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Solutions to Problems
*1.1. Set Up: We know the following equalities: 1 mg = 1023 g; 1 μ g = 1026 g; 1 kilohms = 1000 ohms; and
1 milliamp = 1023 amp.
Solve: In each case multiply the quantity to be converted by unity, expressed in different units. Construct an
expression for unity so that the units to be changed cancel and we are left with the new desired units.
⎛ 1023 g ⎞
(a) (2400 mg/day) ⎜ = 2.40 g/day b 2 − 4ac
⎜ 1 mg ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 10 g ⎞
2 6
(b) (120 μ g/day) ⎜ = 1.20 × 1024 g/day
⎜ 1 μ g ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1023 g ⎞
(c) (500 mg/day) ⎜ = 0.500 g/day
⎜ 1 mg ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 1 kilohm ⎞
(d) (1500 ohms) ⎜ 3 ⎟ = 1.50 kilohms
⎝ 10 ohms ⎠
⎛ 1 milliamp ⎞
(e) (0.020 amp) = ⎜⎜ 23 ⎟⎟ = 20 milliamps
⎝ 10 amp ⎠
Reflect: In each case, the number representing the quantity is larger when expressed in the smaller unit. For
example, it takes more milligrams to express a mass than to express the mass in grams.
1.2. Set Up: From the meaning of the metric prefixes we know: 1 megaohm = 1 MΩ = 106 ohms; 1 picofarad = 1 pf =
10212 farad; 1 gigameter = 1 Gm = 109 m; 1 nanometer = 1 nm = 1029 m; and 1 femtometer = 1 fm = 10215 m.
⎛ 106 ohms ⎞
Solve: (a) (7.85 megohms) ⎜ = 7.85 × 106 ohms
⎜ 1 megaohm ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 10−12 farad ⎞
(b) (5 picofarads) ⎜ = 5 × 10−12 picofarad
⎜ 1 picofarad ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
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1-1
⎛ 1 gigameter ⎞
(c) (3.00 × 108 m/s) ⎜ ⎟ = 0.300 gigameter/s
⎝ 109 m ⎠
⎛ 1029 meter ⎞ ⎛ 1029 meter ⎞
(d) (400 nm) ⎜ = 4.00 × 10−7 meter; (700 nm) ⎜ = 7.00 × 10−7 meter
⎜ 1 nm ⎟⎟ ⎜ 1 nm ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 10215 meter ⎞
(e) (2 femtometer) ⎜ = 2 × 10−15 meter
⎜ 1 femtometer ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
1.3. Set Up: We know the equalities: 1 mg = 1023 g, 1 μg = 10−6 g, and 1 kg = 103 g.
⎛ 10−3 g ⎞⎛ 1 μ g ⎞
Solve: (a) (410 mg/day) ⎜ = 4.10 × 105 μ g/day
⎜ 1 mg ⎟⎜⎟ ⎜ 1026 g ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ 10−3 g ⎞
(b) (12 mg/kg)(75 kg) = (900 mg) ⎜ = 0.900 g
⎜ 1 mg ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
(c) The mass of each tablet is
⎛ 10−3 g ⎞
(2.0 mg) ⎜ = 2.0 × 10−3 g.
⎜ 1 mg ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
The number of tablets required each day is the number of grams recommended per day divided by the number of
grams per tablet:
0.0030 g/day
= 1.5 tablet/day.
2.0 × 10−3 g/tablet
Take 2 tablets each day.
⎛ 1 mg ⎞
(d) (0.000070 g/day) ⎜⎜ 23 ⎟⎟ = 0.070 mg/day
⎝ 10 g ⎠
1.4. Set Up: In part (a), we need to solve an equation of the form
⎛ 2.54 cm ⎞
⎜ ⎟ x(1.0 mi) = y,
⎝ 1.00 in. ⎠
where x is a series of conversion equalities and y is the unknown number of kilometers. For part (b), we must prove
(1.00 mL) x = 1.00 cm3 using the equalities 1 L = 1000 cm3 and 103 mL = 1 L. Part (c) requires the application of
the equality 1 mL = 1 cm3 .
⎡⎛ 2.54 cm ⎞⎛ 12.0 in. ⎞⎛ 5280 ft ⎞ ⎤ ⎡⎛ 1.00 m ⎞⎛ 1.00 km ⎞ ⎤
Solve: (a) ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (1.00 mi) ⎢⎜ ⎟⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎥ = y; y = 1.61 km
⎣⎝ 1.00 in. ⎠⎝ 1.00 ft ⎠⎝ 1.00 mi ⎠ ⎦ ⎣⎝ 100 cm ⎠⎝ 10 m ⎠ ⎦
⎛ 1.00 L ⎞ ⎛ 1000 cm ⎞
3
3
(b) (1.00 mL) ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 1.00 cm
⎝ 10 mL ⎠ ⎝⎜ 1.00 L ⎠⎟
⎛ 103 mL ⎞⎛ 1.00 cm3 ⎞
(c) (1.00 L) ⎜ = 1000 cm3
⎜ 1.00 L ⎟⎜
⎟⎜ 1.00 mL ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
*1.5. Set Up: We need to apply the following conversion equalities: 1000 g = 1.00 kg, 100 cm = 1.00 m, and
1.00 L = 1000 cm3 .
3
⎛ 1.00 kg ⎞ ⎛ 100 cm ⎞
Solve: (a) (1.00 g/cm3 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1000 kg/m
3
⎝ 1000 g ⎠ ⎝ 1.00 m ⎠
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No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Models, Measurements, and Vectors 1-3
3
⎛ 1000 g ⎞ ⎛ 1.00 m ⎞
(b) (1050 kg/m3 ) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1.05 g/cm
3
⎝ 1.00 kg ⎠ ⎝ 1000 cm ⎠
⎛ 1000 cm3 ⎞ ⎛ 1.00 g ⎞ ⎛ 1.00 kg ⎞ ⎛ 2.205 lb ⎞
(c) (1.00 L) ⎜ = 1.00 kg; (1.00 kg) ⎜ ⎟ = 2.20 lb
⎜ 1.00 L ⎟⎟ ⎝⎜ 1.00 cm3 ⎠⎟ ⎝⎜ 1000 g ⎠⎟ ⎝ 1.00 kg ⎠
⎝ ⎠
Reflect: We could express the density of water as 1.00 kg/L.
1.6. Set Up: From the appendices we find the conversion from kilometers into miles, and the radius and period of
the earth’s orbit: 1 km = 0.6214 mi; r = 1.50 × 1011 m; T = 365.3 days. Since the earth’s orbit is nearly circular, its
circumference is C = 2π r .
Solve:
distance
speed =
time
⎛ 2π (1.50 × 1011 m) ⎞ ⎛ 1 day ⎞⎛ 1 h ⎞ 4
=⎜ ⎟ = 2.99 × 10 m/s
⎜ 365.3 days ⎟⎟ ⎜⎝ 24 h ⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 3600 s ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 2π (1.50 × 1011 m) ⎞ ⎛ 1 day ⎞⎛ 1 km ⎞ 5 5
=⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 1.075 × 10 km/h = 1.08 × 10 km/h
⎜ 365.3 days ⎝ 24 h ⎠⎝ 1000 m ⎠
⎝ ⎠
⎛ 0.6214 mi ⎞
= (1.075 × 105 km/h) ⎜ 4
⎟ = 6.68 × 10 mi/h
⎝ 1 km ⎠
Reflect: To minimize rounding errors, we should avoid rounding in intermediate calculations: this is why we used
1.075 × 105 km/h rather than 1.08 × 105 km/h to calculate our final answer. The significant digits are underlined.
1.7. Set Up: The speed of light is v = 3.00 × 108 m/s; 1 ft = 0.3048 m; 1 s = 109 ns; t = d /v.
0.3048 m
Solve: t = = 1.02 × 1029 s = 1.02 ns
3.00 × 108 m/s
Reflect: In 1.00 s light travels 3.00 × 108 m = 3.00 × 105 km = 1.86 × 105 mi.
(c) Express and compare the English wrench sizes as decimal values: 83 ′′ = 0.375 in., 4 ′′
8
= 0.500 in., and 85 ′′ = 0.625 in.
The 1 -inch wrench is closest to 12 mm.
2
*1.9. Set Up: We apply the equalities of 1 km = 0.6214 mi and 1 gal = 3.788 L.
⎛ 1 km ⎞⎛ 1 gal ⎞
Solve: (37.5 mi/gal) ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = 15.9 km/L
⎝ 0.6214 mi ⎠⎝ 3.788 L ⎠
Reflect: Note how the unit conversion strategy, of cancellation of units, automatically tells us whether to multiply or
divide by the conversion factor.
1.10. Set Up: Apply the given conversion factors, 1 furlong = 0.1250 mi and 1 fortnight = 14 days, along with
1 day = 24 h.
© Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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