GROUP PRESENTATION 22 AUGUST

01 PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1

 QUESTION 1
Who was known for his Socratic method of
questioning and is often credited as one of the
founders of Western philosophy?
 QUESTION 2
Which philosopher was a student of Socrates
and went on to establish the Academy in
Athens, becoming one of the most influential
figures in philosophy?
 QUESTION 3
Who is the philosopher known for his
eliminative materialism and the idea that folk
psychology should be replaced by
neuroscience?
 QUESTION 4
This philosopher is associated with the concept
of "the ghost in the machine" and criticized the
mind-body dualism. Who is he?
 QUESTION 5
This philosopher is famous for the statement "I
think, therefore I am." Who is he?
 QUESTION 6
Who was a French phenomenologist
philosopher known for his works on perception,
embodiment, and the nature of consciousness?
 QUESTION 7
Who developed the concept of categorical
imperative and is considered a key figure in
modern philosophy?
 QUESTION 8
Which philosopher is recognized for his
skepticism and empiricism, challenging
concepts such as causation and the self?
 QUESTION 9
Who was a prominent early Christian
philosopher known for his ideas on original sin,
divine illumination, and the nature of time?
 QUESTION 10
Who is the philosopher known for his ideas on
empiricism, tabula rasa, and the social contract
theory?
GROUP PRESENTATION 22 AUGUST

Philosophical
Perspectives on the Self
L E S S O N O N E

01 PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1

 1 INTRODUCTION

2 LESSON OBJECTIVES

3 THE PHILOSOPHERS

A SOCRATES

Presentation
B PLATO

C ST. AUGUSTINE

Overview RENE DESCARTES

D

E JOHN LOCKE

F DAVID HUME

G IMMANUEL KANT

H GILBERT RYLE

I MAURICE JEAN MERLEAU-PONTY

J PAUL CHURCHLAND
 Meet the Team

MARC LAURENCE LUIS GABRIEL DESEREE SAMANTHA ALLIYAH

CARANDANG PITA DE RAMOS JOYCE DOB MALABANAN
 Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1 2 3

Explain the various Examine one's self in

State the importance
notions of the self from relation to the
of understanding
different philosophical philosophical
one's self.
perspectives. perspectives of the self.

04
 The Philosophers

05
 SOCRATES
(469 - 399 BCE)
The philosopher that changed the focus from the
study of the universe and the world of nature to
the human nature, human person, and the self.
Believed that it is the duty of the philosopher to
know oneself.
One of his famous dictum is, "The unexamined life
is not worth living".
Socrates saw a person as dualistic, that is, every
person is composed of a body and a soul.
Between the two elements that make up a
person, the physical body is the one that is
imperfect and impermanent, while the aspect
that is perfect and permanent is the soul.
 PLATO (428 - 347 BCE)
Plato further expounded on the idea of the soul by
stating that it has three parts or components:
Appetitive Soul - The one responsible for the
desire and cravings of a person.
Rational Soul - It is the judging, thinking, and
reasoning aspect.
Spirited Soul - It is the one that is accountable
for emotions and also makes sure that the rules
of reason is followed in order to attain victory
and/or honor.
In his work, The Republic, he emphasized that
justice and virtue can only be attained when the
three parts are working harmoniously with each
other.

07
 ST. AUGUSTINE
(354 - 430 CE)
A significant Christian thinker in Latin
Christianity theology.
His idea of the "self" infused Plato's
perspective of man with the newfound
doctrine of Christianity, which made him
believe in the duality of a person.
The imperfect part of us is the one that is
connected to the world and yearns for the
divine. Meanwhile, there is also an
unbound aspect that is capable of
attaining immortality.
He claimed that the body's imperfection
prevents spiritual communion with God,
necessitating its death for the soul to reach
the eternal realm.
 RENÉ DESCARTES
(1596 - 1650)
He was a French mathematician, scientist, and
philosopher.
Descartes claimed that the person is composed of
the "cogito" (mind) and the "extenza" (body).
Advocated people to believe only in things that
survive doubt, like one's self.
Coined the famous phrase "cogito ergo sum" (I
think, therefore I am).
Considered the mind as the true essence of a
person, with the body being like a controlled
machine.

09
 JOHN LOCKE
(1632 - 1704)
He was an English philosopher, political
theorist, and physician.
Locke contradicted the duality of body and
soul.
Proposed the idea of a tabula rasa (blank slate
mind) at birth.
He claimed that one's personal identity is
formed through experiences and
consciousness.
Stated that the self cannot be found in the soul
nor the body, but within an individual's
consciousness.
Believed the the consciousness and the self
could be transferred to others.
 DAVID HUME (1711 - 1776)
He is a Scottish philosopher and empiricist.
Hume believed that concepts and knowledge are
derived from the senses and experiences.
Argued that there's no self beyond the experiential
realm.
Defined self as a collection of rapidly changing
perceptions. Simply, self is the combination of a
person's experiences.
Experiences can be categorized into impressions and
ideas:
Impressions - Real or actual experiences or
sensations.
Ideas - Copies of impressions or representations of
the world and sensations.

11
 IMMANUEL KANT
(1724 - 1804)
Kant is an influential Western philosopher in
metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.
He believes that although everything starts
with sensations and impressions, there must
be something in us that organizes these
sensations to create knowledge and ideas.
Contrasting with Locke, Kant was a
rationalist, valuing reason over mere
experience.
Self, according to Kant, organizes and
synthesizes experiences into something that
are meaningful.
The self is independent from sensory
experiences and transcends consciousness.
 GILBERT RYLE
(1900-1976)
Ryle was mainly associated with the Ordinary
Language Philosophy Movement.
Proposed focusing on observable behavior to
define the self.
Rejected the idea of a private, unobservable
aspect of a person.
Saw the self as an entirety of thoughts,
emotions, and actions relating to observable
behavior.
He claimed that we get to know others through
behavior observation and inferring about their
selves.

13
 MAURICE JEAN
MERLEAU-PONTY
(1908 - 1961)
He is a French existentialist and
phenomenologist.
Maurice Jean Merleau-Ponty argued
against the concept of duality. He claimed
that the mind and body are
interconnected and cannot be separated.
The body is the one that connects us to
the external world, making experiences
embodied. This also includes our thoughts
and emotions.
 PAUL CHURCHLAND
(1942 --)
Churchland was one of those who proposed the
use of eliminative materialism or eliminativism to
redefine terms describing the mind.
Suggested that the outdated terms of folk
psychology should be replaced with scientific
terms.
Advocated using accurate terms based on
neuroscience research.
Neuroscience shows the connection of mental
states to that of the physical activities of the brain.
This led to the creation of arguments which imply
that the self is actually located in the brain, and
that the actions of the mind or the self are
processes of the brain.

15
THANK YOU! 22 AUGUST

Thank you for

listening!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!

16 PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1