DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

THE ODE OF ORDER ONE

(Modelling / Applications)
Dr. Ernesto T. Anacta, BSCE, MSCE, Ph.D.CE

Notes:
I.4.1 Applications of ODE
of Order One 1. In using (31), c and k are evaluated first using
the given conditions in the problem;
2. There should be two given conditions;
I.4.1.1 Population Growth
Problem 3. The resulting particular solution is used to
solve for the unknowns (which is either P or
t).
The population of a certain place (or territory) There are two cases to be considered in solving
grows exponentially and proportional to the this problem:
number of inhabitants present. Its ODE is
modelled as Case 1. Initial population and population after t1
given
Population
Case 2. Populations at two given times t1 and t2
P
growth curve given
P2 We will consider both cases in our examples.

P1
Example 10
P0
t Case 1:
t0 t1 t2
A. The population of an island is known to
Figure 1. Population growth model increase in proportion to its number of people
present. If, initially, there were 10,000 people
dP and after 5 years the population grew by 25%,
= kP (30)
dt find:
1. The population after 12 years;
Eq. (30) may be solved. Its GS using SOV is
2. The time for the population to double;
P = cekt (31)
3. The number of people after two decades;
and
where :
4. The number of years for the population to
P = the population at any time, t reach 50,000.
(usually in millions)
Solution:
P0 = initial population (or population at t = 0)
P1 = population at t1 Condition 1: When t = 0, P0 = 10,000
P2 = population at t2 Condition 2: When t = 5, P0 = 12,500
(25% increase)
t = time (in years)
Imposing Condition 1 in (31), we have
k = constant of proportionality
10,000 = cek(0) gives c = 10,000
c = arbitrary constant of integration
Then (31) becomes
 P = 10,000ekt (1a) 320,000 = ce10k (2b)
Imposing Condition 2 in (31), Dividing (2b) with (2a) we have
we have
320 ,000 ce10 k
12,500 = 10,000ek(5)  12,500 = 10,000ek(5) =
250 ,000 ce 6k
e5k = 1.25  ln e5k = ln 1.25
1.28 = e4k  k = 0.0617
5k = ln 1.25  k = (ln 1.25)/5 = 0.0446
Substitute k = 0.0617 into (2a)
and (31) becomes 250,000 = ce6(0.0617)  c = 172,633.49
P = 10,000e0.0446t (1b) Then using (31), we have
Notice that (1b) has two parameters which P = 172,633.49 e0.0617t (2c)
means that one value should be known (or
given) in order to get the other. The same is our Eq. (2c) will be used to answer Items (a)
“governing equation” which we will use to through (d).
answer Items (a) through (d). 1. The initial population (t = 0)
1. The population after 12 years
P = 172,633.49 e0.0617(0) = 172,633 persons
0.0446(12)
P = 10,000 e = 17,083 persons 2. The time for the population to triple
2. The time for the population to double,
P = 3  172,633 = 517899
P = 2(10,000)
517899 = 172,633.49 e0.0617t
20000 = 10,000e0.0446t  t = 15.54 years
t = 17.81 yrs
3. The number of people after two decades
3. The number of people after 8 years; and
t = 2 x 10 = 20 yrs.
P = 172,633.49 e0.0617(8) = 282,808 persons
0.0446(20)
P = 10,000 e = 24,400 persons 4. The number of years for the population to
4. The number of years for the population to reach 400,000.
reach 50,000. 400000 = 172,633.49 e0.0617t
50000 = 10,000e 0.0446t
 t = 36.09 years t = 13.62 yrs
Case 2:
Self-Assessment Test 9
B. The population of a territory is known to grow
proportionately to the number of people present. 1. The population of a colony is known to
If, after 6 years, there were 250,000 people and increase in proportion to its number of people
after 10 years the population increased to present. If, initially, there were 50,000 people
320,000, find: and after 8 years the population was increased
by 1/4, find:
1. The initial population;
a. The population after 5 years;
2. The time for the population to triple; b. The time for the population to be increased
3. The number of people after 8 years; and by a half;
4. The number of years for the population to c. The number of people after 15 years; and
reach 400,000. d. The number of years for the population to
reach 75,000.
Solution:
Condition 1: When t = 6, P0 = 250,000 2. The population an island is known to increase
proportionately with the number of its
Condition 2: When t = 10, P0 = 320,000 inhabitants. If, after 4 years, there were 50,000
people and after 10 years the population
Imposing Conditions 1 and 2 in (31), we have increased to 120,000, find:
250,000 = ce6k (2a) a. The initial population;
 b. The time for the population to double; A. A certain substance was initially 100 cc. After
c. The number of people after 6 years; and 5 days 45% of its volume decayed. Find

d. The number of years for the population to a. The amount of material after a decade.
triple. b. The time when the ¾ of the material will
remain.
We will now go to the next application.
c. The volume of the material that decayed
after 3 yrs;
I.4.1.2 Decay Problem
Solution:
Given a substance that decomposes with time.
Its ODE is modelled as Substituting the given conditions in (33).
Condition 1: when t = 0 year, N = 100 cc
N Substance
decay curve 100 = cek(0)  c = 100
N0
Then (33) becomes

N1 N = 100ekt (11a)
N2 Condition 2: when t = 5 years, N = 55 cc (material
t present). Substituting the given conditions in
t0 t1 t2 (33), we have
55 = cek(5) or k = –0.1196
Figure 2. Substance decay model
And (1a) becomes
dN
= kN (32) N = 100e–0.1196t (11b)
dt
and its GS is Which is our governing equation are now ready
to answer a, b and c using (11b):
N = cekt (33) 1. The amount of material after a decade (10
where: years).

N = amount of material present at any time t N = 100e–0.1196(10) = 30.25 cc

t = time
k = constant of proportionality
c = arbitrary constant of integration
Notes:
1. Eq. (32) and (33) are similar to (30) and (31).
2. The two models however differ in their trend
WRT time (the sooner increases and the
later decreases with time).
3. Similar to (30), (32) is solved using SOV and
in using (D-2), c and k are evaluated first
using the given conditions in the problem.
4. There should be two given conditions;
5. The resulting particular solution is used to
solve for the unknowns (which is either N or
t).
Example 11
2. The time when the ¾ of the material will
remain.
¾(100) = 100e–0.1196t gives t = 2.40 yrs
3. The volume of the material that decayed
after 3 yrs.
The remaining material after 3 yrs is
N = 100e–0.1196(3) = 69.85 cc
Then the part of the material that decayed after
3 yrs is
N’ = 100 – 69.85 = 30.15 cc
B. After 5 hours, 700 mg of a certain chemical
substance was left and after 1 day, 500 mg
remained. Find
1. The initial amount of the substance.
 2. The time when 75% of the substance has 3. The quantity that decomposed after 1 day.
decayed.
3. The quantity that decomposed after 1 week. I.4.1.3 Newton’s Law of
Cooling (Temp. Problem)
Solution:
We will first substitute the given conditions in A material is heated to an initial temperature
Eq. (33). T0 and is immediately allowed to cool off in a
N = ce kt
(33) surrounding with temperature Tm. Its ODE is
modelled as
Condition 1: 700 = ce5k (11c)
24k T
Condition 2: 500 = ce (11d)
T0 Cooling curve
Solving (8-1) and (8-2) gives (see Example 6) model

k = –0.0177 and c = 764.77

T1
and (33) becomes T2
–0.0177t TM
N = 764.77e (11e) t
t0 t1 t2
We are now ready to answer a, b and c using
(11e): Figure 3. Temperature change model
1. The initial amount of the substance. (t = 0)
dT
N = 764.77e–0.0177(0) = 764.77 mg = –k(T – Tm) (34)
dt
2. The time when 75% of the substance has
decayed (or 25% of the substance was left) and its GS is

764.77(0.25) = 764.77e–0.0177t T = ce–kt + Tm (35)

t = 78.32 hrs where:
3. The quantity that decomposed after 1 week. T = temperature of the material at any time t
The quantity that was left after 1 week (168 hrs) Tm = temperature of the surrounding medium
is t = time
–0.0177(164)
N = 764.77e = 42.13 mg k = constant of proportionality
And the quantity that decomposed is c = arbitrary constant of integration
N = 764.77 – 42.13 = 722.64 mg
Notes:

Self-Assessment Test 10 1. Tm should be given in the problem.

2. Eq. (34) is solved using LDE.
A. A certain material was initially 1 cc. After one
week 75% of its volume was left. Find 3. In using (35), c and k are evaluated first using
the given conditions in the problem.
1. The amount of material after a month.
4. There should be two given conditions;
2. The time when 25% of its volume has
5. The resulting particular solution is used to
decayed.
solve for the unknowns (which is either T or
3. The volume of the material that decayed t).
after 10 months.
B. After an hour, 100 mg of a certain chemical
substance was left and after 25 minutes, 70 mg
Example 12
remained. Find
1. The initial amount of the substance. A. A metal was heated to a temperature of
100C and was immediately placed in a room
2. The time half of the substance has decayed.
with surrounding temperature of 25C. After 10
min. the metal cooled off to 50C. Find
1. The temperature after 30 min.
2. The time for the temperature to drop to half
of its initial temperature.
3. The temperature after two hours.
Solution:
With Tm = 25C, (E-2) becomes
T = ce–kt + 25
Condition 1: T = 100C when t = 0, using (12a)
100 = ce–k(0) + 25 gives c = 75
And (12a) becomes
T = 75e–kt + 25
Condition 2: when t = 10 min, T = 50C, using (9-
2)
–k(10)
50 = 75e + 25 gives k = 0.1099
And (9-1) becomes
T = 75e–0.1099t + 25
We will now compute (a), (b) and (c) using
(12c), we have
1. The temperature after 30 min.
T = 75e–0.1099(30) + 25 = 27.77C
2. The time for the temperature to drop to half
of its initial temperature.
50 = 75e–0.1099t + 25 gives t = 9.01 min
3. The temperature after two hours (120 min).
T = 75e–0.1099(120) + 25 = 25 min (surrounding
medium)
Self-Assessment Test 11
A metal was heated to a temperature of 120C
and was immediately placed in a room with
surrounding temperature of 24C. After 15 min.
the metal cooled off to 2/3 of its temperature.
Find:
1. The temperature after ½ of an hour.
2. The time for the temperature to drop to
50C.
3. The temperature after 1 hour.
I.4.1.4 Mixing Problem
The Problem:
Assume that water containing w grams (g) of
salt per liter (l) is entering the tank at the rate of
r liters per minute (l/min), and the well stirred
mixture inside the tank goes out at the same
rate r. (See Figure 4.) Its ODE is modelled as
r l/min, w g/l
(12a)
Q0 gram of salt
dissolved in Vw
liters of water r l/min
(12b)
Figure 4. The Mixing Problem
1. Find the amount of salt Q(t) in the tank at
any time;
(12c) 2. Set up the initial value problem that
describes this flow process if at time t = 0,
the tank contains Q0 gram of salt;
3. Find the limiting amount QL that is present
after a very long time (t = )
4. If r = 4.0 l/min, w = 0.5 g/l and Vw = 40 l and Q0
= 30 g, formulate the specific ODE and GS;
5. The amount of salt in the tank after 5 min.,
and after 1 hour;
6. The time when the amount of salt in the
tank is 10 grams;
7. If Q0 = 2 QL, find the time t after which the
salt level is within 2% of QL; and
8. Also find the flow rate that is required if the
value of T is not to exceed 20 min.
The Solution:
1. We will assume that salt is neither created
nor destroyed in the tank. Therefore variations
in the amount of salt inside the tank are caused
solely by the inflow (mixture entering the tank)
and outflow (mixture leaving the tank). More
precisely, the rate of change of salt in the tank,
dQ/dt (in g/min), is equal to the rate at which
mixture is flowing in minus the rate at which it is
flowing out, that is
dQ
= Rate in – Rate out (36)
dt
where:
Q = Q(t) = wVw + c ert Vw (42)
Rate in = rw (g/min) (37)
which is the required amount of salt in the tank
rQ at any time, t.
Rate out = (g/min) (38)
Vw
2. To evaluate c, we will impose the initial
where: condition (at time t = 0, the tank contains Q0
gram of salt), or
Q = Q(t) = amount of salt in the tank at any
time, t (in grams, g) Q(0) = Q0. (43)

t = time element, (in minutes, min) Substituting (M-8) into (M-7) gives

w = amount of salt in the concentration that Q0 = wVw + ce0 or c = Q0 – wVw (44)

enters the tank (in grams per liter of
water, g/l)
r = the flow rate of the concentration that
enters and leaves the tank (in liters per
minute, l/min)
In finding the rate at which salt leaves the tank
we need to multiply the concentration of salt
inside the tank, Q by the rate of outflow, r. Since
the rates of flow in and out are equal, the
volume of water in the tank remains constant at
Vw, and since the mixture is “well-stirred,” the
concentration throughout the tank is the same,
namely, (Q/Vw) g/l. Therefore the rate at which
salt leaves the tank is (rQ/Vw) g/min. Thus the
differential equation governing this process [by
substituting Eqs. (37) and (38) into (36)] is
dQ rQ
= rw –
dt Vw
dQ rQ
+ = rw
dt Vw
and substituting back (M-9) into (M-7) gives
Q(t) = wVw + (Q0 – wVw) ert Vw (45)
which we can be put into
Q = Q(t) = wVw (1 – ert Vw ) + Q0 ert Vw
(46)
Note: The first term of the RHS of (46) is the
amount of salt in the tank due to the action of
the flow processes, while the second term
represents the portion of the original salt that
remains inside the tank at time t.
3. The limiting value QL can be derived from
(M-10) or (M-11) by noting that “as t   (very
long time), Q(t)  QL”. This gives us
QL = wVw (47)
Please take a close look at Eq. (45) or (45). If
(39) we will use a very large value of t in ert Vw
(noting that r and Vw are constants) the quantity

which is an ODE with dependent variable Q and ert Vw will approach a zero value and the two
independent variable t, that is, Q = Q(t). Hence r, equations (45) and (46) will reduce to (47).
Vw and w are treated as parameters. Equation
4. With r = 4.0 l/min, w = 0.5 g/l and Vw = 40 l
(39) may be solved using either SOV or LE
method. We will use the LE method here and and Q0 = 30 g, we have from (40)
write dQ 4
+  Q = (4.0)(0.50)
dQ r dt 40
+  Q = rw (40)
dt Vw
dQ
+ 0.10 Q = 2 (48)
The integrating factor is dt
r r and from (45), the corresponding GS is
 V w dt Vw 
dt
rt Vw
v= e = e = e (41) Q(t) = (0.50)(40) + [30 – (0.50)(40)] e4t 40
and the GS of (39) becomes
or Q(t) = 20 + 10 e 0.10t (49)
vQ =  v(rw)dt
5. The amount of salt in the tank after 5
rt Vw rt Vw rt Vw minutes using (49) is
e Q = rw  e dt = wVw e +c

which simplifies to Q(t) = 20 + 10 e0.10(5) = 26.06 g

 Substituting t = T and Q = 20.4 in (52) and
And after 1 hr (60 min) solving for T , we obtain
Q(t) = 20 + 10 e0.10(60) = 20.02 g (50) 40  40  (0.5)( 4) 
T= ln   = 7.25 min
6. The time (in minutes) when the amount of
4  20.4  (0.5)( 4) 
salt in the tank is 10 grams can be calculated
indirectly using (46) but you have to be extra 8. Solving for r in (52), we have
careful in solving for t in terms of the other
V  Q  wVw 
parameters since t is an exponent of e. For r = w ln  0  (53)
convenience, however, your Sir Anacta will t  Q(t )  wVw 
rewrite (10) in terms t which is a “ready-made”
formula, we have With t = T = 20 min, and other parameters being
the same, we have
Q(t) = wVw + (Q0 – wVw) ert Vw (45)
40  40  (0.5)( 4) 
r= ln   = 2.51 l/min
20  20.4  (0.5)( 4) 
(Q0 – wVw) ert Vw = Q(t) – wVw
Self-Assessment Test 12
rt Vw Q(t )  wVw
e = (51)
Q0  wVw Water containing 10 grams (g) of salt per liter (l)
is entering the tank at the rate of 5 liters per
To solve for t, let’s take the natural logarithm of minute (l/min), and the well stirred mixture
both sides of (51) and simplify. We have inside the tank goes out at the same rate 5.
(See Figure 4.)
 Q(t )  wVw 
ln( ert Vw ) = ln   Find:
 Q0  wVw 
1. The limiting amount QL that is present after
rt  Q(t )  wVw  a very long time (t = )
 ln e = ln   , ln e = 1
Vw  Q0  wVw  2. If Vw = 100 liters and Q0 = 500 g, formulate
the specific ODE and GS;
V  Q(t )  wVw 
t =  w ln   3. The amount of salt in the tank after 30 min.,
r  Q0  wVw  and after 2 hours;
which reduces to 4. The time when the amount of salt in the
tank is 75 grams;
V  Q  wVw 
t = w ln  0  (52) 5. The time t after which the salt level is within
r  Q(t )  wVw  5% of QL if Q0 = 3QL, find and
Such that, in answering Item 6, we have from 6. The flow rate that is required if the value of
(52) T is not to exceed 30 min.

40  30  (0.5)( 4) 
t= ln   = 12.53 min I.4.1.5 Motion Problems
4  10  (0.5)( 4) 

7. The limiting value of this problem is given in A. Falling object with resisting force
(47), that is proportional to its velocity

QL = wVw = (0.50)(40) = 20 g Given an object with mass m

falling in the atmosphere near
with Q0 = 2 QL = 40 g, (45) becomes sea level under the action of
gravity with resistance 
Q(t) = (0.50)(40) + [40 – (0.50)(40)] e4t Vw proportional to its velocity
(Figure A.1-1). Its mathematical
or Q(t) = 20 + 20 e 0.10t model is
Since 2% of 20 g is 0.4 g, we wish to find the dv
time T at which Q(t) has the value 20.4 g. m = mg – v (54) Figure 5. FBD
dt of forces on a
falling object
where:
1. To evaluate c in (13a) we will take the
m = mass of the object (kg) implied meaning of the word “dropped” which
v = velocity of the falling object (m/s) means that initially, the object is being held at
t = time (sec) rest. This means that v = 0 when t = 0. So we
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2) have from (1-a), c = –49. And from (13a) the
 = drag coefficient (kg/s) velocity at any time t is
Note: 2. The velocity v5 after 5s will be computed as
1. m dv/dt = net force acting on the object (N)
2
v = 49(1 – e–0.2t) (13b)
2. dv/dt = acceleration (m/s )
Using (1-b) with t = 5 s, we have
3. mg = weight of the object (N)
v5 = 49[1 – e–0.2(5)] = 30.97 m/s
4. v = drag force acting on the object (N)
3. To solve for the time for the object to reach
5. v is a function of time and positive
downward (i.e., when the object is falling) the mid-height of the building (which is 150 m),
we need to formulate an equation of distance in
Dividing (54) by m, the same reduces to terms of time. From (13a) noting that v = ds/dt,
we have
dv 
+ v=g (55) ds
dt m = 49(1 – e–0.2t)
dt
Equation (55) is a linear equation. Its GS is
(please derive!): ds = 49(1 – e–0.2t) dt (13c)

 ce m  t
gm Integrating (13c) gives
v= (56)
 s = 49t + 245 e–0.2t + c (13d)
Example 13 To evaluate c in (13d), we will impose the initial
condition s = 0 when t = 0 (which means, initially,
An object with mass 10 kg is the object is at the top of the building). This
dropped from the top of a gives c = –245. Then (13d) becomes
building 300 m high (see Top of
Figure 6). Assuming a drag building s = 49t + 245 e–0.2t – 245 (13e)
coefficient of 2 kg/s, find: Now, letting s = 150 m, (13e) becomes
1. The velocity at any t=0
s=0
49t + 245 e–0.2t – 395 = 0 (13f)
time t v=0
300 m
Equation (13f) may be solved by numerical
2. The velocity v5 after 5 s methods (which you will take up next year), or
3. The time TM to reach by trial and error method. This gives an
the mid-height of the approximate value of (using MS Excel program)
building Ground t = TM = 6.77 sec
4. The time TG to reach
the ground Figure 6
5. The velocity vT when it 4. For the time to reach the ground, we will use
hits the ground s = 300 m in (13e), thus;
Solution: 49t + 245 e–0.2t – 545 = 0
Using (56) with m = 10 kg, g = 9.8 m/s2,  = 2 kg/s This gives t = TG = 10.51 sec
we have
Note that TM and TG are time for the object to
 ce 2 10  t
9.8(10) reach the mid-height of the building and ground,
v= respectively.
2
5. Finally using (13b), the velocity when the
v = 49 + ce –0.2t (13a)
object hits the ground is
v = vG =49[1 – e–0.2(10.51)] = 43.01 m/s
Page 57 of 74

Self-Assessment Test 13
An object with mass 10 kg is dropped from the
top of a building 300 m high (see Figure).
Assuming a drag coefficient of 1.5 kg/s, find:
to “ e  gt   ” which can be evaluated using the
“ex” key in your calculator.
The two cases are:
Case 1: Velocity in terms of time

1. The velocity v5 after 10 s;  gt 

v =  + (vo – ) exp    (62)
3. The time to reach the 100 m above the  
ground;
Case 2: Time in terms of velocity
4. The time to reach the ground; and
5. The velocity when the hits the ground.   v 
t=  ln  
 (63)
g  vo   
B. Falling object with resisting force proportional
to its velocity (Alternative model) Example 14

Given an object with weight w falling in the A 3.2-kg object falls through a medium with a
atmosphere near sea level under the action of resisting force proportional to its velocity, and
gravity with resistance k proportional to its having coefficient of resistance of 050 kg/sec. If
velocity (Figure 5). Its mathematical model is the initial velocity of the falling object is 25 m/s,
find:
w dv
= w – fr (57) 1. the velocity of the falling object after 1.8
g dt
sec.
in which: 2. the resisting force of the medium.
w = mg (58) 3. the time elapsed after its velocity doubled.
fr = kv (59) Solution:
where: The given values are:
w = weight of the body, kg-m/s2 or N
m = 3.2 kg vo = 25 m/s and k = 0.50 kg/s
m = mass of the body, kg
Then
g = gravitational constant = 9.8 m/s2
w = mg = 3.2(9.8) = 31.39 kg-m/s2 = 31.39 N
v = velocity at any time t, m/s
fr = force of the resisting medium, kg-m/s2 or N  = w k = 31.39 0.50 = 62.78 m/s
k = coefficient of resistance, kg/s
1. Using (F-9):
t = time, sec or s
 gt 
Its particular solution is v =  + (vo – ) exp   
 
 gt 
v =  + (vo – ) exp    (60)  (9.81)(1.8) 
  v = 62.78 + (25 – 62.78) exp   
 62.78 
in which:
v = 62.78 – 37.73 exp  0.28 
 = wk (61)
v = 62.78 – 37.73(0.755) = 34.29 m/s
where vo = initial velocity (velocity at t = 0), m/s
2. Using (F-6)
The derivation of (60) from (57) is very simple
(You can DO this!). Note that (60) has two fr = –kv = – (0.50)(34.29) = –17.14 N
unknowns: velocity v and time t in which one
must be given in order to get the other value. 3. Using (F-10) with v = 2(25) = 50 m/s:
 gt 
The expression “exp    ” in (60) corresponds   v 
  t=  ln  

g  vo   
   v   vo  2 gt 
62 .78  50  62 .78  = exp   (65)
=  ln     v   vo   
9.81  25  62 ..78 
in which:
t = (–6.40) ln (0.338) = 6.94 sec

Self-Assessment Test 13 = w , m/s (66)

A 2.5-kg object falls through a medium with a
resisting force proportional to its velocity, and
having coefficient of resistance of 30 kg/sec. If
the initial velocity of the falling object is 25 m/s,
find:
1. the velocity of the falling object after 2
sec.
2. the resisting force of the medium.
3. the time elapsed after its velocity doubled.
k
vo = initial velocity (velocity at t = 0), m/s
Looking closely at (65), you will notice that there
are two parameters: velocity v and time t. Hence
in order to use the equation, one (either v or t)
should be given in order to get the other value.
 2 gt 
Also, the expression “exp   ” in (65)
  
corresponds to “ e 2 gt   ” which can be
evaluated using the “ex” key in your calculator.

C. Falling object with resisting force proportional We will also consider two cases here:
to the square of its velocity (Alternative Model)
Case 1: Velocity in terms of time
Given an object with
weight w falling in the R 1
kv2 v=  (67)
atmosphere near sea R 1
level under the action of
gravity with resistance k where:
proportional to the   vo
w  2 gt 
square of its velocity R= exp   (68)
(Figure 6). Its   vo   
mathematical model is Figure 7. FBD
of forces on a Do This: Derive Eq. (68) from (65).
w dv
= w – kv2 (64) falling object
g dt Case 2: Time in terms of velocity

t= ln |S| (69)
where: 2g

w = weight of the body, kg-m/s2 or N where:

v = velocity at any time t (m/s)
   v     vo 
t = time (sec) S=    (70)
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s2)    v     vo 
k = coefficient of resistance, kg/m
Do This: Derive Eq. (70) from (65).
Note:
1. w/g = m = mass of the object (N) For the sake of adding something to your
mathematical vocabulary and for you to
2. dv/dt = acceleration (m/s2) appreciate the concept of applications of ODE,
we will derive Eq. (65) from (64), thus
3. w = mg = weight of the object (N)
4. v = velocity at any time t, m/s w dv
= w – kv2 (64)
2 g dt
5. fr = kv = resisting force on the medium (N)
6. v is a function of time and positive Transforming (64) into differential form, we have
downward (i.e., when the object is falling)
dv
w = gdt
The particular solution of (64) (see derivation w  k v2
below) is:
 dv velocity. If the initial velocity of the object is 12
or w = gdt (71) m/s and its coefficient of resistance is 0.12
 w 2
k  v  kg/m, find:
k 
1. the velocity of the falling object after 2 sec.
Let a2 =w/k or w = a2k (72)
2. the resistance force fr of the medium.
Subst. (72) to (71) and simplify: 3. the time when its velocity reaches 20 m/s
dv
a2k = gdt Solution:
k (a 2  v 2 )
The given values are:
a 2 dv m = 5 kg vo = 12 m/s and k = 0.10 kg/m
= gdt (73)
a2  v2
Then w = mg = 5(9.8) = 49.05 kg-m/s2 = 49.05 N
The LHS of (73) may be evaluated using
Trigonometric Substitution (Please do this!). Using (F-13)
Integrating (73) and simplifying, we have…
= w = 49.05 = 22.15 m/s
k 0.10
 1   a  v  c
a2   ln   = gt +
 2a   a  v   2 1. Using (F-15) and (F-14)), respectively:

  vo  2 gt 
a  av  c R= exp  
ln   = gt +   vo   
2  a  v   2
22 .15  12  2(9.81)( 2) 
 av  = exp  
a ln   = 2gt + c (74) 22 .15  12  22 .15 
 a  v  
R = (3.36) exp (1.77) = 19.73
Which is the GS of (64). Applying initial
conditions: t = 0, v = vo gives R 1 19.73  1
v= = 22.15 = 20.01 m/s
R 1 19.73  1
 a  vo 
a ln   = 2g(0) + c
 a  vo   2. Using Note No. 5:
fr = –kv2 = – (0.10)(20.01)2 = –40.04 N
 a  vo 
or c = a ln   (75)
 a  vo  
 The – sign means that fr is in opposite direction
with w.
Substituting (76) into (75)
3. Using (70) and (69), respectively
 av   a  vo 
a ln   = 2gt + a ln      v     vo 
 a  v    a  vo  

S=   
   v     v o 

 av  2 gt  a  vo 
ln   = + ln   (76)
 a  v   a  a  vo    22.15  20 
=  
 22 .15  12 
 
 22.15  20   22 .15  12 
To simplify (77) we will apply the formula elnA = A
to the whole equation, and a(m + n) = amn to its RHS S = 19.60(0.297) = 5.825
(Do this!!!). This will give us
 22 .15
t= ln|S| = ln(5.825) = 1.99 sec
  v   vo  2 gt  2g 2(9.81)
= exp   QED
  v   vo   
Self-Assessment Test 14
which is Eq. (65).
A 3-kg object falls through a medium with a
Example 15 resistance force proportional to the square of its
velocity. If the initial velocity of the object is 8
A 5-kg object falls through a medium with a m/s and its coefficient of resistance is 0.15
resistance force proportional to the square of its kg/m, find:
 1. the velocity of the falling object after 5 sec. or ds = [(g sin ) t + vo] dt (81)
2. the resistance force fr of the medium. Finally, integrating (81) gives
3. the time when its velocity reaches 12 m/s
1 
s =  g sin   t 2 + vo t + c2 (82)
2 
D. Motion in an Inclined Plane
Similarly, with t = 0, s = so and c1 = vo in (82) gives
Given an object with weight w sliding on a c2 = so. Then (F-29) becomes
frictionless inclined plane (Figure 6). Its
1 
mathematical model is GS: s =  g sin  t 2 + vo t + so (83)
2 
Reference
line Eq. (83), has three parameters: sliding distance
w sin  s s, surface inclination WRT horizontal plane 
and time t. Hence, in order to use the said
Inclined equation, any two of the parameters should be
plane known. Note also that (83) is a quadratic in
w Sliding terms of t (which can have both + and – value)
 object in which you will choose the + value since time
 is a physical quantity.

Figure 8. FBD of forces on a sliding object Example 16

A block, acted by gravity alone, slides down an
w dv inclined plane as shown in Figure 7. If the block
= w sin  (77) starts from rest at point A.
g dt

s
where:
A
w = weight of the object, kg-m/s2 or N
v = velocity at any time t, m/s Inclined
plane C
t = time (sec) w h

g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s ) 2

B 

 = angle of inclination of the plane

Figure 9. The sliding block of Example 16
s = sliding distance of the object from the
reference line
Required:
Our task now is to derive an expression of the
sliding distance s of the object in terms of time t. 1. How long will it reach point B;
From (77) we have 2. Find its terminal velocity if h = 2.5 m and  =
dv = g sin  dt (78) 26.5;

Intgerating (78) gives If the initial distance and velocity are,

respectively, 1.2 m and 2.4 m/s
v = (g sin  ) t + c1 (79)
3. Find the distance covered after 2.75 sec
Applying initial conditions: t = 0, v = vo in (79)
gives c1 = vo, and (79) becomes 4. How long for the block to slide a distance of
2.5 m
v = (g sin ) t + vo (80)
5. What is the required angle of inclination of
which is the velocity of the sliding block at any the plane such that the block can slide a
time t. distance of 10 m after 1.6 s
Noting that v = ds/dt, (80) becomes Solution:
ds
= (g sin ) t + vo 1. Using (F-30) with  = 26.5, vo = 0 (at rest), so
dt
= 0 (initial point), and s = h/sin = 5.60 m, gives
 5.6 = ½(9.8) sin 26.5 t2  t = 1.6 sec

2. Using (F-27) with  = 26.5, vo = 0 and t = 1.6

sec
v = 9.8(sin26.5)(1.6) = 7.0 m/s

3. Using (F-30) with  = 26.5, vo = 2.4 m/s,

so = 1.2 m and t = 2.5 sec gives
s = ½ (9.8)(sin26.5)(2.5) + (2.4)(2.5) + (1.2)
= 20.88 m

4. Using (F-30) with  = 26.5, vo = 2.4 m/s, so =

1.2 m and s = 2.5 m gives t = 0.40 sec from:
2.5 = ½ (9.8)(sin26.5) t2 + (2.4) t + 1.2

2.186 t2 + 2.4 t – 1.3 = 0  t = 0.40 sec

5. Using (F-30) with s = 10.0 m, vo = 2.4 m/s, so =

1.2 m and t = 1.6 sec gives  = 23.29 through:
10 = ½ (9.8)(sin )(1.6)2 + (2.4)(1.6) + 1.2
sin  = 0.3954   = 23.29

Self-Assessment Test 15
A block, acted by gravity alone, slides down an
inclined plane as shown in Figure 7. If the block
starts from rest at point A.
Determine:
1. How long will it reach point B;
2. Find its terminal velocity if h = 3 m and  =
30;
If the initial distance and velocity are,
respectively, 1.5 m and 3.0 m/s
3. Find the distance covered after 3.2 sec
4. How long for the block to slide a distance of
4m
5. What is the required angle of inclination of
the plane such that the block can slide a
distance of 5 m after 1.6 s