Reading Test 65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions inthis “Pe TE Each passage or pair of passages below Is followed by a number of ‘each passage or pair, choose the best answer to each question based & implied in the passage or passages and in any accompa graph Questions 1-10 are based on the following Passage. ore crashng into her friend Boyang’s; a jowmen they had lined up‘in the courtyaN@iring one of the biggest snovstorms— she wanted, she could always assign more meaning. ‘those memories, diminishing others, Yet her connection to the Midwest had begun ith snow. Before she met Josef, she had been in Madison for two and a half months, but those days, like the time since she had left Josef, had been willfully turned into the footprints of seabirds on wet sand, existing only between the flow and ebb of the tide. Is it possible for one to develop an attachment toa place or a time without another person being 40 involved? Ifso, the place and the time must make a ‘most barren habitat, Guangzhou, where she had gone to college for four years, had been marked by the absence of any communication between her and her old friends in Beijing, but even thatlack had been ‘meaningful: people, absent, could claim more space. ‘The Massachusetts town Moran had lived in for the past eleven years, however, did not offer a ‘memorable emptiness; in shunning people, she had turned the place, with its abundant sunny days in the ‘50 summer and its beautiful autumn colors, into a mere spot on the map, the time she'd spent there collapsed into one long day of not feeling. No, solitude she did not have; what she had was a never- ending quarantine. ‘This passage is adapted from Yiyun Li, Kinder Thon Solitude. (©2014 by Yiyun Li. Moran is a Chinese immigrant to the United States who is visting her ex husband Jose, vt In Wisconsin, Moran walked to the window, which o the parking lot. A man, the manager of th judging by his looks, was unloading bags of Line from his pickup truck. Earlier, at holiday traveling, the peop wondered, worries al 10 homecoming lini nurse, too, when red the delight in the eyes of the \dian students from years ago ‘Off snowtall; back ia their home have left ripples of marvel fe herself had not shared their relish. always go back to another moment in history to negate the present; only the impressionable and the inexperienced —in that case, the people from the snéwless tropics—are liable to christen a moment 25 memory. The snow-covered hills west of the Back Sea; her bicycle tires skidding on rutted, hard-pressed her eaiee tema 2 continue435. The snow on the day when Moran had first met Josef had been light and flaky. and in the parking lot he had swept a layer of it off the windshield with his gloved hands. He had offered to drive her back to the ‘Westlawn House, and she had not known how to 9 decline, even though she would have preferred a long walk in the snowy dusk. Tt. was time to get a new scraper, he sid, and when he saw her puzzled look, he asked if things ‘were allright. 65 She said everything was allright, though he looked concerned still, and wanted to know if her headache was bothering her and if she needed some ‘medicine, She would not have said anything more, but she knew that if she did not tell the truth, she 70 would make a good-hearted man worry ‘unnecessarily. She reassured him that she was perfectly fine; except that she did not know what he ‘meant when he talked abiout a seraper. ‘Their relationship—a friendship before it evolved 75 into love or companionship—had begun where litle common ground could be found between them. It was a matter of paying attention that had brought them together. For Josef, the objects and sights that had been familiar to him had become less so. For 4 Moran, it was making an effort to find new things—and there were plenty in a new country that she could stop looking inward. cease Tecan reasonably be need fo Moran repidstemory arson 4) ‘navinonze copying x nsec any pat this page ga Senne ‘Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 16-20 ("Moran .. .hearts”) B) Lines 20-21 (“She herself... reli ©) Lines 22-25 (“only ... memory”) D) Lines 30-31 (“ifshe ‘The references mainly serve tl BEES Saas ‘The references to characters’ eyes in line 13 and line 16 primarily serve which function? ‘A) They emphasize the emotional impact ofa event recounted in the passage. B)_ They foreshadow an important change that ‘occurs over the course ofthe passage. ©) They represent different attitudes toward a phenomenon described inthe passage D)_ They reveal the underlying motivations of the ‘main characters in the passage‘The passage most directly indicates that when Moran ‘Together with lines 58-61 (“He had. was in college, she was choice provides the best evidence for the A) out of contact with friends she had known She perio acct earlier, though they remained important to her. A) Lines 55-58 ("The snow B) too busy with her academic work to make new friends, though she very much wanted to. ©) determined to forget about her childhood friends, though she thought about them occasionally. 1D) 50 shy that she had oly a few friends, though she formed close relationships with them. Int abouit a Rew scraper most Des cn fact that he ‘As used in line 42, “marked” most nearly means 3s not abl to hear everything he said. ed that he had jos bought a new scraper. |A) noticed, By Wijged that he had just bought a pe B) characterized. C) did Wet understand his meaning. Ge 1) had not noticed that it was snowing. D) evaluated. a ee > : As used in line 52, “collapsed” m¢ carly mens: A) compressed, B) dropped. C) shattered. ‘D) we i F suggests that in her early josef, Moran at times er feelings because she did not want to begin a romantic relationship. ©) adopted Josef’s opinions as her own to reduce the possibility of conflict. D) hid het poor health to avoid overshadowing, Jose's illness. nib jg ldomr ratty Ra 4 CONTINUE 4‘Questions 11-20 are based on the following Passage. ‘This passage s adapted from 9 1910 speech by Theodore Roosevelt, “Citizenship in a Republic” delivered at the University of Paris, France. ‘We can just as little afford to follow the doctrinaires of an extreme individualism as the doctrinaires of an extreme socialism. Individual tie initiative, so far from being discouraged, should be 5 stimulated; and yet we should remember that, as society develops and grows more complex, we continually find that things which once it was desirable to leave to individual initiative can, under ‘changed ecnditions, be performed with better results 10 by common effort. Itis quite impossible, and equally undesirable, to draw in theory a hard and fast line which shall always divide the two sets of cases... ama strong individualist by personal habit, Inheritance, and conviction; but its a mere matter of 15 common sense to recognize that the State, the community, the citizens acting together, can doa number of things better than if they were left to individual action. ... We ought to go with any man in the effort to bring about justice and the equality o 20 opportunity, to turn the tool user more and more into the tool owner, to shift burdens so that the 'be more equitably borne. The deadening effect o ‘any race of the adoption of a logical and extreme socialistic system could not be overstat 25 spell sheer destruction; it would produc ‘wrong and outrage, fouler immorality, th existing system. But this does n nok with great advantage adopt c principles professed by sgme gi 30 happen to call themseh part But we sho ‘more than in 35 men are equal, fis an equality where strive to bring about a Bid and bone of their bone, who all, wrought and suffered for them, and suited coping te any prt his page eg represent them, who would never tell an untruth to 4 or for them, spoke of the doctrine of equality with his tustial mixture of idealism and sound commogasense. He said (I omit what was of merely local significance): “Lthink the authors ofthe Declar 450 Independence intended to inchude al i they did not mean to declate all men eq) respects. They did not mean in color, size, intellect, moral 155 what they did consi liberty, and th and this they obvious untruth) Fety which should be looked to, constantly Rough never perfectly approximated, and thereby tly spreaging and deepening its influence, We are bound in honor to Fefuse to listen to those en who would make us desist from the effort to do .way with the inequality which means injustice; the inequality of right, of opportunity, of privilege. ‘We are bound in honor to strive to bring ever nearer the day when, as far as is humanly possible, we shall 75 be able to realize the ideal that each man shall have an equal opportunity o show the stuff that is in-him by the way in which he renders service. There should, 0 far as possible, be equality of opportunity to render service; but just so long as there is inequality 40 of service there should and must be inequality of reward, We may be sorry for the general, the painter, the artist, the worker in any profession or of any kind, whose misfortune rather than whose fault it is that he does his work ill. But the reward must go to 45 the man who does his work well; for any other course is to create a new kind of privilege, the privilege of folly and weakness; and special privilege is injustice, whatever form it takes.The stance Roosevelt takes in the passage is best described as that of a A) politician who seeks support for an unusual platform, B) leader who asserts the importance of strict governance. ©) realist who values principles of balance and honesty. D) rebel who flaimts established customs and processes. ‘Which choice best supports the claim that society would benefit from loosening its resistance to certain ideological elements? A) Lintes 22-27 (“The deadening B) Lines 27-32 (“But this... part”), ©) Lines 33-34 ("But we... telling ale”) D) Lines 34-40 ("We should. ray system) A) Society treats all B) < Socialism, D) Those! nse out any part of hs page gel A) people who work hat ‘more deserving than luck alone. ay B) bearable. ©) average. D) sincere. Inthe lst paragraph, Roobevelt dues that tis society's responsibility to ‘A) promote people who have benefited from their positions of privilege B) reward individuals who have challenged society's scope of power. C) sympathize with those who strug to overcome hardships. D) ensure that people have access to respuirces necessary for their quest for excellence. As used in line 75, “realiz3" inost néarly imeans A) achieve. B) establish. ©) understand. D) exploreai ‘The mention of privilege in the Iast sentence of the passage mainly serves to ‘A)_ suggest that people who earn their success belong toan advantaged group. 1B) assert that when trying to correct one form of unfairness it is possible to create a new, equally Unjust situation, ©) argue that as society grows more complex, so do the ways in which its members are treated inequitably. D) highlight that all people finally have the freedom to pursue their chosen professions. Based on thé passage, Roosevelt would most likely support which scenario? ‘A)_A general gives the same reward to all soldiers regardless of their varying levels of contribution, B) A laborer is compensated less than other laborers who have learned more valuable skill ©) A service worker expects to be paid in adv before a task is completed, 1b) A writer wing a grant after an influengjal provides a recommendation. Unsere op or et any pat ils page aga Which choice provides the best evidence for answer to the previous question? A). Lines 69-72 (“We are bound in honor t¢ refuse. privilege”) B) Lines 73-77 (*We are bound in ho! strive ... service”) ©) Lines 77-81 ("There D) Lines 81-84 (“We may,‘Questions 21-31 are based on the following passage and supplementary materi ‘This passage is adapted from Brookhaven National Laboratory, “Converting CO, into Usable Energy” Published in2018 by the US Deparment of Energy. Electrocatalysts, are typically metals that are used to inerease the rate of an electrochemical reaction ina fuel cell Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory are part of a scientific collaboration that has identified a new Line electrocatalyst that efficiently converts carbon 5 dioxide (CO,) to carbon monoxide (CO), «highly ‘energetic molecule. Their findings were published in Energy & Environmental Science. “There are many ways to use CO,” said Eli Stavitski,a scientist at Brookhaven and en author on 10 the paper. “You can react it with water to produce energy-rich hydrogen gas, or with hydrogen to produce useful chemicals, such as hydrocarbon, alcohols if there were a sustainable, costef route to transform CO, to CO, it would by 15 society greatly.” Scientists have long sought a way to com t0 CO, but traditional clectracat effectively initiate the reaction, competing reaction, called the hy 20 reaction (HER), takes pr conversion reaction, fown the CO, reduction selectivity Another reason is because its surface Ely poisoned by CO molecules if any are Single atoms of nickel, however, produce a Aifferent result. 40 “Single atoms prefer to produce CO, rather than performing the competing HER, because the surface of a bulk metal is very different from individual atoms,” Stavitski said. nse cong tse fay par of page ep a] fe over the sample, the scientists were talize diserete nickel atoms on the single atoms ate usually unstable and tend to regate on the support," added Dong Su, also a 65 CEN scientist and a co-author on the paper. “However, we found the individual nickel atoms were distributed uniformly, which accounted for the excellent performance of the conversion reaction.” Based on the results from the studies at Harvard, 70 CEN, and additional institutions, the scientists discovered single nickel atoms catalyzed the CO, conversion reaction with a maximal of 97 percent: efficiency. The scientists say this is a major step toward recycling CO, for usable energy and 75 chemicals “To apply this technology to real applications in the future, we are currently aimed at producing this single atom catalyst in a cheap and large-scale way, ‘while improving its performance and maintaining its 20 efficiency,” said Wang,Long-Term Efficiency of Single-Atom Nickel Blectrocatalyst in Producing Hydrogen (via HER) or CO in a Fuel Cell during CO, Conversion Reaction $ 100 3 8 ae 2bteatiere ey spars ‘Time (h) Production efficiency ( ‘Adapted from Kun Jang eal. "soleted Ni Single Atoms in ‘Graphene Nanoshaets for High Performance CO2 Reduction? {©2018 by The Royal Society of Chemisty al ‘The central claim made by the Brookhaven researchers is that a A) using nickel metal in bulk to initiate a CO, conversion reaction is more feasible than wa: ‘once believed. B) initiating a hydrogen evolution reacti ier than initiating a CO, conversion reac ©) transforming CO, to CO using cost-efficient. D) using nickel asa cat reaction is impra are anchored to Unsaid coping rane fap oft Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from, A) a presentation of a theory to a descriptio ‘experiment that proves it false, B) an account ofthe difficulties of inti specific chemical reaction, how those difficulties we ©) anontline of the steps of a of why that proces D) an argument t to perform its cost. fimonly practiced process can be Je more efficient. B)_delMnportant terms that will be used later in the paeage. resent a conventional theory that researchers seek to contradict. ). describe why a research project is considered ‘worthwhile. Gee ‘As used in line 30, “promising” most nearly means A) privileged B) disciplined, C) decisive D) favorable.BES It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that As used in line 78, “cheap” mios conversion of CO, to CO with an clectrocatalyst ‘A) shoddy. ‘A) had been accomplished in the past but was B) affordable. impractical to perform on a latge scale, ene te 2 ' ©) careful, B) ismore efficient to accomplish with bulk metals than with individual atoms. : C) has been performed when the electrocatalystis a liquid but nota solid D) creates more hydrogen than it does carbon ‘monoxide ifa noble metal is used simple, Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 16-21 ("Scientists ... reaction”) B) Lines 22-25 (“A few... catalysts”) 25-28 (“So... nickel”) single-atom nickel electrocatalyst when used in a fuel cell during a CO, conversion reaction? A) The electrocatalyst produces hydrogen efficiently but doesn’t altogether eliminate the production C0. " wae B) The electrocatalyst produces CO efficiently but doesn't altogether eliminate the production of hydrogen. ©) AsCO production efficiency increases, hydrogen production efficiency also ingreases. D) As CO production efficiencyidecreases, hydrogen production efficiency also decreases. provides the best evidence for the previous question? fhes 29-33 ("Nickel ... paper”) B) Lines 44-48 ("Klaus ... energy”) C) Lines 49-54 ("In addition... HER”) D) Lines 69-73 ("Based ... efficiency”) rancor rie of anpar ot page ep 10 E>EEE ‘Questions 32-42 are based on the following passage and supplementary materi ‘This passage is adapted from Andrew Lawler, “Culinary Frontier Tracks Madagascar’s Aslan Settlers” ©2016 by ‘American Association forthe Advancement of Science. Human occupants of Madagascar ae called Malagasy ‘The settlement of the Indian Ocean's largest island is one ofthe great mysteries in humanity's colonization of the globe. Madagascar lies just Line 400 kilometers off the East African coast. Yet the 5 Malagasy people's cuisine, rituals, and religious beliefs resemble those of Borneo, some 9000 kilometers to the east. Their language is more closely related to Hawaiian than to Bantu (a group of African languages), and about half their genes can be 10 traced to Austronesia—that is, Indonesia and the c. Archaeological evidence of this + distant connection was lacking, however. Recent studies trace a wave of Austronesian colonization between 700 C.E. and 1200 CE. 15 The telltale evidence isin effect, breadcrumbs: crops distinctive to Austronesa, sprinkled across Madagascar and neighboring islands, “We finally have a signal ofthis Austronesian expansion,” said Nicole Boivin, an archaeologist and director of the 29 Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Jena, Germany. ‘The study: by Boivin and her colleagues, publish in the Proceedings of the National Acar Sciences, found that these voyagers did n 25 Madagascar. Some also settled the Comor scattered between Madagascar a “The discovery of an Austronesi the Comoros is surprising,” says Da paleobiologist at the Nat 0 Garden in Koloa, Havwaiis region. Yet the Aug Alcan coast." Alison Croiwth ‘of Queensland, 35 led the study. ines Australia, who 2400 samples of nitro copying or ese aay pat of pe ilep 4] : and obtained 43 radiocarbon dates from crop seeds. 40 Between 700 CE. and 1200 C.E., the researchers: found a clear boundary between sites dominai African crops like pearl millet, cowpea, and and those with Asian rice, mung bean, and ‘The Asian crops were common on th 45 on Madagascar, but rare on the East The line traced by the study shows tht f regions, although close geogr worlds apart in their way of i wholesale colonization of Ma 50 Comoros. A thousan Indian sailors cons East Aftica and Pine in modern Malagasy to Africans arrived is a further People have speculated that there might :n'a number of transitory arrivals—most likely from Africa—before settlement on the island. ally took off” with the arrival of Austronesians, says Jeter Forster, an archaeologist at the University of Pambridge in the United Kingdom. ‘The late Yale archacologist Robert Dewar claimed in 2013 that people reached the island around 70 2000 B.C.E, millennia earlier than had been thought, based on radiocarbon dates of organic matter found with stone artifacts in a rock shelter on the north coast. But even members of Dewar’s team were not ready to rewrite Madagascar’s history. Burney, 7s meanwhile, says that environmental data, such as signs of widespread burning, suggest the first humans more likely arrived around 400 B.C.E. n EanFigure 1 Number of Identified Crop Remains Found at Excavated Sites ‘Afcan cops rom Peal Finger | Asan o Region Site | millet | Sorghum | millet | leg Cotto Ngombani | 266] 272 | 30 o MO Coastal East [ Tumbe 294 5 : 24 2 = Abica a ngula Z Ulan wo | a2 | 2 agus, | Sam T 7@ | a z Shmoros and Dembeai [0 3s 0] 30 Mahilaka|_0 | 0 13 | 0 crop north sites 1 sige [oo th Crop origi ja @ African onh gy Uneyja Un im mostly African with some Asian § mos Astan with some Aitiean Astan’only 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Year (CE) ju adapted from Alson Crowther et al, “Ancient Crops Provide Fist Archaeological Signature of the Westward Austronesian Expansion” son Crowther etal. vileliiestittindicornensanes 2 Eri 5 Bie a | BES ‘The use of the words “breadcrumbs” and “sprinkled” | Which phrase, as itis used in the passage, best in lines 15-16 serves mainly to expresses what Crowther means when she wis the . word “frontier” (line 32)? A). emphasite that the crops dispersed by eden ‘Austronesian colonists consisted primarily of i ‘A) “distant connection” (line 12) eins B) “clear boundary” (line) B) illustrate that no evidence of Austronesian 2h wend pea fst colonization survived past the initial period of a i : Bon * 7 — D) “transitory asivae” (ir ©) indicate that food was scarce for the early Austronesian colonists. Eg 1D) suggest that the minimal evidence let by Austronesian colonists created a trail aia slag ‘been responsible | Rese | fcat and the Comoro Which choice presents a statement ihat if true F ‘would best Help explain Burney's reaction in at one or more East African lines 27-28 ("The discovery... surprising”)? find urd at one or more Madagascar A) Archaeological findings in the Comoros suggest ‘Comoro Island sites in their study that Austronesians were not present before rl millet, cowpea, and sorghum at one or fee Ue is soobemsriniretet epiisiatnir ba mesa ertescar D) Less Asian rice, mung bean, and cotton at one or fe enant eau Lei ote Madagascar or Comoro sland sites in ther C) The climate of the Comoros is bett to, ee crops such as Asian rice and mung {sto crops such as sorghum and pea BS D) People in the Comoros speifi@jgatu iages Reet eee and have much less genetic Mg hi || (p SiBi Sos orices tba cranes ocd answer to the previous question? A) Lines 36-39 (“Her ... seeds”) B) Lines 40-43 ("Between ... cotton”) ©), Lines 46-50 (“The line ... Comoros”) D) Lines'52-57 (“But ... samples") Austronesians than, Kingdom”) the late... coast”) But... history") AGS ince cont bones he 13 E>Which statement about the settlers of Madagascar is best supported by information in the passage? A) They or their ancestors must have visited | ‘Madagascar multiple times before settling there B) They likely first acquired most of their Asian crops from Indian traders. os = ©) They or their descendants must have come into contact with people from Africa, D) They likely descended from people who settled the Comoro Islands before attempting to | settle in Madagascar. The main purpose ofthe last paragraph of the passage is to A) discuss two recent explanations fort ‘of erops in Madagascar. B) summarize the debate among archaeo! about whether Africans or in Madagascar first. ° her south a site is, the ess likely it isto settled by Austronesians. rther north a site is, the less likely itis to been settled by Austronesians. “The farther south a site is, the more likely it isto | have been visited by Aiab and Indian traders. Ht D) The farther north a site is, the more likely it is to I hnave been visited by Arab ext Indian tinder, Unaunonid coping or ei of ny sr this pages ea According to figure 1, how ma¥ ‘were found at the excavated sites" Ao B) 4 Er‘Questions 43-52 are based on the following Passages. Passage 1 is adapted from Maca-José Vis, “NASA Study: [Mass Gains of Antarctic ie Sheet Greater Than Losses” Originally published in 2015. Passage 2s adapted from Shannon Hal, What to Believe in Antarctica’s Great lee Debate” 62017 by Scientific American, a division of Nature ‘American. Passage ‘According to a new analysis of satellite data, the Antarctic ice sheet showed a net gain of 112 billion tons of ice a year from 1992 to 2001. That net gain slowed to 82 billion tons of ice per year between 2003 and 2008. ‘Scientists calculate how much the ice sheet is ‘growing or shrinking from the changes in surface height that are measured by the satelite atimieters. In locations where the amount of new snowfall 10 accumulating on an ice sheet is not equal to the ice flow downward and outward to the ocean, the surface height changes and the ice-sheet mass grows or shrinks. But it might only take a few decades for 15 Antarctica’s growth to reverse, according to Jay Zwally, a glaciologist and lead author of the study, “Ifthe losses of the Antarctic Peninsula and ‘West Antarctica contitiue to increase at the san they've been increasing for the last two decades, 20 losses will catch up with the long-term. E ‘Antarctica in 20 or 30 years.” 5 altimeters on two European Spact 25 Remote Sensing (ERS) satellites, sp 'd by 1 billion tons per the ERS and ICESat periods jormation on snow accumulation Unthoand ony orate of any part oh pace ees 15 40 “Attheend ofthe last Ice Age, the air became ‘warmer and carried more moisture across the continent, doubling the amount of snow di the ice sheet,” Zwally said. ‘The extra snowfall that began 10,000 ye 45 been slowly accumulating on the ic the ice in East Antarctica and the interi ‘Antarctica by an average af Passage Pools are not as still as they seem. th surfaces can easily form a new jee crystals that xd from the sea. This would make the surface move, an effect that could interfere with the data, Even if other scientists could accept Zwally’s ‘measurements of ice sheet inflation, they would quickiy run into what many would see as.a second hiccup in his stady. To translate the change in height (and therefore volume) into a change in mass, 70 scientists must assume certain density. ‘The question is: Just what is rising? Is it snow or ice? Zwally contends itis ice, and argues that roughly 10,000 years ago, the amount of snowfall doubled. This would mean that it has been 75 compacting into solid ice for millennia and continues to do so today. Most other scientists, however, do not agree that this is still going on now and argue that any increase in the ice sheet’s height is from added snowfall alone. In this case, the density of snow 120 would be the right number to use. The difference is tical: rise of one centimeter of snow across all of East Antarctica is the equivalent of 35 billion metric tons, but a rise of one centimeter ofce is the equivalent of 92 billion metric tons. Using the latter 45 (plus a huge rise in the height ofthe ice sheet), Zwally's study finds that East Antarctica has gained roughly 147 billion metric tons a year. >But other studies disagree. Take a 2017 study, which incorporates a different approach that does 9 not require a numerical density model. Instead the team used data from a satellite that measures changes in Earth’s gravitational field that are caused by changes in mass. They found that the gains in East. | Antarctica were about three times smaller than those 95 suggested in Zwally’s 2015 study. | 5 shrinks") ars") Da See ‘The main purpose of the first paragraph of Passage 1 | isto A) foreground the research question investigated in astudy. | B) anticipate abjections tothe conclusions ofa study. B) generally difficult for satellites to detect, ©) introduce a discrepancy that sid tay to0 flat to provide an accurate baseline. ) 00 few in number to provide a representative D) providea summary of the findings ‘sample. Which statement about the flo Antarctica’s ice sheeting reasonably be inferred As used in line 37, “derived” most nearly means A) obtained. B) assumed, ©) brought, D) adapted, As used in line 51, “allowing” most nearly means A) obliging. punt of ce and snow accumulating on the icé B) enabling. juring those years GC) “designating, jount of ice in the Antarctic Peninsula lowed into the ocean between 2008 and : 5 did not exceed that in West Antarctica ‘during those years D) authorizing. raed copying oes ry parc pag sega 16 >‘Which choice from Passage 2 best supports the idea that using a numerical density model without having precise information about the characteristics of an ice sheet may produce an unreliable calculation of that ice sheet’s mass? A) Lines 72-74 (“Zwally .. . doubled”) B) Lines 80-84 (“The difference... tons”) ©) Lines 88-90 (“But other ... model”) D) Lines 90-93 (“Instead . A) mass") WB ssccissiicnctteissorentanadesotinanssiatces Which choice best states the relationship between the passages? ? | A) Passage 2 reinforces the findings of the study presented in Passage 1. Passage 2 critiques the methods and assumptions of the study described in Passage 1. B) ©) Passage 2 outlines a solution to a scientific 4 problem discussed in Passage 1. Passage 2 provides historical and scientific context for understanding a phenomenon ) detailed in Passage 1 9 D) STOP conducted the 2017 study would likely agréej which statement about East Antarctica’s ice Satellites tend to provide inconsis ‘the mass of the ice sheet. sheet's mass, whereas the 2017 study used the density of snow. Zwvally’s study examined satellite data generated. over several decades, whereas the 2017 study took a single satellite measurement. Zwally’s study used satellite measurements of the ice sheet’s height, whereas the 2017 study used satellite measurements of gravitational forces. Zwally’s study used historical data concerning precipitation patterns in Antarctica, whereas the 2017 study rejected historical trends as irrelevant. before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. ‘Unstine copying ores oy pao his aoe eatWriting and Language Test 35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this: Each plssage below sSccompanied bya numberof questo’ iu wl cnsiet how the passage might be revised to improve the & Bron other questions you willcnsider how the passage Fercrsin sentence stfucture, usage, or punctuation. A pas : ‘one or more graphics (such asa table or graph) and editing decisions. Some questions will direct you to anu ion of a paeage. Other questions will about the passage asa whole, Juestion that mosteffectively ~ Choose that option ifyou thinl passage as itis. or that makes the passage conform to the |questions include a“NO CHANGE” option, isto leave the relevant portion of the ‘Questions 1-11 are based on the and supplementary material wing Waesage ty. To this end, many ty programs that offer A) NO CHANGE | BY they're ©) their D) it’s 8 >Sem mers make purchases. In the past Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion? frequent-shopper IBM cards. Cashiers scan or stamp these | ENN cards when several years, however, participation in loyalty programs am ee ace ‘A) cards, which cashiers scan or stamp wal has waned. To address the decline, retailers must customers make purchases. [il obandon their loyalty programs and instead reduce B) cards that, when customers make scanned oF stamped by prices to attract customers. J” Gy akan essa ea ‘when purchases are made vb) s, logies that will appeal to younger shoppers. ), first understand the changing consumer attitudes underlying it. sutra ‘A.2015 survey by the business services firm BY asked consumers in eight retail categories ifthey were members of loyalty programs where they shopped. The suivey revealed that shoppers today find loyalty programs less attractive than [I the past From 2010 t0 2015; the | decline in loyalty program partiéipation was widespread, | Vt Ei representing the most extreme drop acréss ll categoties of businesses df any five-year period Ta particular, EY foulnd that [MJ drugstores experienced the steepest decline, with rates of participation dropping almost 30 percentage points from 2010 to 2015. Speci area probable indicator of the ful behavior in general, were, these programs. e A) NOCHANGE B) the past did ively uses information fi claim made earlier in the sentence? ) NO: five ofthe eight business types saw 3,10-percentage-point drop. ) with mass merchandisers, specialty clothing stores, and specialty stores for beauty carehha the lowest participation rates in 2010. D) affecting seven of the eight types of businesse that respondents were asked about, Which choice provides accurate information from i the table? a) NOCHANGE 3B) supermarkets C) department stores D) mass merchandisers 20 EanLoyalty or Rewards Program Participation if) by Type of Business 2010 2015] Change from (%, 966 (%, 1,000 "| 2010 to 2015 adults | adults | (percentage surveyed) | surveyed) | points) [Drugstore 49 49 0 Supermarket | 75 46 =) Pepartment | 5g 24 3 Specialty T store for pet 30 15, -15 supplies : Specialty store for a: | ou oa electronics Special kernel Ie 8 3 Specialty store for 2 6 -6 beauty care Adapted fom EY, “Americas Rta Report: Redefining Loyalty ©2015 by YGM Limited. These statistics reflect a broader trend: today, especially younger ones, feel gs conine to particular businesses. Marketing ex identified several cause ha they are“quick to note, authored coping ese fry pro hs pages 21 identified Several causes that has named and identified several cause| Hi] How important are customer reviews and pricés to shoppers’ purchasing decisions? Aligning loyalty programs with customers’ lifestyles may offer one sohition, In another 2015 survey, 63 percent of the youngest respondents said that one reason they participated in a loyalty program was that the program supported their personal values. At the supetmarket chain Kroger, for instance, shoppers can seléct'a demonstrates, a business that can adjust @ conditions and retool its loyalty program to customer values rather than I will continue to attract oy eusto Urano copying reuse of any part this pipe eg nonprofit organization or charity when they enroll in the loyalty program. Through their subsequent purchases, \ So shoppers earn points that determine both the extent. A) their discounts and the amount of money Kroger donates B) to their chosen organization. As this exampl ) Which choice provides the a previous paragraph to this A) NocHancl D) a business discounting 22 Eaawaas CHANGE. froma discount on discounts a ESQuestions 12-22 are based on the following passage. . Ba Which choice provides the most effective A Lifetime of Change introduction tothe passage? When they see old pictures of themselves, many people often ask themsetves how their personal sense of style could have changed so much overt ‘attempt t6 answer this question, a team of psychologists personalities, but how teachers really know us? at the University of Edinburgh published a study in 2016 tracking trait stability over a period of more than six decades. The psychologists findings may offer insights , into the potential mutability of what we consider personality over a lifetime, [1] Among the study’s participants was a cohort of 1,208 fourteen-year-old JB students, the teachers of ! th CHANGE B) stiN@bits, whose teachers were asked in 1950 to assess their personality traits. [2] The teachers rated their pupils on a scale of one to. ©) students having teachers who five osx personality tat paar ) students their teachers self-confidence, perseverance, stability of moods, conscientiousiess, [i originatiy, and: desire to excel. [3] In 2 ee = ‘University of Edinburgh team cont: A)“NOCHANGE : participants as possible from the origi B)- originality, and ©) originality—and them to take a new set of pe z D) originality; and, ee pri t an prot pete iat 23 >how much their personalities had changed. [4] The 174%; i subjects who BEY have been participating were asked to | fll out sel evaluations and to have people who knew i them ff wel: such as close friends, complete i questionnaires about the subjects’ personality traits. EI ‘The yriter wants to add the following sentence to ” paragraph “The reeatch draws on survey resus record the Scottish Mental Survey, a large-scale stud ‘mental characteristics in students conducted the UK government ‘To make the paragraph most logical, the sentence should be placed i A) before sentence 1. B) after sentence 1 © C) After sentence 2, D) after sentence 4 vietnam tg 24‘The length of time between the assessments presented some methodological problems for this, research. With less than 15 percent of the original cohort rely responding tothe follow-up EE survey, and the study had to control forits nonrandom selection process. The data collected are nonetheless valuable because they allowed researchers to examine reported personality change over the course of a MD iferime Such an examination is something that had never been done before. Whereas previous studies showed some consistency in personality traits between different phases of life, this study found only minor consistency in conscientiousness and stability of moods and measured the general well-being of survey participants. ‘The researchers concluded that among the individuals, studied, a person’s traits at age fourteen had very it ‘bearing on that person’s traits at seventy-seven, nmr coping or ue of ry prt fs ge isi A) NO CHANGE B) intentionally | © consciously i D) voluntarily A) NOCHA\ B) survey. The ne, and this is something 3, but D) lifetime, so ‘Which choice most effectively supports the claim : made in the sentence that follows? A) NOCHANGE B) no statistically significant stability in any other traits ©) used written questionnaires as well as telephone terviews | D) had more women than men participate in the i follow-up survey. 25 EXITSHt} ‘Though the University of Edinburgh study provides, the clearest indication to date of how much people's i ‘The writer is considering de sentence. Should personalities change throughout their lives, these suggestive results require further exploration to make up for the study's procedural constraints, ‘he original study was known asthe 6-Day Sample because the Participants were chosen according to their date of birth omone of six days in 1936 In this regard additional long-term analyses with more consistent methodologies ~ may help confirm the validity of this striking finding. ‘We iia ib otra thermore 26 EX}t2 Questions 23-33 are based on the following passage. Which choice provides the best transition from the Keeping His Eyes on the Prize previous sentence to the information that fo this sentence? Filmmaker Henry Hampton was one of several A) hundred activists who marched in Alabama on March 7, B) 1965, to advocate for African Americans’ voting rights. ° D) Despite encountering violent opposition, the activists remained united. | imhis previous employment, Hampton became | determined to create a documentary about the civil rights, a | eaiceaaaal ia that would ultimately chart the ! Oo _movement’s struggle toward the goal of equality. | D [1] In anticipation BJ to make the film, Hampton founded a production company, Blackside Inc, in 1968. [2] However, it was not until 1976 that he secured the necessary funding to devote himself ally to the project Zz {3] In the intervening years, Hampton worked, with , others to gather materials, including newspaper clippin} and archival film footage, that he planned td NO CHANGE Raised in St. Louis, Missouri, Inspired by that solidarity A graduate of Wishingtal .. NOCHAI the making 0 as to make, Ryne CHANG ss with activists, interviews with, activists, interviews with activists: pea eS ‘To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 3 shouldbe placed A) where itis now. who had been present at 2 eae depict. BI ©) after sentence 1 : D) after sentence 4 27 inhoned coping of reuse of ay porto his pee fhmlize By the time Hampton began constructing the documentary, J his company had produced a number Which choice most effect that follows in the of nonfiction films, television advertisements, and radio shows. Stll,his memories of the march rem: vivid, as if little time had passed, and he wanted the film to ompart—that i, express—an analogous sense of oy Smumedhacy. To accomplish his goal Hanipton made ample use ofthe interviews that he had conducted, = Oo ee fet fad elapsed since the march in harnessing the activists’ words and voices to give viewers had initially inspired him. the fecling of being immersed in the struggle. He also liberally featured the archival footage, sometimes B x me ‘underscoring it with spiritual and folk compositions that A) NO CHANGE had been sung during the protests as calls fog ) convey a similar ©) convey and impart a similar and hope. The results of the layered musi ‘ D) impart similaly analogous rato cop eee ay part pap eg 28 Erbe deeply moving, For example, in one segment ofthe film, the traditional song “I'm on My Way’ plays over demonstrations in Birmingham. They occurred in 1963, and during them young protestors were arrested by the busload. As the protestors file into @ footage of prison building, the song’ lyric sternly BI zive vo to the protestors’ belief that they JM can, and soon will, triumph in reaching “the freedom land.” ‘A) NO CHANGE B) can, and soon will ©) can and (soon will) v- D) can and soon will, Unutherce 2 Researchers had previously struggled to study these ‘microbes and BJ behold their productivity because of A) NO CHANGE ‘he dificlty in reproducing deep océan conditions. B) excavate Geochemist Jeff Seewald addressed [EJ that one by ©) salvine D) ascertain developing isobaric gas-tight (IGT) cylinders that preserve the extreme pressures ofthe deep sea. Maintaining stable pressure as samples are brought to the surface and moved into the lb, IGT cylinders prevent dissolved gases from leaving the solution and thus simulate natural conditions. Using IGT cylinders, researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution examined microbe J productivity; in samples from the Crab Spa vent site on the East Pacific Rise off the e: wr CHANGE B) productivity, in samples, ©) productivity in samples: D). productivity in samples Central America, Unuponeed innocent th poet 32 >{1) The test samiples containing microbes were | DIS ee exposed to different electron acceptors, such as oxygen ‘The writer wants to add the following sentence to i this paragraph. ‘The researchers measured how much cart fixation took place in the presence gm abscfle of control sample, which did not have added electron i these electron acceptors by trackin : movement of carbon with a tracer, and nitrate, that ultimately allow the release of energy used to rive reactions during chemosynthesis [2] In the acceptors, the carbon was fixed at a relatively low rate of “i hit le about 50 micrograms (meg) per liter per day. (3) In other My aE Henan test samples that contained various electron acceptors, 8) def nance’ carbon was fixed at much higher rates of as much as ©) after senteng 5 about 200 meg per liter per day. [4] Based on these i DY after sentenc results, the scientists calculated that these microbes contribute over 4,000 tons of organic carbon worldwide «each day and around 1,400,000 tons of organic carbon yearh[2 Understanding subseafloor microbial productivity helps scientists IE recog deep-sea food webs, Deep-sea regions were thought to microbes’ significance in Which choice best sets up the inl follows inthe paragraph? A) NO CHANGE have limited sources of organic carbon to support B) demonstrate jhe be eylinders ‘organisms higher in the food web, such as crustaceans and octopuses. By producing substantial amounts of 9 povante affects, | ‘organic EJ compounds, as a result these microbes serve >) oceanlbapboi 4s the foundation for the ecosystems Food web and HB show that dedicated deep ocean research deserves continued funding, compotinds; ornpounds, therefore and Which choice provides the most logical conclusion to, the passage? A) NO CHANGE, B) allow life to thrive evem in the darkest places. ©) sustain biodiversity in crustaceans’ aquatic i habitats. | D) suggest that future oceanic studies should not be limited to the ocean’s surface, | STOP 'f you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section. Unauthrzes copying or uss of ny part of ths page egal 34