Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st Edition Burdge Solutions Manual

Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First
Approach 1st Edition Burdge Solutions

Manual
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8-1
Chapter 8 Gases
Practice Problems C
8.1 (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)
8.2 (a) iii, (b) i, (c) i.
8.3 Sample (ii) has the highest pressure; sample (iii) has the lowest pressure.
8.4 Diagrams (i) and (iii).
8.5 Yes, as long as the product of P and V remains constant.
8.6 Any of the diagrams: (i), (ii), and (iii). It all depends on the relative magnitudes of
the temperature increase and the pressure increase.
8.7 Greater density: (ii)

Greater pressure: (i)
8.8 (i)
8.9 (ii)
8.10 No, because we assume ideal gas behavior for both CO and CO2.
8.11 Pyellow = 2.25 atm, Pgreen = 2.00 atm, Ptotal = 5.50 atm.
8.12 There should be 12 green spheres. χyellow = 0.24, χgreen = 0.48.
8.13 (ii)
Key Skills
8.1 d, 8.2 c, 8.3 b, 8.4 e.
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the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
8-2
Questions and Problems
8.1. Gases expand to fill their container and have a lot of empty space separating each
particle, whereas liquids and solids do not.
8.2. H2, He, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
8.3.
• A gas consists primarily of empty space with gas particles are separated by large
distances.
• Gas particles are in constant random motion and change direction when they
strike another gas particle or container wall, without losing energy.
• Gas particles don’t interact with one another (attract or repel).
• The higher the temperature of a gas, the higher its average kinetic energy, and the
faster the gas particles are moving.
8.4. The particles move faster, on average.
8.5. Gases consist of a lot of empty space, whereas liquids and solids do not. Typically,
the density of gases are measured in units of g/L.
8.6. Pressure is the force exerted by gas particles on the surface area of the container
they occupy. Common gas pressure units include atmospheres, mmHg, torr, and psi.
8.7. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.
a. 0.625 atm
b. 2.18 atm
c. 3.80 atm

8-3
d. 0.979 atm
a. 1.77 × 103 mmHg
b. 3.96 × 103 mmHg
c. 545 mmHg
d. 1.87 × 103 mmHg
a. 4.09 × 103 torr
b. 1.04 × 103 torr
c. 1.49 × 103 torr
d. 2.86 × 103 torr
a. 851 mmHg
b. 1.12 atm

8-4
c. 1.13 × 105 Pa
d. 16.5 psi
e. 851 torr
f. 1.13 bar

1 cm Hg 1 in Hg
a. 572 mmHg × × = 22.5 in Hg
10 mmHg 2.54 cm Hg
b. 0.753 atm
c. 7.63 × 104 Pa
d. 11.1 psi
e. 572 torr
f. 0.763 bar

Row 1:
1.97 × 105 Pa

8-5
197 kPa
1.95 atm
1.48 × 103 mmHg
58.2 in Hg
1.48 × 103 torr
1.97 bar
Row 2:
17.9 psi
1.24 × 105 Pa
124 kPa
927 mmHg
36.5 in Hg

8-6
927 torr
1.24 bar
Row 3:
42.7 psi
2.94 × 105 Pa
294 kPa
2.90 atm
2.21 × 103 mmHg
86.8 in Hg
2.21 × 103 torr

Row 1:
35.5860 psi
245.289 kPa

8-7
2.42081 atm
1.83982 × 103 mmHg
72.4338 in Hg
1.83982 × 103 torr
2.45289 bar
Row 2:
17.3 psi
1.19 × 105 Pa
119 kPa
1.18 atm
35.2 in Hg
895 torr

8-8
1.19 bar
Row 3:
10.5 psi
7.25 × 104 Pa
72.5 kPa
0.716 atm
544 mmHg
21.4 in Hg
0.725 bar
8.14. Use the P = hdg equation from Thinking Outside the Box.
Where P =
d=
P 101325 Pa
h= = = 13.1 m
dg (789 kg )(9.80665 m )
m3 s2

8-9
8.15. Use the P = hdg equation from Thinking Outside the Box.
d=
4.90 × 105 Pa
8.16. The pressure exerted only depends on the height of the column (not the radius) as
long as the columns all contain the same substance. In this case i = ii because they
are the same height, and iii exerts a lower pressure than i and ii: iii < i = ii.
8.17. PV = nRT, where P is pressure in atm, V is volume in L, n represents moles of gas

particles, R is the gas constant (0.0821 L∙atm/mol∙K), and T is temperature in
kelvins.
8.18. The ideal gas law is based on an absolute temperature, indicating the use of kelvins
as the temperature unit. Note that the temperature units used must match those in
the gas constant, R, that is used.
8.19.
8.20.
8.21.
8.22.
8.23. No, it only depends on the number of gas particles present, independent of identity.

8-10
8.24. As the gas particles in the balloon are heated, they move faster and would increase
the pressure in the balloon, if it weren’t open to the atmosphere. Instead, some of
the particles of gas escape from the balloon, making the number of particles (and
therefore mass) contained in the balloon smaller. When the mass contained in the
balloon decreases, so does the gas density (g/L). When the density of the gas in the
balloon is lower than the density of the surrounding atmosphere, the balloon rises.
8.25. 5.23 L
Make sure to convert the temperature from 25ºC to 298K first, so that the units
cancel.
8.26. 27.7 L
Make sure to convert the temperature from 125ºC to 398K first, so that the units
cancel.
8.27. First convert the pressure to atmospheres and then plug in to the PV = nRT
equation.
1.07 atm
a. 38.1 L
b. 1.72 moles
49.2 L

8-11
c. 1.09 moles
31.2 L
8.28. First convert the pressure to atmospheres and temperature to kelvin.
0.841 atm
38ºC + 273 = 311 K
a. 4.08 moles
124 L
b. 1.85 moles
56.2 L
c. 0.548 moles
16.6 L

8-12
8.29. First convert the pressure to atmospheres and temperature to kelvin in each case.
a. 0.914 atm
85ºC + 273 = 358 K
49.5 L
1 atm
b. 735 mmHg × = 0.967 atm
760 mmHg
35ºC + 273 = 308 K
L ⋅ atm
nRT 1.54 mol × 0.0821 mol ⋅ K × 308 K
V= = = 40.3 L
P 0.967 atm
c. 1.63 atm
48ºC + 273 = 321 K
24.9 L
8.30. STP stands for 273 K and 1.00 atm.
1 mol Ar
a. 30.7 g Ar × = 0.768 moles
39.95 g Ar
L ⋅ atm
nRT 0.768 mol × 0.0821 mol ⋅ K × 273 K
V= = = 17.2 L
P 1.00 atm
b. 0.443 moles

8-13
9.93 L
L ⋅ atm
nRT 8.56 mol × 0.0821 × 273 K
c. V = = mol ⋅ K = 192 L
P 1.00 atm
8.31. Convert the temperature to K. 35ºC + 273 = 308 K
a. 2.51 atm
b. 5.02 atm
c. 7.52 atm
8.32. Determine the moles of each gas sample where necessary.
a. 0.767 moles
1.05 atm
b. 0.719 moles
0.983 atm

8-14
c.
4.47 atm
8.33. Determine the moles of gas. Convert each temperature to kelvins.
1.39 moles
a. 45ºC + 273 = 318 K
2.75 atm
b. 24ºC + 273 = 297 K
27.3 atm
c. 37ºC + 273 = 310 K
2.455 L
14.4 atm
8.34. Standard temperature is 273 K for gases.
a. 22.4 atm

8-15
b. 11.2 atm
c. 7.47 atm
8.35.
a. 51.3 K
b. 649 K
c. 0.397 moles
1.62 × 103 K
8.36. Once the temperature is calculated from the ideal gas law, it must be converted
from kelvins to degrees Celsius.
a. 286 K, 286 K --- 273 = 13ºC
b. 120. K, 120. K --- 273 = ---153ºC

8-16
c. 105 K, 105 K --- 273 = ---168ºC
8.37. a. 225 K, 225 K --- 273 = --- 48ºC
b. 450. K, 450. K --- 273 = 177ºC
c. 901 K, 901 K --- 273 = 628ºC
8.38. The standard pressure of a gas is 1.00 atm. Determine the moles of gas where
needed.
a. 25.8 K
b. 0.163 moles
1.16 × 103 K
c. 5.95 moles
31.7 K

8-17
8.39. a. 1.79 mol
b. 0.447 mol
c. 0.841 mol
8.40. Convert temperature into kelvins, and pressure into atmospheres, prior to using the
ideal gas equation.
a. 44°C + 273 = 317 K, 1.04 atm
0.496 mol
b. 1.96 atm
0.615 mol
c. 58.9°C + 273 = 332K, 1.16 atm
1.15 mol

8-18
8.41. Convert temperature into kelvins, and pressure into atmospheres, prior to using the
ideal gas equation.
a. 37.9°C + 273 = 311 K, 1.10 atm
1.90 mol
b. 79.8°C + 273 = 353 K, 0.642 atm
0.975 mol
c. 12.5°C + 273 = 286 K, 2.01 atm
3.77 mol
(3.78 mol if you do not round between any of the calculations, which is the
recommended procedure)
8.42. Remember that STP means 273 K and 1.00 atm of pressure.
a. 0.0352 mol
b. 0.124 mol

8-19
c. 1.24 mol
8.43. The only thing that matters in terms of pressure, when considering heavy and light
gas particles, is the number of particles present. The higher the number of particles,
the higher the pressure. This is true here because the containers are all the same size
and the gases are all at the same temperature.
a. C
b. A = D
8.44. To find the molar mass of the unknown substance, use the ideal gas law to
determine the number of moles present. Divide the mass of the sample by the
number of moles in the sample to find the molar mass.
0.009932 mol, 212 g/mol
8.45. To find the molar mass of the unknown substance, use the ideal gas law to
determine the number of moles present. Divide the mass of the sample by the
number of moles in the sample to find the molar mass. Convert 45°C to 318 K
before performing the calculation.
0.0214 mol, 44.1 g/mol
44.0 g/mol (if you do not round between the calculation steps, which is the
suggested method)
8.46. Calculation of molar mass requires the mass of the substance present and the
number of moles. In this type of calculation, we assume 1.00 L of the gas to make
our work easier.
Use the density to find the mass of gas in a 1.00-L sample.
1.905 g

8-20
Find the moles of gas in a 1.00-L sample.

Convert temperature, 80°C + 273 = 353 K
0.0345 mol
Determine molar mass.
M= 55.2 g/mol
number of moles. In this type of calculation, we assume 1.00 L of the gas to make
our work easier.
Use the density to find the mass of gas in a 1.00-L sample.
6.52 g
Find the moles of gas in a 1.00-L sample.

STP indicates 273 K and 1.00 atm.
0.0446 mol
M= 146 g/mol
8.48. Calculation of density requires the mass of the substance present and the volume of
gas. In this type of calculation, we assume 1.00 mol of the gas to make our work
easier.
146.07 g
Find the volume of gas in a 1.00-mol sample.

8-21
Convert temperature, 100°C + 273 = 373 K

L ⋅ atm
nRT 1.00 mol × 0.0821 mol ⋅ K × 373 K
V= = = 30.6 L
P 1.00 atm
Determine density.
d= 4.77 g/L
gas. In this type of calculation, we assume 1.00 mol of the gas to make our work
easier.
70.1 g
Find the volume of gas in a 1.00-mol sample.

Convert temperature, 175.0°C + 273 = 448 K
L ⋅ atm
nRT 1.00 mol × 0.0821 mol ⋅ K × 448 K
V= = = 27.7 L
P 1.33 atm
Determine density.
d= 2.53 g/L
number of moles. Use the information about the gaseous form of the substance to
determine the moles present.
Convert temperature, 100.0°C + 273 = 373 K, and volume, where 511.1 mL is the
same as 0.5111 L.
0.0167 mol

8-22
M= 46.0 g/mol
8.51. Determination of the mass of the flask plus the gas requires the number of moles of
gas present. Use the information about the gaseous form of the substance to
determine the moles present.
Convert temperature, 100.0°C + 273 = 373 K, and volume, where 511.1 mL is the
same as 0.5111 L.
0.0167 mol
Determine mass of gas in flask.
mass = 1.706 g
Determine mass of flask + gas.

131.918 g + 1.706 g = 133.624 g
gas. Use the information about the size of the lanterns to determine the moles of
gas. The moles of air can be used to find the mass of air, and then the density.
At 298 K:
1.431 mol
Determine mass of air in the balloon.
mass = 41.5 g
Determine density.

8-23
d= 1.19 g/L
At 348 K:
1.225 mol
Determine mass of air in the balloon.
mass = 35.5 g
Determine density.
d= 1.01 g/L
The difference in density is 1.19 g/L --- 1.01 g/L = 0.18 g/L
8.53. The sample with the highest number of moles will exert the highest pressure under
the same conditions. Sample (a) contains the most moles of gas and therefore exerts
the highest pressure. You should be able to look at the molar masses of the four
substances and answer this question without doing calculations, but do them until
you have convinced yourself of the relationship.
where R, T, and V are identical in all four samples.
a. 9.90 mol
b. 5.00 mol
c. 0.991 mol
d. 1.25 mol

8-24
8.54. P1V1 = P2V2

Boyle’s law states that if the initial pressure and volume of a gas sample is known,
then the final pressure (or volume) can be found if the final volume (or pressure) is
known. This assumes that a sealed container of gas (constant moles) is under study
at constant temperature.
8.55. Use Boyle’s law to solve.
602 mm Hg
or 0.792 atm (if you converted to atm first)
8.56. Use Boyle’s law to solve.
7.05 atm
8.57. Charles’s law relates the volume and temperature (in K) of a gas sample,
assuming constant pressure and number of moles of gas in the sample.
8.58. Use Charles’s law to solve.
3.10 L
8.59. Use Charles’s law to solve.
2.75 L
8.60. Avogadro’s law states that if the pressure and temperature of a gas are
constant, then the number of moles present and the volume are proportional.

8-25
8.61. The combined gas law becomes Boyle’s law when temperature is held constant and
therefore can be removed from the equation: Boyle’s law is P1V1 =
P2V2. The assumption is that the number of moles and temperature stay constant.
8.62. The combined gas law, , becomes Charles’s law, , when the
pressure is held constant and therefore can be removed from the equation. The
assumption is that the pressure and number of moles remain constant.
8.63. As the external pressure of the water lessens toward the surface, the lungs will
continue to expand with the constant number of moles of gas to match the external
pressure. Think in terms of P1V1 = P2V2.
8.64. Use the combined gas law, , and note that the volume of the tire will
stay constant. This leaves as the relationship between pressure and
temperature.
262 K
8.65. Partial pressure is used to describe the pressure of one gas when it is part of a
mixture of gases.
8.66. Find the fraction of the mixture for each substance to find the partial pressure of
each separate gas.
PHe = 0.333 atm
PAr = 0.667 atm

8-26
He (green) Ar (red)
8.67. Find the fraction of the mixture for each substance to find the partial pressure of
each separate gas.
PH2 = 0.800 atm
PO2 = 1.20 atm
H2 O2

8-27
8.68. To find the total pressure, simply add the pressures of the separate components.
2.00 atm + 0.50 atm = 2.50 atm
O2 & H2
8.69. The pressure of Ne is 1.0 atm since there are twice as many Ne particles as F2
particles (at 0.50 atm). Therefore, the total pressure of the gas mixture is 1.50 atm.
Ne & F2
8.70. The mole fraction is found by determining the number of particles of the component
out of the particles of mixture. The numbers of atoms counted here is exact and
would allow unlimited significant figures in the answer.
mole fraction of He = 0.33
mole fraction of Ar = 0.67

8-28
71. The mole fraction is found by determining the number of particles of the component
mole fraction of H2 = 0.40
mole fraction of O2 = 0.60
8.74.
a. Find the mole fraction of gas A (red) in each container by counting the number of
red particles and the total number of particles in each.
(i) 3 red/9 = 0.33
(ii) 4 red/12 = 0.33
(iii) 5 red/15 = 0.33
All three containers have the same mole fraction of gas A (red).
b. The container with the highest partial pressure of gas B (green) will have the
largest number of gas B particles (green). Container (iii) has the highest
partial pressure of gas B.

8-29
c. The container with the highest total pressure of gas will have the largest number
of gas particles, independent of their identity. Container (iii) has the highest
pressure of gas.
8.75.
a. The second/larger box has a higher total pressure because it contains more than
twice as many gas particles in twice the volume.
b. The larger box has a slightly higher partial pressure of helium: 11 particles in
twice the volume as compared to the 5 particles in the smaller box.
8.76. Use the ideal gas law to perform the calculations.
a. 5.48 atm
b. 8.36 atm
c. Add the moles from parts (a) and (b) to determine total pressure.
13.8 atm
This could also be determined by adding the results of (a) and (b) together, 5.48 atm
+ 8.36 atm = 13.8 atm.
d. mole fraction of SCl2 = 0.396
3.89 mol NO 2
mole fraction of NO2 = = 0.604
6.44 mol total

8-30
8.77. Use the ideal gas law to perform the calculations.
a. moles Ar = 0.621 mol
0.485 atm
b. moles N2 = 0.885 mol
0.692 atm
c. Add the moles from parts (a) and (b) to determine total pressure.
1.18 atm
This could also be determined by adding the results of (a) and (b) together, 0.485
atm + 0.692 atm = 1.18 atm.
d. mole fraction of Ar = 0.412
mole fraction of N2 = 0.588
8.78. Use the mole fraction of F2 to find the mole fraction of Cl2. Remember that these
must add to 1.
mole fraction of Cl2 = 1.00 --- 0.22 = 0.78
The partial pressure of Cl2 can be found by multiplying its mole fraction by the 1.00
atm total pressure (STP).
PCl2 = 0.78 × 1.00 atm = 0.78 atm

8-31
8.79. The partial pressure of NCl3 can be found by multiplying its mole fraction by the
1.55 atm total pressure given.
PNCl3 = 0.69 × 1.55 atm = 1.1 atm
8.80. The small amount of water in the can is heated until it turns into a gas, at which
point it pushes all of the atmospheric gas out of the can. When the can is cooled
suddenly, the water vapor remaining in the can condenses, dropping the pressure in
the can. This sudden drop in pressure inside the can causes the implosion. The
cooling of the atmospheric gases inside the can (if water weren’t used) would not
result in such a large drop in pressure.


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Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First

Approach 1st Edition Burdge Solutions

8.1 (iii) < (i) < (iv) < (ii)

8.2 (a) iii, (b) i, (c) i.

8.4 Diagrams (i) and (iii).

8.5 Yes, as long as the product of P and V remains constant.

8.7 Greater density: (ii)

8.12 There should be 12 green spheres. χyellow = 0.24, χgreen = 0.48.

8.1 d, 8.2 c, 8.3 b, 8.4 e.

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Questions and Problems

8.4. The particles move faster, on average.

8.7. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

8.8. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

a. 1.77 × 103 mmHg

b. 3.96 × 103 mmHg

d. 1.87 × 103 mmHg

8.9. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

a. 4.09 × 103 torr

b. 1.04 × 103 torr

c. 1.49 × 103 torr

d. 2.86 × 103 torr

8.10. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

8.11. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

8.12. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

1.48 × 103 mmHg

1.48 × 103 torr

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

2.21 × 103 mmHg

2.21 × 103 torr

8.13. Use conversion factors from Table 8.2.

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1.83982 × 103 mmHg

1.83982 × 103 torr

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

8.17. PV = nRT, where P is pressure in atm, V is volume in L, n represents moles of gas

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

8.28. First convert the pressure to atmospheres and temperature to kelvin.

38ºC + 273 = 311 K

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85ºC + 273 = 358 K

48ºC + 273 = 321 K

8.30. STP stands for 273 K and 1.00 atm.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

8.31. Convert the temperature to K. 35ºC + 273 = 308 K

8.32. Determine the moles of each gas sample where necessary.

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8.33. Determine the moles of gas. Convert each temperature to kelvins.

a. 45ºC + 273 = 318 K

b. 24ºC + 273 = 297 K

c. 37ºC + 273 = 310 K

8.34. Standard temperature is 273 K for gases.

Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without

a. 286 K, 286 K --- 273 = 13ºC

b. 120. K, 120. K --- 273 = ---153ºC

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c. 105 K, 105 K --- 273 = ---168ºC

8.37. a. 225 K, 225 K --- 273 = --- 48ºC