Introductory Chemistry 4th Edition

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Introduction to Chemistry, 4e (Russo)
Chapter 10 Electron Transfer in Chemical Reactions

10.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) What is the oxidation state of manganese in the compound KMnO4?

A) +4
B) +2
C) +7
D) -4
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

2) What is the oxidation state of chromium in the compound K2Cr2O7?

A) +4
B) +6
C) +7
D) -1
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

3) Which atom in the compound K2C2O4 has a positive oxidation state?

A) potassium
B) carbon
C) both potassium and carbon
D) both potassium and oxygen
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

4) Which atom in the compound KClO3 has a negative oxidation state?

A) potassium
B) oxygen
C) both potassium and chlorine
D) both chlorine and oxygen
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

5) What is the oxidation state of the nitrogen atom in the compound NCl 3?
A) 0
B) +3
C) +5
D) -3
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

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6) What is the oxidation state of the carbon atom in the compound CO2?
A) +2
B) +3
C) +4
D) -2
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

7) In the following reaction: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2, which atom(s) has a more positive oxidation
state on the product side than the reactant side?
A) iron
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) carbon and iron
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

8) In the following reaction: Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2, which atom(s) has a more negative oxidation
state on the product side than the reactant side?
A) iron
B) oxygen
C) carbon
D) carbon and oxygen
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

9) What is electricity?
A) flow of atoms
B) flow of protons
C) flow of neutrons
D) flow of electrons
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.1

10) What is reduction?

A) loss of electrons
B) increase in oxidation number
C) gain of electrons
D) two of the above
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3

11) What is oxidation?

A) loss of electrons
B) increase in oxidation number
C) gain of electrons
D) two of the above
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3

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12) A fuel cell is essentially a battery which uses the following reaction to produce electricity:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O. What is happening at the cathode of such a fuel cell?
A) Hydrogen is being oxidized.
B) Oxygen is being oxidized.
C) Nothing at all is happening there.
D) Oxygen is being reduced.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.4

13) What chemical process is happening at the anode of a fuel cell, which uses the following reaction to
generate electricity: 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O?
A) Hydrogen is being oxidized.
B) Oxygen is being oxidized.
C) Nothing at all is happening there.
D) Oxygen is being reduced.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.4

14) Identify the reducing agent in the following chemical process (a lead storage battery):
Pb + PbO2 + 2H+ + 2HSO4- → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O .
A) PbO2
B) Pb
C) H+
D) 2HSO4-
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3

15) Identify the reduced species in the following chemical process (a lead storage battery):
Pb + PbO2 + 2H+ + 2HSO4- → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O .
A) PbO2
B) Pb
C) H+
D) 2HSO4-
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.3

16) Identify the oxidizing agent in the following chemical process:

Fe + Cu(NO3)2 → Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
A) Fe
B) Cu+2
C) NO3-
D) Cu
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3

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17) Identify the oxidized species in the following chemical process:
Fe + Cu(NO3)2 → Fe(NO3)2 + Cu
A) Fe
B) Cu+2
C) NO3-
D) Cu
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.3

18) Identify the reducing agent in the following chemical process:

Cu + 2AgCl → CuC12 + 2Ag
A) Ag
B) Ag+
C) Cl-
D) Cu
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3

19) Identify the reduced species in the following chemical process:

Cu + 2AgCl → CuC12 + 2Ag
A) Ag
B) Ag+
C) Cl-
D) Cu
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3

20) Consult the EMF activity series and predict which of the following changes will occur if an iron nail is
placed in an aqueous solution containing the (Sn2+) ion.
A) Nothing at all will happen (no reaction).
B) Tin will be further oxidized.
C) Iron will be reduced.
D) Iron will be oxidized.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5

21) Consult the EMF activity series and predict which of the following changes will occur if an 24K gold
ring (pure gold) is placed in an aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid.
A) Nothing at all will happen (no reaction).
B) Hydrogen will be further oxidized.
C) Gold will be reduced.
D) Gold will be oxidized.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.5

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22) Which of the following is the most easily reduced?
A) Mn2+
B) Fe2+
C) Zn2+
D) Cu2+
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.5

23) Which of the following is the most easily reduced?

A) K+
B) Na+
C) Au+
D) Hg2+
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.5

24) Which of the following is most easily oxidized?

A) Ni
B) Pb
C) Li
D) Cr
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.5

25) Which of the following is most easily oxidized?

A) Fe
B) Al
C) Cu
D) Au
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.5

26) In a chemical bond, which atom gets to own the shared electrons?
A) the larger element
B) the smaller element
C) the more electronegative element
D) the most electropositive element
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

27) In the water molecule, which atom holds the shared electrons between hydrogen and oxygen?
A) oxygen
B) hydrogen
C) both are shared equally
D) One cannot say unless the state of water is known.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

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28) Which of the following elements may have more than one oxidation number ?
A) hydrogen
B) sodium
C) calcium
D) lithium
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

29) Which of the following elements may have an oxidation number of +1 or -1?
A) hydrogen
B) sodium
C) potassium
D) lithium
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

30) Which of the following elements may have an oxidation number other than +2?
A) magnesium
B) calcium
C) barium
D) iron
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

31) Which of the following elements may not have an oxidation number of -1?
A) chlorine
B) hydrogen
C) sodium
D) fluorine
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

32) Which of the following elements may have +4 charge when it becomes an ion?
A) magnesium
B) aluminum
C) carbon
D) chlorine
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

33) Which of the following elements may have a +3 charge when it becomes an ion?
A) magnesium
B) aluminum
C) carbon
D) chlorine
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

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34) Which of the following is not isoelectronic with the rest?
A) Mg2+
B) O2-
C) F
D) Ne
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.1

35) Which of the following has 18 electrons?

A) Ca2+
B) Cl+
C) S2+
D) Fe3+
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.1

36) In which of the following is oxygen not at the -2 oxidation state?

A) water
B) methanol
C) hydrogen peroxide
D) carbon dioxide
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

37) The only element that is more electronegative than oxygen is ________.
A) chlorine
B) fluorine
C) nitrogen
D) sulfur
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

38) The overall charge of sodium dichromate is ________.

A) 0
B) +1
C) +2
D) -2
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

39) What is the sum of the oxidation states in the following species H2SbO3- ?
A) 0
B) -1
C) +2
D) -2
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

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40) The charge of nitrogen in the ammonium ion is ________.
A) +3
B) +1
C) -3
D) -1
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.2

41) The charge of sulfur in the sulfate ion is ________.

A) +6
B) +7
C) -2
D) +4
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

42) The charge of chlorine in the perchlorate ion is ________.

A) +8
B) +7
C) -1
D) +6
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

43) In which case is chlorine in its highest oxidation state?

A) sodium hypochlorite
B) sodium chloride
C) sodium perchlorate
D) sodium chlorate
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.1

44) In which compound is bromine in the +3 oxidation state?

A) NaBrO2
B) NaBrO3
C) NaBrO
D) NaBrO4
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.2

45) Halogens have often (but not always) ________ as the main oxidation state.
A) +1
B) -1
C) +7
D) -3
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.2

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46) The oxidation state of chlorine in sodium perchlorate is ________.
A) -1
B) +1
C) +3
D) +7
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

47) Which of the following is true about the following equation: Mg + O 2 → 2 MgO ?
A) Magnesium is oxidized.
B) The oxidation of magnesium in MgO is +2.
C) Oxygen is reduced.
D) All of the above are true.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

48) Which of the following is true for reaction Cu + ZnCl 2 → CuCl2 + Zn ?

A) Cu is oxidized.
B) Cu is a reducing agent.
C) Zn+2 is reduced.
D) All of the above statements are correct.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

49) Which of the following is true for reaction Zn + CuCl 2 → ZnCl2 + Cu ?

A) The solution will turn blue.
B) The solution will turn from blue to light blue.
C) The gray zinc powder will disappear.
D) Both B and C are correct.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

50) In which case is the greatest number of electrons transferred?

A) NaClO → NaClO2
B) 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
C) CuCl → CuCl2
D) NaClO2 → NaClO4
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3

51) In which case is the least number of electrons transferred?

A) NaClO → NaClO2
B) 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO
C) CuCl → CuCl2
D) NaClO2 → NaClO4
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3

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52) The oxidation state of phosphorus in P4 is ________.
A) +4
B) +3
C) -3
D) 0
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

53) The oxidation state of oxygen gas is ________.

A) -4
B) +2
C) -2
D) 0
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.2

54) The reaction Zn + Cu+2 → Zn+2 + Cu is an example of a ________ battery.

A) zinc-copper
B) copper-zinc
C) copper-silver
D) copper-zinc--hydrogen
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.4

55) The oxidizing agent is ________.

A) reduced in a redox equation
B) oxidized in a redox equation
C) reduced in an oxidation reaction
D) oxidized in a reduction reaction
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.6

56) The reducing agent is ________.

A) reduced in a redox equation
B) oxidized in a redox equation
C) reduced in an oxidation reaction
D) oxidized in a reduction reaction
Answer: B
Topic: Section 10.3

57) In the reaction H2O + CO2 → H2CO3, which element was oxidized?
A) carbon
B) oxygen
C) hydrogen
D) None of the elements was oxidized.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3

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58) Which element is reduced in the reaction H2SO4 + Al(OH)3 → Al2(SO4)3 + H2O ?
A) aluminum
B) sulfur
C) oxygen
D) No elements were either oxidized or reduced.
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.3

59) Which element is oxidized in the reaction 3 P + 5 HNO3 + 2 H2O → 5 NO + 3 H3PO4 ?

A) phosphorus
B) nitrogen
C) oxygen
D) No elements were either oxidized or reduced.
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.3

60) Which is the oxidizing agent in the reaction I2 + 6 H2O + 5 Cl2 → 2HIO3 + 10 HCl ?
A) I2
B) H2O
C) Cl2
D) the oxygen in water
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3

61) The reactants in a dry cell are ________.

A) Cu+2 and Zn
B) Zn+2 and Cu
C) Zn and MnO2
D) Zn+2 and Al
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.4

62) The equation for rust formation is ________.

A) 4 Fe + 3 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 Fe2O3 + H2O
B) 2 Fe + O2 → 2 FeO
C) MnO2 + 2 Fe → Mn + 2 FeO
D) CuO + Fe → Cu + FeO
Answer: A
Topic: Section 10.6

63) Which of the following reactions is an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
B) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
C) CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
D) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.3

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64) Which of the following reactions is a combustion reaction?
A) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
B) AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
C) CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
D) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
Answer: C
Topic: Section 10.6

65) Which of the following reactions is not an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A) 2 Na + H2O → 2 NaOH + H2
B) Mg + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + H2
C) CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
D) CaO + CO2 → CaCO3
Answer: D
Topic: Section 10.6

10.2 True/False Questions

1) Electricity is the flow of electrons.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.1

2) In a chemical reaction the easiest electrons to be transferred are the core electrons (also called inner
shell electrons).
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

3) When drawing dot structures, lone pairs of electrons are assigned completely to the atom on which
they are drawn on the dot diagram.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

4) In a chemical bond the less electronegative element gets complete ownership of both the shared
electrons.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

5) In Mg+2 the magnesium ion owns 10 electrons.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

6) In S-2 the sulfur anion owns 16 electrons.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

7) Ca2+, K+ and Cl- have the same number of electrons.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2
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8) The oxidation state of an atom in its natural state is sometimes equal to zero.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

9) The only tetraatomic element is sulfur.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

10) All four halogens, F, Cl, Br and I, are diatomic in their free state.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

11) The oxygen anion always has the charge of -2.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

12) The sum of the oxidation states of all atoms in a formula must add up to the overall charge of the
formula.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

13) The overall charge of calcium sulfate is -2.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

14) A reducing agent is itself oxidized.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.3

15) The highest oxidation state sulfur can have is in the sulfate form.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

16) The lowest oxidation state sulfur can have is in the sulfite form.
Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

17) The oxidation state of metals is almost always a positive number.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.2

18) The oxidation state of non-metals is almost always a negative number.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.2

19) The cathode is the electrode where oxidation occurs.

Answer: FALSE
Topic: Section 10.4

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20) The cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.4

21) A spontaneous electrochemical cell is called a galvanic cell.

Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.4

22) More active metals lose electrons to ions of less active metals.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.6

23) Corrosion of a ship's hull can be inhibited if another metal that is more active is attached to the hull.
Answer: TRUE
Topic: Section 10.6

10.3 Short Answer Questions

1) Assign the oxidation state of:

a) each rhenium, in Re2O7
b) zirconium, in ZrCl4
c) sulfur in Na2S2O3
d) iodine in KIO3
Answer:
a) +7 (each)
b) +4
c) +2
d) +5
Topic: Section 10.2

2) Assign the oxidation state of:

a) barium, in BaCl2
b) sodium, in Na2O
c) selenium, in H2SeO3
d) aluminum, in Al2O3
Answer:
a) +2
b) +1
c) +4
d) +3
Topic: Section 10.2

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3) Assign oxidation states to each of the atoms in the following chemical species:
a) SiO2
b) NO-
c) TlCl
d) V2O5
Answer:
a) Si +4, O -2
b) N +1, O -2
c) Tl +1, Cl -1
d) V +5, O -2
Topic: Section 10.2

4) Assign oxidation states to each of the atoms in the following chemical species:
a) H2S
b) Cu2S
c) HBrO2
d) KHCO3
Answer:
a) H +1, S -2
b) Cu +1, S -2;
c) H +1, O -2, Br +3
d) K +1, H +1, O -2, C +4
Topic: Section 10.2

Refer to these reactions to answer the questions below.

(a) Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 → 2H2O + BaSO4

(b) NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
(c) 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
(d) C2H6O + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O

5) Which of the reactions above are examples of electron transfer reactions?

Answer: both (c) and (d)
Topic: Section 10.3

6) For each reaction above that can be classified as an electron transfer reaction, state which element(s)
gain, and which element(s) lose, electrons.
Answer: Reactions (a) and (b) cannot be classified as electron transfer reactions.
In reaction (c), H's lose electrons, gained by O's.
In reaction (d), carbon is oxidized by oxygen (reduced).
Topic: Section 10.3

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7) Train tracks, iron rails,are difficult to weld. Large pieces of iron, like train tracks, can be "spot-welded"
by placing a mixture of powdered aluminum and iron (III) oxide between the two pieces of iron and
adding to that a small amount of sulfuric acid to get a reaction started.
a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of aluminum and iron (III) oxide (ignore the role
of sulfuric acid in this).
b) Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents.
c) Identify the oxidation and reduction products.
Answer:
a) 2Al + Fe2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Fe
b) Al is the reducing agent; Fe (III) is the oxidizing agent.
c) Fe is the reduction product; Al (III) is the oxidation product.
Topic: Section 10.3

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10.4 Matching Questions

Match each element in every anion with its oxidation state that appears in the list below.

A)-2
B)+1
C) 0
D) +3
E) +6
F) +5
G) -3
H)-1
I)+4
J) +7
K) +2

1) manganese in the permanganate anion

Topic: Section 10.2

2) phosphorus in the phosphate

Topic: Section 10.2

3) carbon in the carbonate anion

Topic: Section 10.2

4) nitrogen in sodium nitrite

Topic: Section 10.2

5) chromium in potassium chromate

Topic: Section 10.2

6) sulfur in aluminum sulfide

Topic: Section 10.2

7) chlorine in sodium
Topic: Section 10.2

8) nitrogen in sodium nitride

Topic: Section 10.2

9) iron in iron metal

Topic: Section 10.2

10) bromine in potassium

Topic: Section 10.2

11) magnesium in magnesium

Topic: Section 10.2

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12) oxygen in hydrogen peroxide
Topic: Section 10.2

13) nitrogen in ammonia

Topic: Section 10.2

14) carbon in carbon monoxide

Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 1) J 2) F 3) I 4) D 5) E 6) A 7) B 8) G 9) C 10) H 11) K 12) H 13) D 14) K

Match each cation with its corresponding number of electrons that appears in the list below.

A) 10
B) 2
C) 18
D) 54

15) magnesium
Topic: Section 10.2

16) lithium
Topic: Section 10.2

17) aluminum
Topic: Section 10.2

18) calcium
Topic: Section 10.2

19) sodium
Topic: Section 10.2

20) potassium
Topic: Section 10.2

21) barium
Topic: Section 10.2

22) cesium
Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) C 19) A 20) C 21) D 22) D

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Match each element with its most likely oxidation state in the list below.

A) -1
B) +3
C) +1
D) +2
E) +4/-4
F) -2
G) -3

23) magnesium
Topic: Section 10.2

24) aluminum
Topic: Section 10.2

25) oxygen
Topic: Section 10.2

26) chlorine
Topic: Section 10.2

27) potassium
Topic: Section 10.2

28) barium
Topic: Section 10.2

29) nitrogen
Topic: Section 10.2

30) sulfur
Topic: Section 10.2

31) fluorine
Topic: Section 10.2

32) strontium
Topic: Section 10.2

33) carbon
Topic: Section 10.2

34) arsenic
Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 23) D 24) B 25) F 26) A 27) C 28) D 29) G 30) F 31) A 32) D 33) E 34) G

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Match each compound with the corresponding chlorine oxidation state that appears in the list below.

A) +1
B) +7
C) -1
D) +5
E) +3

35) sodium chloride

Topic: Section 10.2
36) sodium hypochlorite
Topic: Section 10.2

37) sodium chlorate

Topic: Section 10.2
38) sodium chlorite
Topic: Section 10.2

39) sodium perchlorate

Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 35) C 36) A 37) D 38) E 39) B

Match each compound with the corresponding sulfur oxidation state that appears in the list below..

A) +2
B) -2
C) +4
D) 0
E) +6

40) sodium sulfite

Topic: Section 10.2

41) sodium sulfate

Topic: Section 10.2

42) sodium sulfide

Topic: Section 10.2

43) sodium thiocyanate, NaCNS

Topic: Section 10.2

44) sulfur, S8
Topic: Section 10.2

45) sulfur dichloride

Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 40) C 41) E 42) B 43) B 44) D 45) A

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Match each compound with the corresponding nitrogen oxidation state that appears in the list below.

A) +2
B) 0
C) +3
D) +4
E) +5
F) -3

46) sodium nitrite

Topic: Section 10.2

47) sodium nitrate

Topic: Section 10.2

48) sodium nitride

Topic: Section 10.2

49) nitrogen dioxide

Topic: Section 10.2

50) nitrogen gas

Topic: Section 10.2

51) dinitrogen pentoxide

Topic: Section 10.2

52) nitrogen monoxide

Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 46) C 47) E 48) F 49) D 50) B 51) E 52) A

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Match each compound with the corresponding carbon oxidation state that appears in the list below.

A) +2
B) -4
C) +4
D) 0
E) -1

53) Na2CO3
Topic: Section 10.2

54) C60
Topic: Section 10.2

55) C2H2
Topic: Section 10.2

56) CO
Topic: Section 10.2

57) CH4
Topic: Section 10.2

Answers: 53) C 54) D 55) E 56) A 57) B

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