‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫‪Chapter 7‬‬

‫‪The Schrödinger Equation‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 1‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺮآﺔ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ )ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت ﻣﺎآﺴﻮﻳﻞ(‬
‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج اﻟﻰ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎذا ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة‬

‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ )‪ (wave mechanics‬أو ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ آﻤﻴﺔ )‪(Quantum Mechanics‬‬

‫‪ Schrö‬ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺘﻪ اﻟﺸﻬﻴﺮة‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻨﻴﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﻂ ﺷﺮود ﻧﺠﺮ ‪Schrödinger‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ وﺗﺪﻋﻰ "ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ " ‪ ،‬وهﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﻪ ‪ .‬وﺗﻨﺺ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ أن ﻟﻜﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ داﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ وهﺬﻩ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮة ﻟﺘﻤﻸ اﻟﻔﺮاغ اﻟﻜﻮﻧﻲ آﻠﻪ وﺗﻜﻮن‬
‫هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ أﻗﻮى ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ وﺗﻀﻌﻒ آﻠﻤﺎ اﺑﺘﻌﺪﻧﺎ ﻋﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫وﺗﺼﻒ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻢ "ﻣﺜﻞ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون أو اﻟﺬرة " ﺑﺪﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﺎهﻴﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﺟﺪا ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ وهﻰ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺟﺮاء أي " ﻗﻴﺎس " ﻟﻺﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ آﺸﺎف‬
‫ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻣﺜﻼ ﻓﺎن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﺗﻘﻔﺰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﻮﺻﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮود ﻧﺠﺮ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﺧﺮى ﺣﻴﺚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻮر إدراآﻨﺎ ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎهﺪة أو اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻓﺈن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ وﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻤﻸ اﻟﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ "اﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻓﻖ"‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻣﺎآﺲ ﺑﻮرن اﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫اﺧﺬ ﻣﺎآﺲ ﺑﻮرن اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﻟﻤﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮر ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ ﺧﻄﻮة أﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ أوﺿﺢ أن‬
‫ﺷﺪة اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻷي ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﺎ هﻲ إﻻ ﻣﻘﻴﺎس ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل ﺗﻮاﺟﺪﻩ ﻋﻨﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎهﻢ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻓﻲ اآﺘﺸﺎف أﺷﻜﺎل أﺧﺮى ﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 3‬‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫‪ASIDE‬‬
‫‪Important Clue:‬‬ ‫)‪Probability (= what we measure‬‬

‫)‪• probability of hitting the screen at point (x) = (# hits at x) / (# total‬‬

‫)‪• intensity = energy/(area-time) ~ (# hits) /(area-time‬‬

‫‪• intensity ~ (amplitude)2 for a wave‬‬

‫‪Recall 2 slit interference:‬‬

‫‪I(θ) ~ (E1 + E2)2‬‬

‫‪λ‬‬
‫)‪E = Em sin(kx-ωt‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬

‫‪The wave associated with the electron must have the property that‬‬
‫‪the square of its amplitude at point x gives the probability of hitting the‬‬
‫!‪screen at point x‬‬

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 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

(46.5)
ASIDE
Wave Function:
(Greek letter “psi)

Introduce a wave function Ψ(x,t) to describe the matter wave for the electron:

→ intensity pattern on the screen ~ Ψ(x,t)2

It is tempting to write: Ψ(x,t) = Ψo sin(kx - ωt) for the matter wave,

just like E (x,t) = Em sin(kx - ωt) for a light wave....

But this turns out to be wrong....

Erwin Schrodinger, 1926 concluded that

the wave function for a matter wave
had to be a complex function in order
to correctly describe “quantum” phenomena:

Ψ ( x, t ) = ψ o e i ( kx −ωt )
with i ≡ − 1

353 PHYS Page 5

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
ASIDE
Math Tutorial:

What happens if we need to take the square root of a negative number?

(Calculator gives an error message...) /

→ mathematicians just go ahead and define a quantity: i = −1

Using this trick, one can treat i as a “unit”, like m/s for example, and carry
on with calculations as usual:

− 4 = (−1) × 4 = 2 i ⇔ 4 ( m/s) 2 = 2 m/s same thing!

• A multiple of i is called an imaginary number, e.g. “ 5 i “

• Otherwise, it is a real number, e.g. “ 27 “

• A sum of real and imaginary numbers is a complex number, e.g. “ 27 + 5 i “

The wave function for a particle in quantum mechanics is a complex number.

(Schrodinger, 1926)

353 PHYS Page 6

‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬.‫د‬ 3

 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
ASIDE
What does it mean to have a wave that is complex?

Everything we can observe or measure is described by real numbers!!!

We can measure the probability of an electron hitting the screen at point x,

and probability ~ Ψ(x,t)2 so the “square” of the wave function must be real...

General complex number, z: z = a+ib

z z ∗ = a2 + b2
Define the complex conjugate of z: z∗ ≡ a − i b

imaginary part changes sign

Imaginary
axis Replace the “square” of a complex number
by the product z z*

b → |z|2 = z z* = a2 + b2

|z|
The “modulus” of z is |z| = a2 + b2
Real
← Graphical representation
a axis

353 PHYS Page 7

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
ASIDE

The mathematics of complex numbers was worked out by

Leonhard Euler, 1707-1783.

Euler’s famous formula: e iθ = cos θ + i sin θ

was just what Schrodinger needed to describe matter waves:

Wave function for a particle moving at constant speed :

Ψ ( x, t ) = ψ o e i ( kx −ωt )

Interpretation: the probability to observe a particle

within dx of x is given by P(x)dx, where:

Ψ Ψ * = P(x )

P(x) = Ψ Ψ* is the probability density. (Real number, OK!)

353 PHYS Page 8

‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬.‫د‬ 4

 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬

(v = constant, no force acting on it)

ASIDE
Analysis for a free particle:

Ψ ( x, t ) = ψ o e i ( kx −ωt )

( )(
P ( x) = Ψ Ψ * = ψ o e i ( kx −ωt ) ψ o* e −i ( kx −ωt ) = | ψ o |2 )
(change the sign of imaginary parts; don’t assume the amplitude is real)

P(x) is constant everywhere for a free particle!

→ We have absolutely no idea where it is ??? Something’s

Something’s
wrong
wronghere....
here....

P(x)

| ψ o |2

353 PHYS Page 9

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
ASIDE
Very important idea: Normalization Ψ ( x, t ) = ψ o e i ( kx −ωt )
If we know we have exactly one particle, and it is somewhere between x = ± ∞, then
the probability of finding it anywhere between x = ± ∞ must be equal to 1.

+∞
∫ −∞
P( x) dx = 1

If the particle is “free” but we know it is somewhere between x = ± ½ L, say, so that

it is contained in a 1-d box along the x-axis of width L, then:
+L/ 2
∫ −L / 2
P( x) dx = 1

Area under the graph of P(x) =

P(x) probability that the particle is
somewhere in the “box”

| ψ o |2
1
| ψ o |2 L = 1 ⇒ ψo = ±
x L
-½ L ½L

(Problem with the infinite range of x is that L→∞ so P(x) → 0 everywhere)

353 PHYS Page 10

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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪Interpretation of the Wave function‬‬

‫‪ Ψ‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ !!‬

‫آﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ؟‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ أن‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﺪد اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ أو ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺷﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎل اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫إﻗﺘﺮح ﻣﺎآﺲ ﺑﻮرن ‪ Max Born‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ ‪ Ψ‬هﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻓﺈن إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺟﻮد‬
‫اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻃﻮل ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻘﺪارﻩ ‪ δx‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ‪ x‬وزﻣﻦ ‪ t‬ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة ‪:‬‬
‫)‪Ψ(x,t‬‬ ‫)‪x,t) dx = | Ψ(x,t‬‬
‫)‪x,t) Ψ*(x,t‬‬ ‫‪x,t) |2 dx ,‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ *‪ Ψ‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺮآﺐ ‪complex conjugate‬‬
‫واﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ *‪ |Ψ |2 = Ψ Ψ‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ Probability Density‬أو‬
‫اﻹﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﻄﻮل وهﻲ ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪Born‬‬
‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 11‬‬

‫‪|Ψ|2‬‬ ‫‪δx‬‬
‫إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻌﻴﻦ ‪ a‬و ‪ b‬ﺗﻜﻮن ‪:‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫) ‪∑ Ψ ( x, t‬‬ ‫‪→∫ Ψ ( x, t ) dx‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫⎯⎯⎯ ‪δ x‬‬
‫‪δ x →0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪x =a‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬

‫وﺣﻴﺚ أن إﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﺟﻮد اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻳﺴﺎوي اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∫ ψ ψ* dV = ∫ ψ‬‬ ‫‪dV = 1‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ هﺬا اﻟﺸﺮط ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ‪NORMALISED‬‬

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 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

353 PHYS Page 13

Example
Suppose that at some instant of time a particle’s wavefunction at t=0 is

Ψ ( x, 0) = 2 x
What is:
(a) The probability of finding the particle between x=1.0 and x=1.001?
(b) The probability per unit length of finding the particle at x=1?
(c) The probability of finding the particle between x=0 and x=0.5?

TRY TO SOLVE

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 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

Example
Particle with un-normalized wavefunction at some instant of time t
Ψ ( x, t ) = a 2 − x 2 , − a ≤ x ≤ a
Ψ ( x, t ) = 0, x >a

353 PHYS Page 15

DOUBLE-
DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENT REVISITED

d s i n θ

Ψ1
y
Ψ2
θ
Incoming coherent Detecting
beam of particles screen
(or light)
D

Schrödinger equation is linear: solution with both slits open is Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ 2

2 2 2
Observation is nonlinear Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ 2 + Ψ *1 Ψ 2 + Ψ1Ψ *2

Usual “particle” part Interference term

gives fringes
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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ‪Expectation Values‬‬

‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺮى أن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻋﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ أو اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬
‫)‪ ، Ψ(x,t‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﺑﻮرن ﺗﻜﻮن إﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض ﺟﺴﻴﻢ داﻟﺘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ )‪x,t‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ x‬و ‪ dx‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬
‫‪x,t)dx = Ψ*(x,t‬‬
‫)‪P(x,t‬‬ ‫)‪*(x,t))Ψ(x,t‬‬
‫‪x,t)dx‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎت )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ‪ x‬أو آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮآﺔ أو اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ‪ ...‬إﻟﺦ( اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻊ ‪ x‬ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪< x >= ∫ P( x, t ) xdx = ∫ Ψ * ( x, t ) xΨ ( x, t )dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 17‬‬

‫وﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻷي آﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ )‪ f(x‬ﻣﺮاﻓﻘﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬
‫∞‪+‬‬
‫‪< f ( x) >= ∫ Ψ *( x, t ) f ( x)Ψ ( x, t )dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬

‫واﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬

‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫‪ ∂x Ψ( x, t )dx‬اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫) ‪< p >= ∫ Ψ * ( x, t ) pop Ψ ( x, t ) dx = −ih ∫ Ψ * ( x, t‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬

‫‪and similarly‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∞‪+‬‬ ‫∂‬

‫‪for <E>:‬‬ ‫) ‪< E >= ∫ Ψ * ( x, t ) Eop Ψ ( x, t ) dx = ih ∫ Ψ * ( x, t‬‬ ‫‪Ψ ( x, t ) dx‬‬
‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫∞‪−‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬

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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫‪Example :‬‬
‫‪⎧ Ψ = ax‬‬ ‫‪for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1‬‬
‫⎨ ‪The wavefunction describing a particle‬‬
‫‪⎩Ψ = 0‬‬ ‫‪for x > 1, x < 0‬‬
‫‪Find:(a) probability to be found in 0.45< x <0.55‬‬
‫‪(b) expectation value‬‬

‫‪By normalizing Ψ = ax‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪⎡ x3‬‬ ‫‪a2‬‬
‫| ‪∫− ∞ | Ψ‬‬ ‫= ⎥ ⎢ ‪dx = a 2 ∫0 x 2 dx = a 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪=1→ a = 3‬‬
‫‪⎣ 3 ⎦0 3‬‬
‫‪0.55‬‬
‫‪0.55 2 2‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪⎡ x3‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪a x dx‬‬ ‫⎥ ⎢ ‪= a2‬‬ ‫‪= 0.0251a 2 = 0.0753‬‬
‫‪⎣ 3 ⎦ 0.45‬‬
‫‪0.45‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫⎤ ‪⎡ x4‬‬ ‫‪a2 3‬‬
‫= ⎥ ⎢ ‪< x >= ∫− ∞ x | Ψ |2 dx = a 2 ∫0 x3dx = a 2‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪⎣ 4 ⎦0 4 4‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 19‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ آﻮﺑﻨﻬﺎﺟﻦ ‪ -:‬وهﻮ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ اﻟﻜﻮن أو اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻘﻴﺎس هﻮ آﻞ ﺷﺊ‬
‫‪.‬اﻟﻘﻴﺎس هﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أي أن ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻜﺎن إﻟﻜﺘﺮون هﻮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻮﺟﺪ إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ﻟﻪ ﻣﻜﺎن أو‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ وﺑﺪون ﻗﻴﺎس ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻋﻦ واﻗﻊ ﺑﻮﺟﻮد إﻟﻜﺘﺮون ‪ .‬أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ وﺷﺮود ﻧﺠﺮ ﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻳﻮاﻓﻘﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻓﻘﺘﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ آﺎن‬
‫أﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻗﺘﻨﺎع ﺑﺄن اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺼﺮف اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ أو ﻋﺪم ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻨﺎ ﻟﻪ وﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺟﺎدل إﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﺑﺄن ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺎف ﺑﻞ أﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﻮرة ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮرة اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ أﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ رؤﻳﺔ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺼﻮرة ﻓﺄﻧﻨﺎ ﺑﻼ ﺷﻚ ﺳﻮف‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻮن ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ ﻗﺎل إﻳﻨﺸﺘﺎﻳﻦ آﻠﻤﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﺸﻬﻮرة ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺴﻴﺎق وهﻰ ‪ ) -:‬ﻻ‬
‫أﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ أن أﺻﺪق أن اﷲ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻄﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻮن (‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫)‪ Ψ(x,y,z,t‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ Schrö‬ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ )‪x,y,z,t‬‬
‫وﺻﻒ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ ‪Schrödinger‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ )‪ (wave function‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺈذا آﺎن اﻟﻨﻈﺎم ﻻﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻹﺳﺘﻘﺮار )‪ (stationary state‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫)‪. ψ(x,y,z‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن داﻟﺘﻪ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )‪x,y,z) (time independent‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 21‬‬

‫ﻓﺮﺿﻴﺎت ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ]‪: [1‬‬
‫داﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻒ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن هﻨﺎك داﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻒ أي ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن هﺬﻩ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﺤﺪودة‪ ،‬ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫واﺣﺪة‪ ،‬وﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن‪:‬‬
‫وهﺬا ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﻓﻘﻂ إذا ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮوط اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺔ )‪(BOUNDARY CONDITIONS‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن )‪ ψ (x‬ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ )‪. (continuous‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ‪) ψ ' = ∂ψ / ∂x‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ آﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ أي‬
‫‪ V(x,y,z‬ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺪد(‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪا اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ))‪V(x,y,z‬‬
‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺘﻼﺷﻰ )‪ ψ (x‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺆول اﻹﺣﺪاﺛﻴﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ أي ‪:‬‬
‫∞ ‪ψ (x) → 0 as x, y, z → ±‬‬

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 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﺷﺮط ﺑﻮرن ﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎل وﺟﻮد اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ dz dy dx‬أي أن‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ALL SPACE‬‬
‫‪ψ *ψ dxdydz = 1‬‬

‫وهﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺸﺮط اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﺔ ‪ Normalization condition‬وﻳﻀﺎف آﺸﺮط ﺣﺪي ﻟﻠﺸﺮوط‬

‫اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وإذا آﺎن هﻨﺎك ‪ n‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء ﻓﺈن ‪:‬‬
‫∫‬ ‫‪ψ ψ dxdydz = n‬‬
‫*‬
‫‪ALL SPACE‬‬

‫‪Un-‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ‪ ψ‬ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة ‪Un-normalized wave function‬‬
‫‪ψ‬‬ ‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪة هﻲ ‪n‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑـ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﻳﺔ ‪Normalization constant‬‬ ‫‪=N‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 23‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ]‪: [2‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪Operators for observable quantities‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ‪ operator‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻟﻜﻞ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ هﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ أي ﺷﻲء ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺷﻲء ﻟﻠﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﻀﺮب × ‪،‬اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫‪ d /dr‬اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ‪( … ∫ dr‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻲ ‪/dr‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ ﻳﻜﻮن اﺧﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ اﺧﺘﻴﺎري وﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط اﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ داﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻨﻪ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ observable quantity‬ﻣﻀﺮوﺑ ًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ أي أﻧﻪ إذا آﺎن ‪O‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ داﻟﺔ ‪ ψ‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ذﻟﻚ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ‪ . o‬أي‬
‫أن‪:‬‬
‫‪Oψ = oψ‬‬
‫واﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮات ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﻢ‪:‬‬

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 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

‫ﺑﻌﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﺛﺮات ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﻢ‬

Classical Quantity Quantum Mechanics Operator

‫اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻚ اﻟﻜﻢ‬

Position x, y, z x, y, z

Momentum p p = -i ℏ∇
∂ h ∂
px p x = −i h =
∂x i ∂ x
∂ h ∂
py p y = −i h =
∂y i ∂y
∂ h ∂
pz p z = −i h =
∂z i ∂z
∂ h ∂
Energy E E =ih =−
∂t i ∂t

i = −1

353 PHYS Page 25

eigen==
eigen== German ward
unique or singular ‫وﺣﻴﺚ أن‬
eigen function ‫اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ‬
Oψ = oψ
eigen value ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ‬

‫ واﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ‬eigen value ‫وﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻢ ﻳﺠﺐ إﻳﺠﺎد اﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺣﺔ‬
. ‫ ﺑﺤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ‬eigen function

:[3] ‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻻت‬Expectation value ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬
:‫ ﻳﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬o ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻷي آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

∫ψ o ψ dxdydz
*

o =
∫ ψ ψ dxdydz
*

353 PHYS Page 26

‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬.‫د‬ 13

 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫‪(Schrö‬‬
‫)‪(Schrödinger Eq.‬‬
‫إﺷﺘﻘﺎق ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ )‪Eq.‬‬

‫‪p2‬‬
‫=‪QE‬‬ ‫‪+V‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬
‫‪k 2h 2‬‬
‫= ‪hω‬‬ ‫‪+V‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﻔﺎﺿﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮآﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ 1 ∂ 2ψ‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪∂ x 2 ∂y 2 ∂ z 2 v 2 ∂ t 2‬‬

‫‪Or‬‬

‫‪1 ∂ 2ψ‬‬
‫= ‪∇ 2ψ‬‬
‫‪v 2 ∂t 2‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 27‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ واﺣﺪ‬

‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬ ‫‪1 ∂ 2ψ‬‬
‫=‬
‫‪∂x 2‬‬ ‫‪v x2 ∂t 2‬‬
‫) ‪i ( kx − ωt‬‬
‫‪ ψ = e‬ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻢ ﻳﺘﺤﺮك ﻓﻲ إﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﻣﺤﻮر ‪x‬‬ ‫وﺑﺈﻓﺘﺮاض أن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫‪∂ψ‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬

‫‪= ik e i ( kx − ωt ) ,‬‬ ‫) ‪= − k 2 e i ( kx − ωt‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∂ψ‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬

‫‪= − iω e i ( kx − ωt ) ,‬‬ ‫) ‪= −ω 2 e i ( kx − ωt‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬

‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﻼﺣﻆ وﺟﻮد )‪ (k2‬و )‪ (ω‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ دﻣﺞ‬
‫‪∂t 2‬‬ ‫‪∂x 2‬‬
‫‪∂ 2ψ‬‬ ‫‪∂ψ‬‬
‫‪ α‬هﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺮودﻧﺠﺮ‬ ‫‪+ Vψ = β‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺘﺮض أن ‪:‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂t‬‬

‫‪∴ α (-k 2 )ψ + Vψ = β ( − iω )ψ‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 28‬‬

‫د‪.‬ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪14‬‬

 ‫‪353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2‬‬

‫‪k 2h 2‬‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ أن‪:‬‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ‪+ V = hω‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬

‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬

‫= ‪−α‬‬ ‫‪⇒ α =−‬‬ ‫‪, - iβ = h ⇒ β = = ih‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪2m‬‬ ‫‪-i‬‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺷﺮودﻧﺠﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺼﻮرة‪:‬‬

‫‪h 2 ∂ 2ψ‬‬ ‫‪∂ψ‬‬

‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪+V ψ = i h‬‬
‫‪2m ∂x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬

‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 29‬‬

‫‪The Schrö‬‬
‫‪Schrödinger Equation‬‬
‫‪Another APROACH‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫وﻟﺔ‬ ‫إن اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪ E‬ﻟﺠﺴﻴﻢ آﺘﻠﺘﺔ ‪ m‬وﻳﺘﺤﺮك ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ v‬ﺣﻴﺚ ‪v 2 = v x2 + v y2 + v z2‬‬
‫‪ V(x,y,z,t‬ﻋﻨﺪ زﻣﻦ ‪ t‬ﺗﻌﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ آﺎﻣﻨﺔ ))‪V(x,y,z,t‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪E = K E + PE = mv 2 +V ( x , y , z ,t‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪p2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫) ‪+V ( x , y , z , t‬‬
‫‪2m‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻮل ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻜﺎ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮات اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪r‬‬ ‫∂ ⎛‬ ‫∂‬ ‫⎞ ∂‬
‫ˆ‪p ⇒ p ≡ − i h ⎜ i‬‬ ‫ˆ‪+ j‬‬ ‫ˆ‪+ k‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫⎠⎟ ‪∂z‬‬
‫∂‬
‫‪E ⇒ E ≡ih‬‬
‫‪∂t‬‬
‫‪r r‬‬ ‫‪⎛ ∂2‬‬ ‫‪∂2‬‬ ‫⎞ ‪∂2‬‬
‫‪p 2 = p p ⇒ p 2 = h 2 ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟ = − h 2∇ 2‬‬
‫‪⎝ ∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫⎠ ‪∂z‬‬
‫‪353 PHYS‬‬ ‫‪Page 30‬‬

‫د‪.‬ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬ ‫‪15‬‬

 353 PHYS - CH7 - Part2

h 2 ⎛ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ∂ 2ψ ⎞ ∂ψ
− + + +V ( x , y , z ,t )ψ = i h
2m ⎜⎝ ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ⎟⎠ ∂t

h2 2 ∂ψ
− ∇ ψ +V ψ = i h
2m ∂t
Time-
Time-dependent Schrö
Schrödinger wave eq
‫ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﳒﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬
if H ≡ Hamiltonian Operator (or Energy Operator )
h2 2
≡ − ∇ +V
2m Eigen function

H ψ = Eψ
Hamiltonian Eigen value

353 PHYS Page 31

‫ﻋﺒﺪاﷲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺰﻳﺮ‬.‫د‬ 16