NIUDQIK UMKCIL]N]IK BMAQFZ

UICI IKIH CFQ]IK@ U]ZUI

Cfiguhik uktuh omomkulf tu`is Ztism Ikih

Cdsmk 7 SFO

Cfsusuk Dnml 7

Qfszi Iprfikf Biuzfyil

GKQ5155996

UQD@QIO ZS]CF UQDBMZF KMQZ ZMHDNIL

SFK@@F FNO] HMZMLISIK H]KFK@IK SIL]K
IHICMOFH 1515/1519
 Cibtir fsf

Cibtir fsf...................................................................................................................
f
I. Cmbfkfsf.............................................................................................................
9
A. Hnisfbfhisf bmarfs ..............................................................................................
9
J. Ikitdof Bfsfdnd`f ...........................................................................................
: C.
Mtfdnd`f............................................................................................................. 3
M. Sikci Cik @mgini ............................................................................................
= B.
Hdopnfhisf....................................................................................................... =
@. Uitdbfsfdnd`f .....................................................................................................
2

L. Uitlwiy............................................................................................................
0
F. Umomrfhsiik Umkukgik` ...................................................................................
0
G. Umkitinihsikiik Omcfs ..................................................................................
95
H. Hdksmp Isulik Hmpmriwitik ........................................................................
99
N. Cibtir Uustihi................................................................................................ 19
f
I. Cmbfkfsf

5
Cmoio/Bmvmr/Bmarfs, afni sulu tuaul ; :0,0 J. Ici yik`

omkymauthik cmoio smai`if pmkfk`hitik sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin (:< 5 ‚

5 5
35 J). Lfpmrpfrmhsfi, afni sulu tuaul ; 39,9 J, ici gu`i
5
yik` omkymauthik ; 35 J. Zuabmarfs, afni sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin,
5
tipf nmafl rmkcil cirf :0,0 J (Wmfk, 1591).

Cmoio icinil prdsms iniof tuaul uktuh omniwik fkbmhsf

yik` oisuh hm cinio tuaul hmtfhi sulu omkfk`hit omnmaflf sulu tuaul
kdroin (;:0,=µJ). Cmoio icinil prdsms iniof tuaul uktuh omniwik
fkbmhsf yik` oisuh hm cinio tuaul. Cmoio tmrigicf pici sulu ; :0,
1µJ, afisikyi cfsmaiahik dnml fkbmhsf (aihtmrf, vfrus, giou itiu
pirisft), pmkyihft iutdfouk, hm`ikisik , itiupuk dait ‚ daitik (Lirtfkf,
159=).

Cmoio omrupihik suitu hmiciik sulu tuaul cfitis kdroin

smai`if ihfait pmkfk`hitik pusit pmk`itur sulu cf lfpdtinious. Zmai`fik
amsir cmoio pici ikih omrupihik ihfait cirf pmruailik pici
pusit pikis (tmrodrm`unisf) cf lfpdtinious. Umkyihft ‚ pmkyihft yik`
cftikcif cmk`ik icikyi cmoio cipit omkymrik` sfstmo tuaul.Zmnifk
ftu cmoio ouk`hfk amrpmrik cinio omkfk`hithik pmrhmoaik`ik
foukftis spmsfbfh cik kdk spmsfbfh cinio omoaiktu pmounflik itiu
pmrtilikik tmrlicip

fkbmhsf (Pircfyil, 1592).

A. Hnisfbfhisf bmarfs

Hnisfbfhisf Omkurut Kurirfb (159=) icinil smai`if amrfhut7

9. Cmoio smptfh
Zulu aicik amrik`sur kifh hmtfk`hit yik` tfk``f smhinf pici
oinio lirf cik turuk hmoainf hmtfk`hit cfitis kdroin pici pi`f
lirf. Zmrfk`
9
 cfsmrtif hmnulik omk``f`fn cik amrhmrfk`it. Afni cmoio yik` tfk``f
tmrsmaut turuk hmtfk`hit yik` kdroin cfkioihik gu`i cmoio lmhtfh.
1. Cmoio rmoftmk

Zulu aicik cipit turuk smtfip lirf tmtipf tfcih pmrkil omkjipif sulu
aicik kdroin. Umkymaia sulu yik` ouk`hfk tmrjitit cipit
omkjipif
cui cmrigit cik tfcih smamsir pmramciik sulu yik` cfjitit cmoio
smptfh.
:. Cmoio fktmroftmk
Zulu aicik turuk hmtfk`hit yik` kdroin smnioi amamripi gio
cinio situ lirf. Afni cmoio smpmrtf fkf tmrgicf cinio cui lirf smhinf
cfsmaut tmrsfiki cik afni tmrgicf cui lirf tmramais cmoio
cfiktiri cui smrik`ik cmoio cfsmaut huirtiki.

3. Cmoio hdktfkyu
Rirfisf sulu smpikgik` lirf tfcih amramci nmafl cirf situ cmrigit. Uici
tfk`hit cmoio yik` tmrus omkmrus tfk``f smhinf cfsmaut lfpmrpfrmhsfi.
=. Cmoio sfhnfh
Smrgicf hmkifhik sulu aicik smnioi amamripi lirf yik` cffhutf dnml
amamripi pmrfdcm amais cmoio uktuh amamripi lirf yik` hmoucfik
cffhutf dnml hmkifhik sulu smpmrtf smouni. Zuitu tfpm cmoio hicik`-
hicik` cfhifthik cmk`ik suitu pmkyihft tmrtmktu ofsinkyi tfpm cmoio
fktmroftmk uktuh oinirfi.

Zmdrik` pisfmk cmk`ik hmnulik cmoio ouk`hfk cipit

cfluauk`hik sm`mri cmk`ik suitu smaia yik` gmnis smpmrtf 7 iasms,
pkmuodkfi, fkbmhsf sinurik hmkjfk`, oinirfi, tmtipf hicik` sioi
smhinf tfcih cipit cfluauk`hik sm`mri cmk`ik suitu smaia yik` gmnis.
Cinio prihtmh 65% cirf piri pisfmk cmk`ik cmoio yik` air u sigi
cfiniof, pici cisirkyi omrupihik suitu pmkyihft yik` smnb-nfoftfk`
smpmrtf fkbnumksi itiu pmkyihft vfrus smgmkfs nifkkyi. Kiouk lin fkf tfcih
amrirtf hfti tfcih
lirus tmtip wispici tmrlicip fkbmhsf aihtmrfin. (Kurirfb, 159=)
1
J. Ikitdof Bfsfdnd`f

@ioair 9 Ikitdof Lfpdtinious

Lfpdtinious omrupihik ai`fik uguk` iktmrfdr cfmksmbindk cik

cf cmpik kujnmus fktmrpmcukhunirfs. Lfpdtinious tmrai`f cinio amrai`if
fktf
cik cirmil fktf. Lfpdtinious tmrnmtih pici iktmrfdr cik fkbmrfdr tlinious.
Amrbuk`sf omk`dktrdn cik omk`itur systmo sirib iutdkdo, Umk`iturik
cfrf tmrlicip ldomdstitfj, sik`it huit cmk`ik modsf cik cisir
pmk`iktirik tunik`, Zik`it pmktfk` amrpmk`irul iktiri systmo syirib
cik mkcdhrfk. Lfpdtinious gu`i amhmrgisioi cmk`ik lfpdbfsfs uktuh
omopmrtilikhik hmsmfoaik`ik jifrik, omopmrtilikhik pmk`iturik sulu
tuaul omninuf pmkfk`hitik visdhdkstrfhsf itiu visdcfnitisf
cik

omopmk`irulf smhrmsf ldrodkin cmk`ik hmnmkgir lfpdbfsfs. Lfpdtinious

gu`i smai`if pusit nipir cik omk`dktrdn amrit aicik. Zmai`if
pmk`itur
tfcur, tmhikik ciril, pmrfnihu i`rmsfb cik smhsuin cik pusit rmspdks
modsfdkin (risi oinu, oiril, cmprmsf, pikfj cik tihut).

Icipuk buk`sf cirf lfpdtinious iktiri nifk icinil7

i. Omk`dktrdn sulu tuaul

a. Omk`dktrdn risi lius cik pmk`mnuirik urfk
j. Omk`dktrdn isupik oihikik

c. Omk`dktrdn smhrmsf ldrodk-ldrodk lfpdbfsfs iktmrfdr

:
 m. Omk`lisfnhik ldrodk-ldrodk lfpdbfsfs pdstmrfdr
b. Omk`dktrdn hdktrihsf utmrus pmk`mnuirik susu
`. Uusit hddrcfkisf sfstmo sirib dtdkdo utioi,
hmoucfik

omopmk`irulf smoui dtdt pdnds, dtdt giktuk`, smn mhsdhrfk

l. Amrpmrik cinio pdni pmrfnihu cik modsf Umrik
lfpdtinious icinil pmk`iturik lfpdtinious tmrlicip kibsu
oihik tmrutioi amr`iktuk` pici fktmrihsf iktiri cui
irmi 7 irmi „oihik‟ nitmrin cf ikyioik kujnmus amrhis
prdsmksmbindk omcfin pici pmrtmouik cmk`ik smriaut
pdnfcdlfpdtiniofh, smrti „pusit risi hmkyik`7‖ omcfin cf
kujnmus vmatrdomcfin. Umrik`sik`ik pusit oihik
omoaik`hfthik pmrfnihu oihik.

C. Mtfdnd`f

Umkfk`hitik sulu tuaul fkf cfsmaiahik dnml amrmcirkyi suitu

odnmhun hmjfn cf cinio tuaul hfti yik` cfsmaut cmk`ik Ufrd`mk, yiftu zit
pmkjmtus pikis. Afisikyi pmkymaia cmoio sucil afsi cfhmtiluf cinio
wihtu situ itiu cui lirf cmk`ik pmomrfhsiik omcfs yik` tmriril.

Cmoio smrfk` cfsmaiahik hirmki fkbmhsf. Umkymaia cmoio

smnifk fkbmhsf gu`i cipit cfsmaiahik dnml hmiciik tdhsmofi,
hm`ikisik itiu rmihsf tmrlicip pmoihifik dait, gu`i pici `ik``uik
pusit rm`unisf sulu smktrin (ofsinkyi pmrcirilik dtih, hdoi). Uici
cisirkyi uktuh omkjipif
hmtmpitik cfi`kdsfs pmkymaia cmoio cfpmrnuhik iktiri nifk7 hmtmnftfik
pmk`ioafnik rfwiyit pmkymhft pisfmk, pmnihsikiik pmomrfhsiik bfsfh,
dasmrvisf pmrginikik pmkyihft cik mvinuisf pmomrfhsiik niadritdrfuo,
smrti pmkukgik` nifk smjiri tmpit cik ldnfstfj (Kurirfb, 159=).

Cmoio tmrgicf afni pmoamktuhik pikis omnmaflf pmk`mnuirik.

Cmoio cipit amrluauk`ik cmk`ik fkbmhsf, pmkyihft hdni`mk, hm`ikisik,
pmkyihft omtiadnfh oiupuk pmkyihft nifk. Cmoio cipit cfsmaiahik
hirmki hmnifkik cinio dtih smkcfrf itiu zit tdhsfh yik` omopmk`irulf
3
 pusit pmk`iturik sulu, pmkyihft-pmkyihft aihtmrf, tuodr dtih itiu
cmlfcrisf (@uytdk cinio Sldardkf, 159=).

Zmcik`hik omkurut Umniyikik Hmsmlitik Oitmrkin cik

Kmdkitin cinio Sldardkf (159=) ailwi mtfdnd`f bmarfs,cfiktirikyi

9. Zulu nfk`huk`ik.
1. Icikyi fkbmhsf
:. Ukmuodkfi.
3. Oinirfi.
=. Dtftfs omcfi.
2. Foukfsisf

M. Sikci Cik @mgini

Omkurut Kurirfb (159=) tikci cik `mgini tmrgicfkyi bmarfs icinil7

9. Ikih rmwmn (sulu nmafl tfk``f cirf :0,=⁵J - :6⁵J)

1. Hunft hmomrilik
:. Lik`it pici smktulik
3. Umkfk`hitik brmhumksf pmrkipisik
=. Omk``f`fn
2. Cmlfcrisf

0. Hmlfnik`ik kibsu oihik

B. Hdopnfhisf

9. Cmlfcrisf 7 cmoio ↙ pmk`uipik jifrik tuaul

1. Hmgik` cmoio 7 girik` smhinf tmrgicf (9 cirf :5 ikih cmoio). Zmrfk`
tmrgicf pici ikih usfi 2 aunik siopif = tiluk. Zmrik`ik cinio 13 gio
pmrtioi cmoio cik uouokyi smamktir, tfcih amrunik`.
Hmgik` cmoio fkf gu`i tfcih omoailiyik dtih

:. Sihfhircf, Fksubfsfmksf giktuk`, Fksubfsfmksf punodkin

=
@. Uitdbfsfdnd`f

Zuoamr mkmr`f dtih icinil `nuhdsi yik` omninuf prdsms dhsfcisf

cfpmjil omkgicf JD1 cik ifr. Zmn cfhmnfnfk`f dnml omoarik yik`
tmrcfrf
cirf pmrouhiik cinio yiftu nfpfc cik pmrouhiik nuir yiftu fdkfh. Cinio
hmiciik kdroin, omooarik smn kmurdk cipit cfninuf cmk`ik oucil
dnml
fdk Hinfuo (H+) cik sik`it sunft cfninuf dnml fdk kitrfuo (Ki+) smrti
mnmhtrdnft nifkkyi hmjuinf fdk hndfrci (Jn-). Ihfaitkyi, hdksmktrisf fdk H+
cinio kmurdk tfk``f cik hdksmktrisf fdk Ki+ rmkcil, smcik`hik cf nuir
smn kmurdk amrnihu smainfhkyi. Hirmki pmramciik gmkfs cik hdksmktrisf fdk
cf cinio cik cf nuir smn, oihi tmrcipit pmramciik pdtmksfin omoarik
yik` cfsmaut smai`if pdtmksfin omoarik cirf kmurdk. ]ktuh omkgi`i
hmsmfoaik`ik pdtmksfin omoarik fkf, cfpmrnuhik mkmr`f cik aiktuik
mkzfo Ki-H-ISU-ism yki` tmrcipit pici pmrouhiik smn. Hmsmfoaik`ik
pdtmksfin omoarik fkf cipit cfuail dnml7

9. Umruailik hdksmktrisf fdk cf ruik` mhstri smnunmr

1. Qik`sik`ik yik` citik`kyi omkcicih ofsinkyi omhikfs,
hfofiwfi
itiu infrik nfstrfh cirf smhftirkyi.
:. Umruailik pitdbfsfdnd`f cirf omoarik kmurdk ftu smkcfrf
hirmki pmkyihft itiu hmturukik
5
Uici hmiciik cmoio, hmkifhik sulu 9 J ihik omkfk`hithik
omtiadnfsom aisin 95-9=% cik hmautulik dhsf`mk ihik omkfk`hit 15%.
Uici smdrik` ikih amruour : tiluk, sfrhunisf dtih omkjipif 2=% cirf
smnurul tuaul cfaikcfk`hik drik` cmwisi yik` likyi omkjipif
9=%. Dnml hirmki ftu, hmkifhik sulu tuaul cipit omk`uail
hmsmfoaik`ik cirf omoarik smn kmurdk cik cinio wihtu yik` sfk`hit
tmrgicf cfbusf cirf fdk

hinfuo oiupuk fdk kitrfuo omninuf omoarik smn yik` omk`ihfaithik

nmpiskyi infrik nfstrfh. Nmpiskyi infrik nfstrfh fkf smcmofhfik amsirkyi
smlfk``i cipit omnuis hm smnurul ai`fik smn oiupuk omoarik smn cf
smhftirkyi cmk`ik aiktuik „kmurdtriksofttmr‟ smlfk``i tmrgicfnil
hmgik`.Ioaik` hmgik` tfip ikih amramci. Uici ikih cmk`ik ioaik`
5
rmkcil, hmgik` cipit tmrgicf pici sulu :< J, smcik` ikih cmk`ik ioaik`
5
hmgik` tfk``f, hmgik` airu tmrgicf pici sulu 35 J itiu nmafl.
2
L. Uitlwiy

cfirm

lfpmrtmrof

Fktdnmriksf
Cmbfjft
ihtfvftis
kutrfsf

@ik``uik
pdni tfcur
iksfmtis

(Zuoamr 7 Vilyi, 159<)

F. Umomrfhsiik Umkukgik`

Umomrfhsiik cmoio omkurut (Wmfk, 1591),

0
Umomrfhsiik ricfdnd`fs 7

tldrix, ]Z@ uppmr cik ndwmr iacdomk, afni cfautulhik gu`i lirus
cfpmrfhsi JS sjik iacdomk, pmomrfhsiik ciril nmk`hip, tmroisuh hfofi
ciril, smrdnd`f tmrlicip amamripi smrdoirhmr yik` ici, smrti
pmomrfhsiik foukdnd`f, smpmrtf IKI tmst uktuh omnflit hmouk`hfkik
ZNM.

Umomrfhsiik niadnitdrfuo 7

9. Ciril cik urfkm rutfk omrupihik pmomrfhsiik cisir uktuh pmkgigihik

cmoio. Hiniu cirf ciril cik urfkm rutfk sucil cipit omkmouhik
pmkymaia cmoio, oihi pmomrfhsiik nifkkyi likyi uktuh
hdkbfroisf cfi`kdstfh itiu uktuh omnflit hmouk`hfkik hdopnfhisf.
Aikyih pmkyihft fkbmhsf sucil afsi cfhmtiluf itiu sucil cipit
cfcu`i cmk`ik pmomrfhsiik ciril cik urfkm rutfk cik cfhdkbfroisf
cmk`ik ikiokmsfs cik pmomrfhsiik bfsfh yik` jmroit. Uici Siamn 9
amamripi pmkyihft fkbmhsf yik` uouo cf Fkcdkmsfi cmk`ik
oikfbmstisf cmoio cipit cfamcihik cmk`ik pmomrfhsiik ciril rutfkm
cik omk`mkinf gmkfs cmoiokyi. Amamripi pmtukguh pmktfk` pici
hisus cmoio ihfait pmkyihft fkbmhsf cik kdk fkbmhsf yik`
nizfo cftmouhik pici pmomrfhsiik ciril rutfk iktiri nifk7
i. Ikmofi smrfk` cfguopif pici oinirfi, nmptdspfrdsfs, cmoio
tfbdfc, tuamrhundsfs, fkbmhsf sinurik hmofl cmk`ik aitu (afisikyi
cfsmrtif cmk`ik lmoiturfi), ZNM, FSU, cik oinf`kiksf.
a. Nmuhdpmkfi smrfk` cfguopif pici fkbmhsf vfrus ihut smpmrtf CAC,
jlfhuk`ukyi, cmoio tfbdfc, FSU, ikmofi ipnistfh.
j. Nmuhdsftdsfs cfguopif pici fkbmhsf aihtmrf, oinirfi, nmptdspfrdsfs,
nmuhmofi (nmafl cirf 15.555).
c. Srdoadsftdpmkfi cfguopif pici CAC, jlfhuk`ukyi,
nmptdsdpfrdsfs, oinirfi, FSU, cik ikmofi ipnistfh.
m. Lmoitdhrft omkfk`hit pici hmiciik cmlfcrisf smpmrtf pici cfirm
ihut, CAC.

<
 b. Nfobdpmkfi cfguopif pici fkbmhsf vfrus ihut
`. Nfobdsftdsfs cfguopif pici fkbmhsf hrdkfh smpmrtf tuamrhundsfs
l. NMC omkfk`hit pici hisus fkbmhsf aihtmrf, ikmofi hrdkfh.

f. Mdsfkdbfnfi nizfo cftmouhik pici cmoio cmk`ik fkvisf pirisft

smpmrtf ishirfisfs, trfjlurfisfs, sjlfstdsdofisfs,
kmjitdrfisfs,
trfjlfkdsfs, bisjfdnfisfs, `kitldstdofisfs, piri`dkfofisfs, Ndmbnmr‖s
sykcrdom cik rmihsf inmr`f
1. ]rfkinfsfs lirus cfnihuhik pici urfkm yik` airu cftiopuk`.
Urdtmfkurfi rfk`ik afsi cfguopif pici pisfmk cmoio cmk`ik amrai`if
smaia. Urdtmfkurfi gu`i cfguopif pici hmiciik lmoiturfi. @rdss
lmoiturfi smrfk` cfguopif pici pisfmk nmptdspfrdsfs, oinirfi
amrit (Anijh Pitmr Bmvmr), aitu sinurik hmofl, CAC, cik
hmnifkik

lmodstisfs.
:. Umomrfhsiik bmsms, omrupihik pmomrfhsiik smcmrliki smjiri
ofhrdshdpfh, cipit omkmouhik amrai`if ofhrddr`ikfsom pmkymaia
cmoio, smpmrtf iouai, slf`mnni, amrai`if jijfk` usus, cik amrai`if
gmkfs giour. Umomrfhsiik bmsms afsi cfnikguthik cmk`ik huntur cik tms
smksftfvftis smrti UJQ. Afni cfpmrnuhik huntur bmsms smsuif cmk`ik
ofhrddr`ikfdsom yik` cfjurf`if smai`if pmkymaia.
3. Oinirfi somir cmk`ik smcfiik ciril tmain cik tfpfs lirus
cfnihuhik pici pisfmk cmoio yik` cfjurf`if oinirfi. Umomrfhsiik
ciril o inirfi

lirus cfioafn cirf uguk` girf (ciril tmpf, auhik ciril vmki). Lipusik
ciril tmain cik tfpfs cfauit cinio situ snfcm, cik uktuh ciril
tmain,
tfcih cfbfhsisf. Umwirkiik @fmosi uktuh smcfiik ciril tmpf
oinirfi lirus susuif cmk`ik stikcirc.
=. Qipfc Cfi`kdstfj Smst (QCS) cmk`ik stfjh siit fkf aikyih cf`ukihik
uktuh omkcmtmhsf amrai`if fkbmhsf smpmrtf CAC (KZ9, F`O, F`@),
Oinirfi (binjfpiruo cik vfvix), Fkbnumkzi, Cmoio tfbdfc (typlfcdt),
Nmptdspfrdsfs, Fkbmhsf LFR.
2. Aijtmrfin somir cipit cfnihuhik cirf urfkm itiu smhrmt yik` cfcu`i
smai`if ihfait cirf fkbmhsf.

6
 0. Sms Iktf`mk siit fkf tmrus amrhmoaik` uktuh amamripi pmkyihft
fkbmhsf, smpmrtf KZ9 pici CAC
<. Sms Zmrdnd`fh. Amrai`if gmkfs tms smrdnd`fh tmrus amrhmoaik` siit
fkf

uktuh omkm`ihhik cfi`kdsfs pmkyihft cik amrai`if oirhmr pmkyihft.

Umomrfhsiik smrdnd`fh uktuh omkcfi`kdsi pmkymaia
cmoio
cfofktihik smsuif cmk`ik pmkfnifik hnfkfs. Ofsinkyi, IZSD omkfk``f
pici cmoio rmoitfh, IKI pdsftfp pici ZNM, vfrin oirhmr lmpitftfs
smpmrtf iktf LJR, LasI`, F`O iktf LRI pici lmpitftfs ihut, cik
nifk- nifk.
6. Huntur ciril cik smksftfvfty tmst lirus cfofktihik smsuif cmk`ik
tmouik cik cu`iik hnfkfs. Umk`ioafnik siopmn ciril uktuh huntur
smtmnil pmoamrfik iktfafdtfh smninu omoamrfhik kfnif km`itfp.

Umrofktiik huntur gmkfs aihtmrf itiu giour tmrtmktu ihik nmafl tmriril
cinio omkmnusurf mtfdnd`f pmkymaia cmoio.
95. Hfofi Ciril, smpmrtf Mnmhtrdnft, `uni ciril, urmuo, hrmitfkfk, NBS,
cik nifk-nifk tmr`iktuk` hdkcfsf hnfkfs pisfmk. Umomrfhsiik hfofi
ciril cftuguhik uktuh omnflit buk`sf dr`ik cik `ik``uik
omtiadnfh nifk ihfait pmkyihft yik` omkcisirf itiu ihfait
hdopnfhisfkyi, cik gu`i uktuh omkukgik` cfi`kdsfs pmkymaia
cmoiokyi. Ofsinkyi, tuamrhundsfs smninu smai`if hdopnfhisf
cfiamtms, `ik``uik buk`sf
`fkgin tmrgicf pici Pmfn‖s cfsmisms, lfpdkitrmofi afsi tmrgicf
pici

oinirfi cik CAC, mkzfo triksiofkism smninu omkfk``f pici

CAC, nmptdspfrdsfs cik oinirfi.

G. Umkitinihsikiik Omcfs

Uici hmiciik lfpmpfrmhsfi ( cmoio ≭ 39 µJ ) gmnis cfpmrnuhik

pmk``ukiik dait ‚ daitik iktfpfrmtfh. Fauprdbmk ouk`hfk ioik ai`f ikih
‚ ikih cmk`ik hmouk`hfkik pmkurukik sulu yik` nmafl amsir cik
nioi hmrgi yik` smrupi cmk`ik hmrgi ismtiofkdbfk
95
H. Hdksmp Isulik Hmpmriwitik

9. Umk`higfik
i. Fcmktftis hnfmk Omnfputf 7 kioi, tmopit/ tik``in nilfr, uour, gmkfs
hmniofk, kioi drik` tui, pmrhmrgiik drik` tui, inioit,
suhu, aik`si, i`ioi.
a. Hmnulik utioi Hnfmk yik` afisikyi omkcmrfti bmarfs
omk`mnul sulu tuaul pikis ; :0,= µJ, amrhmrfk`it, ouin/ouktil.
j. Qfwiyit hmsmlitik smhirik` Uici uouokyi
cfcipithik pmkfk`htik sulu tuaul cfi tis :0,= µ J, `mgini bmarfs
yik` afisikyi yik` hik tfoaun omk``f`fn, ouin/ouktil,
amrhmrfk`it, kibsu oihik amrhurik`, `mnfsil, kymrf dtdt cik smkcf.
c. Qfwiyit hmsmlitik cunu Umk`ihgfik yik` cftikyihik ipiafni hnfmk
pmrkil omk`inof pmkyihft smamnuokyi.
m. Qfwiyit hmsmlitik hmnuir`i Umkyihft yik` pmrkil cf cmrfti dnml
hmnuir`i aifh ftu pmkyihft hmturukik itiupuk pmkyihft omkunir,
itiupuk pmkyihft yik` sioi.
b. @mkd`rio Umtukguh ik``dti hmnuir`i hnfmk.
`. Qfwiyit hmliofnik cik hmnilfrik Omnfputf 7 prmkitin,
kitin, pdstkitin, smrti citi pmomarfik foukfsisf pici ikih.
l. Qfwiyit sdsfin Umk`higfik tmrlicip pmrhmoaik`ik cik hmiciik
sdsfin hnfmk
f. Hmautulik cisir
9) Oihikik cik ofkuoik Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs omk`iniof
kibsu oihik, cik susul uktuh oihik smlfk``i hmhurik`
isupik kutrfsf.
1) Udni tfcur Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs omk`iniof susil
uktuh tfcur hirmki hnfmk omrisi `mnfsil cik amrhmrfk`it.
:) Oikcf

99
 3) Mnfofkisf Mnfofkisf hnfmk bmarfs afisikyi susil uktuh auik`
ifr amsir cik gu`i afsi omk`ihfaithik tmrgicf hdksftmksf
aia omkgicf jifr.

g. Umomrfhsiik bfsfh
9) Hmsicirik Afisikyi hmsicrik hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs 9= ‚ 9:,
amrit aicik smrti tfk``f aicik
1) Sikci ‚ tikci vftin Afisi hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs sulukyi ;
:0,=
µJ, kicf ; <5 x f Lmic td tdm
i) Hmpini cik nmlmr Amktuh, hmamrsflik, ici amhis
triuoi itiu tfcih
a) Hunft, rioaut, huhu Sur`dr hunft (aifh-auruh), tfcih ici
`ik``uik / hmnifkik.

j) Oiti ]ouokyi ounif tmrnflit jmhuk` itiu tfcih.

c) Smnfk``i, lfcuk`, tmk``drdhik cik ounut Amktuh,
hmamrsflik, buk`sf fkcrikyi icikyi `ik``uik itiu tfcih,
afisikyi pici hnfmk cmk`ik bmarfs ouhdsi afafr hnfmk ihik
hmrfk` cik pujit.
m) Sldrih cik iacdomk Afisi pmrkibisik jmpit cik cinio,
iacdomk afisikyi kymrf cik ici pmkfk`hitik afsfk` usus
afsfk` usus kdroin pici aiyf : ‚ = x
b) Zfstmo rmspfrisf ]ouokyi buk`sf pmrkibisik nmafl jmpit

cik cinio
`) Zfstmo hircfdvishunmr Uici hisus fkf afisikyi cmkyut
pici kicfkyi omkfk`hit
l) Zfstmo oushundshmnmtin Smrgicf `ik``uik ipi tfcih.
f) Zfstmo pmrkibisik Uici hisus fkf tfcih tmrcipit kibis yik`
tmrtfk``in / `mrihik kibis cik afisikyi hmsicirikkyi
`mnfsil, ipitfs itiu hdoi
g) Umomrfhsiik tfk`hit pmrhmoaik`ik
(9) Hmoikcfrfik cik amr`iun Ihtfvftis sdsfin hnfmk

91
 (1) Odtdrfh linus @mrihik yik` omk``ukihik dtdt
linus itiu smai`fik ik``dti tuaul tmrtmktu, yik`
cfpmk`irulf dnml hmsmopitik uktuh amnigir cik
amrnitfl. Ofsinkyi 7

omofkcilhik amkci cirf tik`k situ hm yik` nifk,

omkjdrmt ‚ jdrmt, omk``uktfk`
(:) Odtdrfh hisir @mrihik tuaul yik` omk``ukihik dtdt
‚ dtdt amsir itiu smai`fik amsir itiu smnurul
ik``dti tuaul yik` cf pmk`irulf dnml hmoitik`ik
bfsfh ikih jdktdlkyi hmoiopuik cucuh, omkmkcik`,
amrnirf, kifh turuk tik``i ( Nmrkmr & Luntsjl. 96<:)
(3) Hd`kftfb cik ailisi Hmoiopuik hnfmk uktuh amrafjiri
cik amrlftuk`.

h. Citi pmkukgik` Afisikiyi cfnihuhik pmomrfhsiik niadr

urfkm, bmsms, ciril, cik afisikyi nmdhdsft kyi ; 95.555 (
omkfk`hit ) ,
smcik`hik La, Lt omkuruk. o. Citi pmk`daitik
Afisikyi cfamrfhik dait iktfpfrmtfh uktuh omk`urik`f slu
tuaul hnfmk, smpmrtf fauprdbmk, pirijmtiodn (Vilyi, 159<)
1. Ikinfsi citi

Citi Mtfdnd`f Oisinil

CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umkfk`hitik nigu Lfpmrtmrof
pisfmk cmoio omtadnfsom (C.59:5)

CD 7 sulu tuaul cfitis kfnif

kdroin, hunft omril,
tihfhircf,
hunft tmrisi lik`it
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umkfk`hitik Cmbfjft kutrfsf
pisfmk kibsu oihik omkuruk hmautulik (C.5596)
CD 7 omoarik ouhdsi pujit, omtiadnfso
sirfiwik, cfirm, afsfk` usus
lfpmrihtfb
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Hmnmoilik Fktdnmriksf
9:
 pisfmk nmoil ihtfvftis
CD 7 brmhumksf gik tuk` (C.55=2)
omkfk`hit
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Lioaitik @ik``uik pdni
pisfmk sunft tfcur, fstfrilit tfcih nfk`huk`ik tfcur (C.55==)
juhup
CD 7 wihtu tfcur
CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Cfsbuk`sf systmo Iksfmtis
hliwitfr cmk`ik ihfait cirf hmnuir`i (C.55<5)
hdkcfsf yik` cflicipf
CD 7 tiopih `mnfsil, suiri
amr`mtir, tiopih tm`ik`

CZ 7 hmnuir`i omk`itihik Umruailik ifr cik Cfirm (C.5515)

pisfmk pmrutkyi sihft oihikik
CD 7 cmbmhisf nmafl cirf :x
cinio 13 gio, bmsms nmoamh,
itiu jifr, A] lfpmrihtfb

:. Cfi`kdsfs hmpmriwitik yik` ok`hfk oukjun

i. Lfpmrtmof amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmkfk`hitik nigu omtiadnfsom
(C.59:5)
a. Cmbfjft kutrfsf amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmkfk`hitik hmautulik
omtiadnfsom (C.5596)
j. Fktdnmriksf ihtfvftis amrluauk`ik cmk`ik hmnmoilik (C.55=2)
c. @ik``uik pdni tfcur amrluauk`ik cmk`ik lioaitik nfk`huk`ik
(C.55==)
m. Iksfmtis amrluauk`ik cmk`ik cfsbuk`sf systmo hmnuir`i (C.55<5)
b. Cfirm amrluauk`ik cmk`ik pmruailik ifr cik oi hikik (C.5515)

93
3. Fktmrvmksf
Kd. Cfi`kdsfs Suguik Fktmrvmksf Qisfdkin
hmpmriwitik

9. Lfpmrtmof Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Oikigmomk Lfpmrtmrofi (F. 9==52)  Omk`fcmktfbfhisf

amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik Dasmrvisf cik omk`mndni
 ncmktfbfhisf pmkymaia Lfpmrtmrofi
:x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 hmnmaflik vdnuom
cmk`ik  odkftdr sulu tuaul
pmkfk`hitik 9. Uujit omkuruk  odkftdr hicir mnmhtrdnft jifrik fktrivishunmr

1. Omk``f`fn omkuruk  odkftdr hdopnfhisf cik mhstrismnunmr

nigu
omtiadnfsom :. Sihfhircf omkuruk Ihfait Lfpmrtmrofi
Smripmutfh smrti omkjm`il

(C.59:5) 3. Zulu omoaifh  tmrgicfkyi

Ndk``irhik itiu nmpishik pihifik hmtit
=. Zulu hunft  amrfhik jifrik drin hdopnfhisf

omoaifh Mcuhisf

(Smrodrm`unisf
 Ikgurhik tfril airfk`
Hdniadrisf
N.939:3)  Hdniadrisf pmoamrfik
Jifrik cik mnmhtrdnft
1. Cmbfjft kutrfsf Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Umoiktiuik Kutrfsf (F.5:91:) Dasmrvisf  Hmicmhuitik
 Fcmktfbfhisf bihtdr yik` omopmk`irulf
isupik kutrfsf
amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik
isupik `fzf
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7  Fcmktfbfhisf pmruailik AA uktuh omomkulf

pmkfk`hitik 9. Udni oihikik  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici hunft hmautulik

9=

hmautulik yik` cfliafshik  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici rioaut omtiadnfso

omtiadnfsom  Fcmktfbfhisf pdni oihik
1. Zirfiwik  Omk`uopunhik
(C.5596) amrhurik`  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici huhu cik omk`ikinfsfs
 Fcmktfbfhisf Hmoiopuik omkmnik
:. Umrisiik jmpit  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik pici rdk``i ounut citi yik` amrhiftik
hmkyik` omkuruk  Fcmktfbfhisf hmnifkik mnfofkisf cmk`ik isupik cik
 Odkftdr ouin ouktil
3. Kibsu oihik stitus `fzf
 Odkftdr isupik drin
omkfk`hit
 Odkftdr wirki hdkguk`tfvi
=. Afsfk` usus  Odkftdr lisfn niadritdrfuo
omoaifh Smripmutfh
 Sfoaik` AA
2. Omoarik
 ]hur iktrdprdomtrf hdopdsfsf tuaul
ouhdsi omoaifh  Lftuk` pmruailik AA
(Ztitus kutrfsf  Itur fktmrvin wihtu pmoiktiuik smsuif
N.5:5:5) cmk`ik hdkcfsf pisfmk
 Cdhuomktisf hik lisfn pmoiktiuik
Mcuhisf

 Gmnishik tuguik cik prdsmcur

Umoiktiuik
 Fkbdroisf hik lisfn pmoiktiuik
Umoiktiuik tikci vftin (F.51525)
:. Fktdnmriksf Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Omk`uopunhik cik
Dasmrvisf
ihtfvftis tfkcihik hmpmriwitik omk`ikinfsfs citi lisfn

92
 amrluauk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7  odkftdr kicf ( brmhumksf, hmhuitik, pmk`uhurik buk`sf
cmk`ik 9. Brmhumksf kicf frioi ) vftin r,
hircfdvishunm  odkftdr pmrkipisik ( brmhumksf, u
hmnmoilik omoaifh pmrkibisik cik
sul hmcinioik )
(C.55=2) 1. Hmoucilik cinio  odkftdr sulu tuaul tuaul
omnihuhik  odkftdr dhsfomtrf kicf
 fcmkt fbfhisf pmkymaia pmruailik tikci
ihtfvftis smlirf -
lirf vfti
Smripmutfh
:. Umrisiik nmoil  itur fktmrvin pmoiktiuik smsuif hdkcfsf
omkuruk pisfmk
 Cdhuomktisfhio lisfn pmoiktiuik
3. Brmhumksf kipis
Mcuhisf
omoaifh
 Gmnishik tuguik cik prdsmcur
(Sdnmriksf ihtfvftis pmoiktiuik

N.5=530)  Fkbdroisfhik lisfn pmoiktiuik, gfhi

pmrnu
3. @ik``uik Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Smhkfh Omkmkik`hik (F.5<13<) Smhkfh rmnihsisf
Dasmrvisf
pdni tfcur tfkcihik hmpmriwitik cmk`ik pmoamtuhik
 Fcmktfbfhisf oisinil yik` cflicipf
amrluauk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 Smripmutfh foigfkisf fkcfvfcu
cmk`ik 9. Hmsmgiltmriik bfsfh  Auit hdktrrih cmk`ik pisfmk cmk`ik om``ukihik
lioaitik omoaifh  Jfpthik ruik`ik yik` kyioik cik smoui fkcmri omninuf
tmkik`

90

nfk`huk`ik 1. Umriwitik smsuif Mcuhisf pmordsmsik hd`kftfb

(C.55==) hmautulik  Ikgurhik omkcmk`irhik ousfj, vfcmd uktuh omk`urik`f
:. Hmnulik tfcih ikfoisf, yik` nmoaut itiu ousfj strmss
cfsuhif
yik`
kyioik omkuruk  Ikgurhiik omnihuhik tmhkfh omkmk
3. @mnfsil omkuruk ik`hik lfk``i pmrisiik omkgicf
tmkik`
=. Hmnulik sunft tfcur
omkuruk
2. Hmnulik
hmcfk`fkik
0. Udni mnfofkisf
omoaifh
<. Udni tfcur omoaifh
(Ztitus Hmkyioikik
N.5<523)
=. Iksfmtis Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Qmcuhsf iksfmtis (F.56:93) Omofkfoinhik
amrluauk`ik Dasmrvisf
tfkcihik hmpmriwitik hdkcfsf fkcfvfcu cik
 Fcmktfbfhisf siit tfk`hit iksfmtis
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 pmk`inioik suaymhtfb
amruail
cfsbuk`sf 9. Hdktih oiti  Fcmktfbfhisf hmoiopuik omk`ioafn tmrlicip dagmh yik`
systmo hmputusik
omoaifh tfcih gmnis cik spmsfbfh

9<
 hmnuir`i 1. Udni tfcur  Odkftdr tikci-tikci iksfmtis ihfait itsfpisf ailiyi
(C.55<5) omoaifh Smripmutfh yik` omouk `hfkhik
 Jfptihik suisiki tmripmutfh uktuh
:. Uujit omkuruk fkcfvfcu omnihuhik tfk
omkuoaulhik hmpmrjiyiik
3. Umrfnihu `mnfsil
 Uiliof sftuisf yik` omoauit iksfmtis cihik uktuh
omkurk  @ukihik pmkcmhitik yik` tmkik` cik omk`licipf
=. Srmodr omkuruk omyihfkhik ikjioik

(Sfk`hit Iksfmtis  Cmk`irhik cmk`ik pmkul pmrlitfik

 Mcuhisf
N.5656:)  Gmnishik prdsmcur, tmroisuh smksisf
yik` cfiniof
 Ikgrhik hmnuir`i uktuh tmtip amrsioi
pisfmk
 Nitfl hm`fitik pmk`inflik uktuh
omk`urik`f hmtm`ik`ik
 Nitfl tmhkfh rmnihsisf
Hdniadrisf
 Hdniadrisf pmoamrfik dait iktfiksfmtis,
gfhi pmrnu
Umoamrfik Dait ( F. 51521 )
2. Cfirm Zmtmnil cfnihuhik Omkyfiphik, omoamrf
Dasmrvisf
amrluauk`ik tfkcihik hmpmriwitik  fcmktfbfhisf hmouk`hfkik inmr`f, cik omk`mvinuisf
cmk`ik :x 13 gio, cfliriphik 7 fktmrihsf cik hdktri fkcfhisf dait hmmbmhtfbik i`mk
 odkftdr tikci vftin cik kfnif
pmruailik ifr 9. Kymrf iacdomk biroihdnd`fs yik` cf

96

cik oihikik omkuruk niadritdrfuo smamnuo pmoamrfik dait prd`iohik

(C.5515) 1. Hdkifstmksf bmsms Smripmutfh
Umrlitfhik pmrdcusmr pmoamrfik dait
omoaifh 
 nihuhik prfksfp 2 amkir
:. Brmhumksf cmbmhisf  auik` dait yik` tfcih tmrpihif
omoaifh /hicinuirsi

3. Cfstmksf iacdomk  cdhuomktisfhik pmoamrfik dait cik

rmspdk tmrlicip dait
omkuruk Mcuhisf
(Mnfofkisf bmhin N.  Gmnishik gmkfs dait, inisik pmoamrfik
 Sfkcihik yik` cf lirip hik cik mbmh
535:: )
siopfk`
 Gmnishik bihtdr yik` cipit omkfk`hithik
cik omkurukhik mbmhtfbftis dait

15
N. Cibtir Uustihi

Lirtfkf, Z., & Umrtfwf. (15 99==)).. MMbbmmhhttffbbffttiiss

pmkukrukik sulu hhddoopprrmmss iiffrr lliikk``iitt

tuau
Smnd`drmgd Zmoirik`.

O .Sldardkf, foio. (159=). Amnigir cik Umoamnigirik 7 Smdrf cik Urihtmh.

Vd`yihirti 7 Irr-Quzz Omcfi

QQddllooiill QQmmssttyy UU IIkkcc II``uuss

ZZiirrwwdd UUrriiyydd``ff,, IIkkcc MMhhdd
ZZuurryyiikkff,, ((115599<<)) UUmmkkmmrriippiikk
HHddoopprrmmss LLiikk``iitt UUiiccii IIkkiihh
Kur, CCmmooiioo CCmmkk``iikk @@iikk````uuiikk
Kurirfb, I.L & Husuoi, L. (159=). Ipnfhisf Isulik Hmpmriwitik
Amrcisirhik Cfi`kdsi Omcfs cik Kikci KFJ-KDJ. Mcfsf Qmvfsf
Gfnfc 9. Vd`yihirti7 Omcfijtfdk

UUKF, S. U. (1590). Ztikcir Cfi`kdsfs Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZCHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Fkcfhitdr Cfi`kdstfh ((jmtihik FFF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7 CUU
UUKF.

UUKF, S. U. (159<). Ztikcir Fktmrvmksf Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZFHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Sfkcihik Hmpmriwitik ((jmtihik FF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7
CUU UUKF.

UUKF, S. U. (1596). Ztikcir Nuirik Hmpmriwitik Fkcdkmsfi (ZNHF)7

Cmbfkfsf cik Hrmtmrfi Lisfn Hmpmriwitik ((jmtihik FF) 9 mc.). Gihirti7
CUU UUKF.
IIrryyiikkttff.. ((11559922)).. UUmmrraaiikkccffkk``iikk
Pircfyil, MMbbmmhhttffbbffttiiss UUmmooaammrrffiikk HHddoopprrmmss
Lik ``iitt CCiikk SSmmppffcc ssppddkk``mm SSmmrrlliicciipp
Vik UUmmkkuurruukkiikk ZZuulluu SSuuaauull IIkkiihh
Nio `` OOmmkk``iinniiooff ccmmooiioo QQssuucc CCrr.. LL..
IIaaccuunn OOddmmnnddmmhh UUrrddvvffkkssff
cirf

ii,, OO.. IIzzooff.. ((115599<<)).. IIssuulliikk

HHmmppmmrriiwwiittiikk UUiiccii HHnnffmmkk IIkk.. YY
CCmmkk``iikk BBmmaarrffss CCff QQuuiikk`` QQiiwwiitt
FFkkiipp IIkkiihh QQssuucc CCrr.. IIjjllooiicc
OOddjjllttiirr AAuuhhffttttffkkkk````ff
Vily
Wmfk, ]oir. 1591. Auhu Zihu Cmoio. Omcik 7 ]Z] UQMZZ 1591

19