boke Hr oer kee] errr ai_| vile Network Link ‘hay Physical » iFunctions of the transport layer : — Check summing over user data — Multiplexing and de-multiplexing of user data. Transport layer protocols : — TCP ( Transmission control protocol) — UDP ( User Datagram Protocol) Advantages of TCP over UDP. - TCP is a connection oriented protocol. — Stream oriented, not transaction oriented — In order delivery ~ Reliable data transmission. — Follows retransmission mechanism in case of congestion. — Network friendly — Slow down the transmission in case of congestion.TCP guesses quite often wrong in wireless and mobile networks + Packet loss due to transmission errors + Packet loss due to change of network Result 3 + Severe performance degradation packet lossTRADITIONAL TCP TCP congestion control - Packet loss in fixed(wired) networks typically due to (temporary) overload situations — Router have to discard packets as soon as the buffers are full when sum of the input rates of packets is higher than the capacity of the output link. — Receiver acknowledge all packets in sequence up to the missing one — Sender recognizes the missing ack and assumes there is a packet loss due to congestion and slow down the transmission.Slow start | — Sender calculates a congestion window for a receiver — Start with a congestion window size equal to one segment Je tl — Exponential increase of the congestion window(1,2,4,8...) up to thi congestion threshold, then linear increase until a time out occurs due to missing ack.. 84 — Missing acknowledgement causes the reduction of the congestion threshold to one half of the current congestion window — congestion window starts again with one segment and continues up to the new threshold, then linear increaseTCP fast retransmit/fast recovery \\ € \\ y - TCP sends an acknowledgement only after receiving a packet — if a sender receives several acknowledgements for the same packet, this is due to a gap in received packets at the receiver. Gap is not due to congestion but a simple packet loss due to transmission error. Sender performs a fast recovery by retransmitting the missing packets before the timer expires. This is referred as fast retransmit. — however, the receiver got all packets up to the gap and is actually receiving packets - therefore, packet loss is not due to congestion, continue with current congestion window (do not use slow-start)TCP implications on mobility + TCP assumes congestion if packets are dropped — typically wrong in wireless networks, here we often have packet loss due to transmission errors — furthermore, mobility itself can cause packet loss. * @.g. a mobile node roams from one access point (e.g. foreign agent in Mobile IP) to another while there are still packets in transit to the wrong access point and forwarding is not possible + The performance of an unchanged TCP degrades severely — however, TCP cannot be changed fundamentally due to the large base of installation in the fixed network, TCP for mobility has to remain compatible — the basic TCP mechanisms keep the whole Internet together