Physics Notes for 12th Grade:

Mechanics:

Kinematics: Describes the motion of objects without reference to the forces that cause the motion.

Dynamics: Deals with the forces and torques that cause motion.

Newton's Laws of Motion:

Newton's First Law: An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the
same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force.

Newton's Second Law: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting upon
the object and inversely proportional to the object's mass.

Newton's Third Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Work, Energy, and Power:

Work-Energy Theorem: The work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic energy.

Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one
form to another.

Circular Motion:

Describes the motion of an object moving in a circular path.

Centripetal force is the force that keeps an object in circular motion.

Gravitation:

Law of Universal Gravitation: Every point mass attracts every other point mass in the universe with a
force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the separation distance.
Oscillations and Waves:

Simple harmonic motion and its mathematical representation.

Characteristics of waves, including amplitude, frequency, and wavelength.

Electrostatics:

Electric charge, Coulomb's Law, and electric fields.

Gauss's Law and electric potential.

Current Electricity:

Ohm's Law and the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.

Series and parallel circuits.

Magnetism and Electromagnetism:

Magnetic fields, magnetic force on moving charges, and magnetic force on current-carrying wires.

Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's Law.

Optics:

Reflection and refraction of light.

Lens and mirror properties.