Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

696 Chapter 8 Inequalities and Absolute Value
Chapter 8 2. (a) 4 x ≤ −100

Inequalities and Absolute Value 4 x −100 Divide by 4 > 0; do not
≤
4 4 reverse the symbol.
8.1 Review of Linear Equations in One x ≤ −25
Variable Check that the solution set is the interval
(−∞, − 25].
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises
1. x − 5 > 1
x > 6 Add 5. (b) −9 x < −81
Check −81 −81 Divide by − 9 < 0;
Substitute 6 for x in x − 5 = 1. >
−9 −9 reverse the symbol.
?
6−5 =1 x>9
1 = 1 True Check that the solution set is the interval
This shows that 6 is the boundary point. Choose (9, ∞ ).
0 and 7 as test points.
x −5 >1
Let x = 0. Let x = 7.
N2. (a) 8 x ≥ −40
? ?
0−5 >1 7−5 >1 8 x −40 Divide by 8 > 0; do not
≥
−5 > 1 False 2 > 1 True 8 8 reverse the symbol.
0 is not in the 7 is in the x ≥ −5
solution set. solution set. Check that the solution set is the interval
The check confirms that (6, ∞ ) is the solution [−5, ∞).
set.
(b) −20 x > −60

N1. x − 10 > −7 −20 x −60 Divide by − 20 < 0;
<
x>3 Add 10. −20 −20 reverse the symbol.
Check x<3
Substitute 3 for x in x − 10 = −7. Check that the solution set is the interval
?
3 − 10 = − 7 (−∞, 3).
−7 = − 7 True
This shows that 3 is the boundary point. Choose
0 and 7 as test points. 3. 6( x − 1) + 3x ≥ − x − 3( x + 2)
x − 10 > −7
6 x − 6 + 3x ≥ − x − 3x − 6
Let x = 0. Let x = 7. 9 x − 6 ≥ −4 x − 6
0 − 10 > − 7
? ?
7 − 10 > − 7 13x − 6 ≥ −6
−10 > − 7 False −3 > − 7 True 13x ≥ 0
0 is not in the 7 is in the 13 x 0
≥
solution set. solution set. 13 13
x≥0
The check confirms that (3, ∞) is the solution
Check that the solution set is the interval
set.
[0, ∞).
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

8.1 Review of Linear Equations in One Variable 697
N3. 5 − 2( x − 4) ≤ 11 − 4 x Check that the solution set is the interval

5 − 2 x + 8 ≤ 11 − 4 x ⎛ 12 ⎞
⎜ − , ∞ ⎟.
−2 x + 13 ≤ 11 − 4 x ⎝ 11 ⎠
2 x + 13 ≤ 11
2 x ≤ −2
2 x −2
≤ 5. −4 < x−2 <5
2 2
x ≤ −1 −2 < x < 7 Add 2 to each part.
Check that the solution set is the interval Check that the solution set is the interval
(−∞, − 1]. (−2, 7).
4. Solve the following inequality. N5. −1 < x − 2 < 3

1 3 1< x < 5 Add 2 to each part.
( x + 3) + 2 ≤ ( x + 8)
4 4 Check that the solution set is the interval (1, 5).
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡3 ⎤
4 ⎢ ( x + 3) + 2 ⎥ ≤ 4 ⎢ ( x + 8) ⎥ Multiply by 4.
⎣4 ⎦ ⎣4 ⎦
( x + 3) + 8 ≤ 3( x + 8) 6. 5 < 3x − 4 < 9
x + 11 ≤ 3x + 24 9< 3x < 13 Add 4 to each part.
−2 x + 11 ≤ 24 Subtract 3x. 9
<
3x
<
13
Divide each part by 3.
−2 x ≤ 13 Subtract 11. 3 3 3
Divide by − 2; 13
13 3< x <
x≥− 3
2 reverse symbol.
⎛ 13 ⎞
Check that the solution set is the interval ⎜ 3, ⎟ .
⎡ 13 ⎞ ⎝ 3⎠
⎢− 2 , ∞ ⎟ .
⎣ ⎠
N6. −2 < − 4 x − 5 ≤ 7
3< − 4 x ≤ 12 Add 5 to each part.
3 1 1
N4. ( x − 2) + > ( x − 8) 3 −4 x 12 Divide by − 4.
4 2 5 > ≥
−4 −4 −4 Reverse inequalities.
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
20 ⎢ ( x − 2) + ⎥ > 20 ⎢ ( x − 8) ⎥ Mult. by 20. 3
⎣4 2⎦ ⎣5 ⎦ − > x ≥ −3 Reduce.
4
15( x − 2) + 10 > 4( x − 8)
3
15 x − 30 + 10 > 4 x − 32 −3 ≤ x <− Equivalent inequality.
4
15 x − 20 > 4 x − 32 Check that the solution set is the interval
11x − 20 > −32 Subtract 4 x. ⎡ 3⎞
11x > −12 ⎢ −3, − 4 ⎟ .
Add 20. ⎣ ⎠
12
x>− Divide by 11.
11

Exercises (c) The borderline high category corresponds to

an LDL number between “130–159.” This
1. x ≤ 3 is represented by the inequality below.
In interval notation, this inequality is written LDL
(−∞, 3]. The bracket indicates that 3 is
number
included. The answer is choice D.
↓
2. x > 3 130 ≤ x ≤ 159
In interval notation, this inequality is written
(3, ∞). The parenthesis indicates that 3 is not (d) The high category corresponds to an LDL
included. The answer is choice C. number between “160–189.” This is
represented by the inequality below.
3. x < 3 LDL
In interval notation, this inequality is written number
(−∞, 3). The parenthesis indicates that 3 is not
↓
included. The graph of this inequality is shown
160 ≤ x ≤ 189
in choice B.
4. x ≥ 3 (e) The very high category corresponds to an
In interval notation, this inequality is written LDL number of “190 and above.” This can
also be written as “greater than or equal to
[3, ∞). The bracket indicates that 3 is included.
190.”
The graph of this inequality is shown in LDL is greater than
choice A.
number or equal to 190.
N
5. −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
↓ ↓ ↓
In interval notation, this inequality is written x ≥ 190
[−3, 3]. The brackets indicates that −3 and 3
are included. The answer is choice F. 8. (a) The normal category corresponds to a
triglycerides number of “less than 100.”
6. −3 < x < 3
Triglycerides is less
In interval notation, this inequality is written
( −3, 3) . The parentheses indicate that neither
number than 100.
N N
↓ ↓ ↓
−3 nor 3 is included. The answer is choice E.
x < 100
7. (a) The optimal category corresponds to an
LDL number of “less than 100.” (b) The middle high category corresponds to a
LDL is less triglycerides number between “100–199.”
This is represented by the inequality below.
number N
than 100.
N
triglycerides
↓ ↓ ↓
number
x < 100
↓
(b) The near optimal/above optimal category 100 ≤ x ≤ 199
corresponds to an LDL number between
“100–129.” This is represented by the (c) The high category corresponds to a
inequality below. triglycerides number of “200–499.” This is
LDL represented by the inequality below.
triglycerides
number
number
↓
100 ≤ x ≤ 129 ↓
200 ≤ x ≤ 499

(d) The very high category corresponds to a 14. 2 x > −10

triglycerides number of “500 or higher.” x > −5 Divide by 2.
This can also be written as “greater than or
equal to 500.” Check that the solution set is the interval
Triglycerides is greater than (−5, ∞).
number or equal to 500.
N

↓ ↓ ↓
x ≥ 500 3
15. − x ≥ 30
4
9. x − 4 ≥ 12 4
x ≥ 16 Add 4. Multiply both sides by − and reverse the
3
Check that the solution set is the interval inequality symbol.
[16, ∞). 4⎛ 3 ⎞ 4
− ⎜ − x ⎟ ≤ − ( 30 )
3⎝ 4 ⎠ 3
x ≤ −40
10. x − 3 ≥ 7 Check that the solution set is the interval
x ≥ 10 Add 3. (−∞, − 40].
[10, ∞).
2
16. − x ≤ 12
3
11. 3k + 1 > 22 3
Multiply both sides by − and reverse the
3k > 21 Subtract 1. 2
k > 7 Divide by 3. inequality symbol.
3⎛ 2 ⎞ 3
Check that the solution set is the interval − ⎜ − x ⎟ ≥ − (12 )
(7, ∞). 2⎝ 3 ⎠ 2
x ≥ −18
[−18, ∞ ).
12. 5 x + 6 < 76
5 x < 70 Subtract 6.
x < 14 Divide by 5.
17. −1.3 x ≥ −5.2
Divide both sides by −1.3, and reverse the
(−∞, 14).
inequality symbol.
−1.3x −5.2
≤
−1.3 −1.3
13. 4 x < −16 x≤4
x < −4 Divide by 4. Check that the solution set is the interval
Check that the solution set is the interval (−∞, 4].
(−∞, − 4).

18. −2.5 x ≤ −1.25 5x − 6

<8
Divide both sides by −2.5, and reverse the 8
inequality symbol. Let x = 0. Let x = 20.
−2.5 x −1.25
≥ 5(0) − 6 ? 5(20) − 6 ?
−2.5 −2.5 <8 <8
8 8
x ≥ 0.5
6 94 ⎛ 6⎞
Check that the solution set is the interval − < 8 True ⎜ or 11 ⎟ < 8 False
[0.5, ∞ ).
8 8 ⎝ 8 ⎠
0 is in the solution set. 20 is not in the
solution set.
The check confirms that (−∞, 14) is the
19. 5 x + 2 ≤ −48
solution set.
5 x ≤ −50 Subtract 2.
x ≤ −10 Divide by 5.
3x − 1
(−∞, − 10]. 22. >5
4
⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞
4⎜ ⎟ > 4(5) Multiply by 4.
⎝ 4 ⎠
20. 4 x + 1 ≤ −31
3x − 1 > 20
4 x ≤ −32 Subtract 1.
3x > 21 Add 1.
x ≤ −8 Divide by 4.
x>7 Divide by 3.
3x − 1
(−∞, −8]. Check Let x = 7 in the equation = 5.
4
3(7) − 1 ?
=5
4
5x − 6 20 ?
21. <8 =5
8 4
⎛ 5x − 6 ⎞ 5 = 5 True
8⎜ ⎟ < 8 ⋅ 8 Multiply by 8.
⎝ 8 ⎠
This shows that 7 is the boundary point. Now
5 x − 6 < 64 test a number on each side of 7. We choose 0
5 x < 70 Add 6. and 10.
x < 14 Divide by 5. 3x − 1
>5
5x − 6 4
Check Let x = 14 in the equation = 8. Let x = 0. Let x = 10.
8
5(14) − 6 ? 3(0) − 1 ? 3(10) − 1 ?
=8 >5 >5
8 4 4
64 ? −1 29
=8 > 5 False >5 True
8 4 4
8 = 8 True 0 is not in the 10 is in the
This shows that 14 is the boundary point. Now solution set. solution set.
test a number on each side of 14. We choose 0 The check confirms that (7, ∞ ) is the solution
and 20. set.

23. Multiply both sides by −4, and reverse the Check that the solution set is the interval
inequality symbol. [2, ∞).
2x − 5
>5
−4
⎛ 2x − 5 ⎞ 27. x − 2( x − 4) ≤ 3x
−4 ⎜ ⎟ < − 4(5)
⎝ −4 ⎠ x − 2 x + 8 ≤ 3x
2 x − 5 < − 20
− x + 8 ≤ 3x
2 x < − 15 Add 5.
8 ≤ 4x Add x.
15
x<− Divide by 2. 2 ≤ x, or x ≥ 2
2
[ 2, ∞).
⎛ 15 ⎞
⎜ −∞, − ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
28. x − 3( x + 1) ≤ 4 x
x − 3x − 3 ≤ 4 x
24. Multiply both sides by −5, and reverse the −2 x − 3 ≤ 4 x
inequality symbol.
−3 ≤ 6 x Add 2 x.
3x − 2
<6 1 1
−5 − ≤ x, or x ≥ −
3x − 2 > −30 2 2
3x > −28 Add 2.
⎡ 1 ⎞
28 ⎢− 2 , ∞ ⎟ .
x>− Divide by 3. ⎣ ⎠
3
⎛ 28 ⎞
⎜ − , ∞ ⎟.
⎝ 3 ⎠ 29. −(4 + r ) + 2 − 3r < −14
−4 − r + 2 − 3r < −14
−4r − 2 < −14
25. 6 x − 4 ≥ −2 x −4r < −12
8x − 4 ≥ 0 Add 2 x. Divide by −4, and reverse the inequality
symbol.
8x ≥ 4 Add 4.
r >3
4 1
x≥ = Divide by 8. Check that the solution set is the interval
8 2 (3, ∞).
⎡1 ⎞
⎢ 2 , ∞ ⎟.
⎣ ⎠
30. −(9 + x ) − 5 + 4 x ≥ 4
−9 − x − 5 + 4 x ≥ 4
−14 + 3x ≥ 4
26. 2 x − 8 ≥ −2 x 3x ≥ 18
4x − 8 ≥ 0 Add 2 x. x≥6
4x ≥ 8 Add 8. Check that the solution set is the interval
8 [6, ∞).
x≥ =2 Divide by 4.
4

31. −3( x − 6) > 2 x − 2 Check that the solution set is the interval
−3 x + 18 > 2 x − 2 Distributive property ⎛ 71 ⎞
⎜ −∞, ⎟.
−5 x > −20 Subtract 2 x and 18. ⎝ 150 ⎠
Divide by −5, and reverse the inequality
symbol.
x<4
35. Multiply each term by 4 to clear the fractions.
1 3
(− ∞, 4). − ( p + 6) + (2 p − 5) < 10
4 2
−1( p + 6) + 6(2 p − 5) < 40
− p − 6 + 12 p − 30 < 40
32. −2( x + 4) ≤ 6 x + 16
11 p − 36 < 40
−2 x − 8 ≤ 6 x + 16
11 p < 76
−8 x ≤ 24
76
x ≥ −3 Reverse symbol. p<
11
Check that the solution set is the interval Check that the solution set is the interval
[−3, ∞). ⎛ 76 ⎞
⎜ −∞, ⎟ .
⎝ 11 ⎠
33. Multiply both sides by 6 to clear the fractions.

2 3
(3 x − 1) ≥ (2 x − 3) 3 1
3 2 36. (t − 2) − (2t − 7) ≤ 3
2 3 5 4
6 ⋅ (3 x − 1) ≥ 6 ⋅ (2 x − 3) 3 1
3 2 20 ⋅ (t − 2) − 20 ⋅ (2t − 7) ≤ 20 ⋅ 3
4(3 x − 1) ≥ 9(2 x − 3) 5 4
12 x − 4 ≥ 18 x − 27 12(t − 2) − 5(2t − 7) ≤ 60
−6 x ≥ −23 12t − 24 − 10t + 35 ≤ 60
Divide by −6, and reverse the inequality 2t ≤ 49
symbol. 49
t≤
23 2
x≤ Check that the solution set is the interval
6
Check that the solution set is the interval ⎛ 49 ⎤
⎜ −∞, ⎥ .
⎛ 23 ⎤ ⎝ 2⎦
⎜ −∞, ⎥ .
⎝ 6⎦
37. 3(2 x − 4) − 4 x < 2 x + 3

7 2 6 x − 12 − 4 x < 2 x + 3
34. (10 x − 1) < (6 x + 5)
5 3 2 x − 12 < 2 x + 3
7 2
15 ⋅ (10 x − 1) < 15 ⋅ (6 x + 5) −12 < 3 True
5 3 The statement is true for all values of x.
21(10 x − 1) < 10(6 x + 5) Therefore, the original inequality is true for any
210 x − 21 < 60 x + 50 real number.
150 x < 71
(−∞, ∞).
71
x<
150

38. 7(4 − x) + 5 x < 2(16 − x) Check that the solution set is the interval
28 − 7 x + 5 x < 32 − 2 x (−2, 7).
28 − 2 x < 32 − 2 x
28 < 32 True
This statement is true for all values of x. Check 45. −9 ≤ x+5 ≤ 15
that the solution set is the interval (−∞, ∞). −9 − 5 ≤ x + 5 − 5 ≤ 15 − 5 Subtract 5.
−14 ≤ x ≤ 10
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ [−14, 10].
39. 8 ⎜ x + 3 ⎟ < 8 ⎜ x − 1⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
4 x + 24 < 4 x − 8
24 < −8 False 46. −4 ≤ x+3 ≤ 10
This is a false statement, so the inequality is a
−4 − 3 ≤ x + 3 − 3 ≤ 10 − 3 Subtract 3.
contradiction.
Check that the solution set is ∅. −7 ≤ x ≤7
⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ [−7, 7].
40. 10 ⎜ x + 2 ⎟ < 10 ⎜ x + 1⎟
⎝5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠
2 x + 20 < 2 x + 10
20 < 10 False 47. −6 ≤ 2 x + 4 ≤ 16
This is a false statement, so the inequality is a
−10 ≤ 2x ≤ 12 Subtract 4.
contradiction.
Check that the solution set is ∅. −5 ≤ x ≤ 6 Divide by 2.
41. −2 < x is the same as x > −2. This inequality [−5, 6].
represents all real numbers greater than −2. Its
graph is shown in choice A.
− x > 2 is the same as x < −2. This inequality
represents all real numbers less than −2. Its 48. −15 < 3x + 6 < −12
graph is shown in choice B. −21 < 3x < −18 Subtract 6.
42. Since 4 > 0, the student should not have −7 < x < −6 Divide by 3.
reversed the direction of the inequality symbol Check that the solution set is the interval
when dividing by 4. We reverse the inequality
symbol only when multiplying or dividing by a
( −7, −6 ) .
negative number. The solution set is [−16, ∞).
43. The goal is to isolate the variable x.

49. −19 ≤ 3x − 5 ≤ 1
−4 < x−5 <6
−14 ≤ 3x < 6 Add 5.
−4 + 5 < x − 5 + 5 < 6 + 5 Add 5.
14
1< x < 11 − ≤ x ≤ 2 Divide by 3.
3
(1, 11).
⎡ 14 ⎤
⎢ − 3 , 2⎥ .
⎣ ⎦
44. The goal is to isolate the variable x.
−1 < x +1 < 8
−1 − 1 < x + 1 − 1 < 8 − 1 Subtract 1.
−2 < x <7

50. −16 < 3x + 2 < −10 54. −12 ≤ −6 x + 3 ≤ 15

−18 < 3x < −12 Subtract 2. −15 ≤ − 6x ≤ 12 Subtract 3.
−6 < x < −4 Divide by 3. 5 Divide by − 6.
≥ x ≥ −2
Check that the solution set is the interval 2 Reverse inequalities.
(−6, − 4). The last inequality may be written as
5
−2 ≤ x ≤ .
2
51. 4 ≤ −9 x + 5 < 8 Check that the solution set is the interval
−1 ≤ − 9x <3 ⎡ 5⎤
Subtract 5. ⎢ −2, 2 ⎥ .
⎣ ⎦
1 1 Divide by − 9.
≥ x >−
9 3 Reverse inequalities.
The last inequality may be written as
1 1
− <x≤ . 2x − 5
3 9 55. −1 ≤ ≤5
Check that the solution set is the interval 6
⎛ 1 1⎤ −6 ≤ 2 x − 5 ≤ 30 Multiply by 6.
⎜ − , ⎥. −1 ≤ 2x ≤ 35 Add 5.
⎝ 3 9⎦
1 35
− ≤ x ≤ Divide by 2.
2 2
52. 4 ≤ −2 x + 3 < 8 ⎡ 1 35 ⎤
1≤ − 2x <5 ⎢− 2 , 2 ⎥ .
Subtract 3. ⎣ ⎦
1 5 Divide by − 2.
− ≥ x >−
5 1
− <x≤− . 3x + 1
2 2 56. −3 ≤ ≤3
Check that the solution set is the interval 4
⎛ 5 1⎤ −12 ≤ 3x + 1 ≤ 12 Multiply by 4.
⎜− ,− ⎥. −13 ≤ 3x ≤ 11 Subtract 1.
⎝ 2 2⎦
13 11
− ≤ x ≤ Divide by 3.
3 3
53. −8 ≤ −4 x + 2 ≤ 6 ⎡ 13 11⎤
−10 ≤ − 4x ≤4 ⎢− 3 , 3 ⎥ .
Subtract 2. ⎣ ⎦
5 Divide by − 4.
≥ x ≥ −1
2 Reverse inequalities.
5
−1 ≤ x ≤ .
2
⎡ 5⎤
⎢ −1, 2 ⎥ .
⎣ ⎦

8.2 Set Operations and Compound Inequalities 705
8.2 Set Operations and Compound 3. 2 x ≤ 4 x + 8 and 3 x ≥ −9

Inequalities −2 x ≤ 8
x ≥ −4 and x ≥ −3
1. Let A = {3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {5, 6, 7}.
The set A ∩ B, the intersection of A and B,
The overlap of the two graphs consists of the
contains those elements that belong to both A
numbers that are greater than or equal to −4
and B; that is, the numbers 5 and 6. Therefore,
and are also greater than or equal to −3; that is,
A ∩ B = {5, 6}.
the numbers greater than or equal to −3.
N1. Let A = {2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {0, 2, 6, 8}. The solution set is [−3, ∞).
The set A ∩ B, the intersection of A and B,
contains those elements that belong to both A
and B; that is, the numbers 2, 6, and 8. N3. −4 x − 1 < 7 and 3 x + 4 ≥ −5
Therefore, A ∩ B = {2, 6, 8}.
−4 x < 8 and 3x ≥ −9
2. x + 3 < 1 and x − 4 > −12 x > −2 and x ≥ −3
Solve each inequality.
x+3 <1 and x − 4 > −12
x + 3 − 3 < 1 − 3 and x − 4 + 4 > −12 + 4
x < −2 and x > −8
The overlap of the two graphs consists of the

numbers that are greater than −2 and are also
greater than or equal to −3; that is, the
The values that satisfy both inequalities are the numbers greater than −2.
numbers between −8 and −2, excluding The solution set is (−2, ∞ ).
−8 and −2.
The solution set is (−8, − 2).
4. x + 2 > 3 and 2 x + 1 < −3

2 x < −4
N2. x − 2 ≤ 5 and x + 5 ≥ 9
x > 1 and x < −2
Solve each inequality.
x−2≤ 5 and x+5≥ 9
x − 2 + 2 ≤ 5 + 2 and x +5−5 ≥ 9−5
x≤7 and x≥4
The two graphs do not overlap. Therefore, there
is no number that is both greater than 1 and less
than −2, so the given compound inequality has
no solution. The solution set is ∅.
The values that satisfy both inequalities are the
numbers between 4 and 7, including 4 and 7.
The solution set is [4, 7].

N4. x − 7 < −12 and 2 x + 1 > 5 N6. −12 x ≤ −24 or x+9 <8
2x > 4 x≥2 or x < −1
x < −5 and x>2
The graph of the solution set consists of all

The two graphs do not overlap. Therefore, there numbers greater than or equal to 2 or less than
is no number that is both greater than 2 and less −1.
than −5, so the given compound inequality has The solution set is (−∞, − 1) ∪ [2, ∞).
no solution. The solution set is ∅.
5. Let A = {3, 4, 5, 6} and B = {5, 6, 7}.
The set A ∪ B, the union of A and B, consists 7. 3x − 2 ≤ 13 or x+5≤ 7
of all elements in either A or B (or both). Start 3 x ≤ 15
by listing the elements of set A: 3, 4, 5, 6. Then x ≤ 5 or x≤2
list any additional elements from set B. In this
case, the elements 5 and 6 are already listed, so
the only additional element is 7.
Therefore, A ∪ B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
The solution set is all numbers that are either
N5. Let A = {5, 10, 15, 20} and B = {5, 15, 25}. less than or equal to 5 or less than or equal to 2.
The set A ∪ B, the union of A and B, consists All real numbers less than or equal to 5 are
of all elements in either A or B (or both). Start included.
by listing the elements of set A: 5, 10, 15, 20. The solution set is (−∞, −5].
Then list any additional elements from set B. In
this case, the elements 5 and 15 are already
listed, so the only additional element is 25.
Therefore, A ∪ B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25}. N7. − x + 2 < 6 or 6 x − 8 ≥ 10
− x < 4 or 6 x ≥ 18
6. x − 1 > 2 or 3x + 5 < 2 x + 6
x > −4 or x≥3
x > 3 or x <1
The solution set is all numbers that are either

The graph of the solution set consists of all greater than −4 or greater than or equal to 3.
numbers greater than 3 or less than 1. All real numbers greater than −4 are included.
The solution set is (−∞, 1) ∪ (3, ∞). The solution set is (−4, ∞ ).

8. 3x − 2 ≤ 13 or x+5≥ 7 (b) Only China, Japan, and Germany received

3 x ≤ 15 U.S. exports less than $200,000 million.
Only Canada, China, and Mexico imported
x ≤ 5 or x≥2 greater than $250,000 million to the U.S.
The word “or” represents the union of these
two sets.
{China, Japan, Germany}
The solution set is all numbers that are either ∪ {Canada, China, Mexico}
less than or equal to 5 or greater than or equal = {Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, Germany}
to 2. All real numbers are included.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
Exercises
1. This statement is true. The solution set of
N8. 8 x − 4 ≥ 20 or −2 x + 1 > −9
x + 1 = 6 is {5}. The solution set of x + 1 > 6 is
8 x ≥ 24 or −2 x > −10 (5, ∞). The solution set of x + 1 < 6 is (−∞, 5).
x ≥ 3 or x<5 Taken together we have the set of real numbers.
2. This statement is false. The intersection is {9}
since 9 is the element common to both sets.
3. This statement is false. The union is
(−∞, 7) ∪ (7, ∞). The only real number that is
The solution set is all numbers that are either not in the union is 7.
greater than or equal to 3 or less than 5. All real
numbers are included. 4. This statement is true since 7 is the only
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). element common to both sets.
5. This statement is false since 0 is a rational
number but not an irrational number. The sets
9. (a) Only Canada and Mexico received U.S. of rational numbers and irrational numbers
exports greater than $150,000 million but have no common elements so their intersection
neither of these countries imported less than is ∅.
$150,000 million to the U.S. Therefore the 6. This statement is true. The set of rational
set of countries is the empty set, ∅. numbers together with the set of irrational
(b) Only China and Japan received U.S. exports numbers makes up the set of real numbers.
between $50,000 and $150,000. Only 7. The intersection of sets B and A contains only
Canada and China imported greater than those elements in both sets B and A.
$300,000 million to the U.S. The word “or” B ∩ A = {1, 3, 5} or set B
represents the union of these two sets.
{China, Japan} ∪ {Canada, China} 8. The intersection of sets A and B contains only
those elements in both sets A and B.
= {Canada, China, Japan}
A ∩ B = {1, 3, 5} or set B
N9. (a) Only Canada, China, and Mexico received Note that A ∩ B = B ∩ A.
U.S. exports greater than $100,000 million.
Of these countries, only Canada and Mexico 9. The intersection of sets A and D is the set of all
imported less than $400,000 million to the elements in both set A and D. Therefore,
U.S. Therefore, the set of countries is A ∩ D = {4} or set D.
{Canada, Mexico} . 10. 1 is the only element in both sets B and C, so
B ∩ C = {1}.
11. The intersection of set B and the set of no

elements (empty set), B ∩ ∅, is the set of no
elements or ∅.

12. No element is common to both sets, so 20. x < 5 and x > 0

A ∩ ∅ = ∅, the empty set. And means intersection. The graph of the
solution set will be all numbers that are both
13. The union of sets A and B is the set of all
less than 5 and greater than 0. The overlap is
elements that are in either set A or set B or both
the numbers between 0 and 5, not including 0
sets A and B. Since all numbers in set B are also
and 5. The solution set is (0, 5).
in set A, the set A ∪ B will be the same as
set A.
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} or set A
21. x ≤ 2 and x ≤ 5
14. A union of sets contains all elements that The graph of the solution set will be all
belong to either set. numbers that are both less than or equal to 2
B ∪ D = {1, 3, 4, 5} and less than or equal to 5. The overlap is the
numbers less than or equal to 2. The solution
15. The first graph represents the set (−∞, 2). The
set is (−∞, 2].
second graph represents the set (−3, ∞). The
intersection includes the elements common to
both sets, that is, (−3, 2).
22. x ≥ 3 and x ≥ 6
The graph of the solution set will be all
numbers that are both greater than or equal to 3
16. The first graph represents the set (−∞, 5). The and greater than or equal to 6. This will be all
second graph represents the set (0, ∞). The numbers greater than or equal to 6. The solution
set is [6, ∞ ).
both sets, that is, (0, 5).
23. x ≤ 3 and x ≥ 6
17. The first graph represents the set (−∞, 5]. The The graph of the solution set will be all
second graph represents the set (−∞, 2]. The numbers that are both less than or equal to 3
and greater than or equal to 6. There are no
such numbers. The solution set is ∅.
both sets, that is, (−∞, 2].
24. x ≤ −1 and x ≥ 3
numbers that are both less than or equal to −1
18. The first graph represents the set [3, ∞). The and greater than or equal to 3. There are no
second graph represents the set (−∞, 3]. The such numbers. The solution set is ∅.
intersection includes the elements common to 25. x − 3 ≤ 6 and x+2≥7
both sets, that is, {3}.
x ≤ 9 and x≥5
The graph of the solution set is all numbers that
are both less than or equal to 9 and greater than
19. x < 2 and x > − 3 or equal to 5. This is the intersection. The
The graph of the solution set will be all elements common to both sets are the numbers
numbers that are both less than 2 and greater between 5 and 9, including the endpoints. The
than −3. The solution set is (−3, 2). solution set is [5, 9].

26. x + 5 ≤ 11 and x − 3 ≥ −1 31. The first graph represents the set (−∞, 2]. The
x ≤ 6 and x≥2 second graph represents the set [4, ∞). The
The graph of the solution set is all numbers that union includes all elements in either set, or in
are both less than or equal to 6 and greater than both, that is, (−∞, 2] ∪ [4, ∞).
or equal to 2. This is the intersection. The
elements common to both sets are the numbers
between 2 and 6, including the endpoints. The
solution set is [2, 6]. 32. The first graph represents the set (−∞, − 5].
The second graph represents the set [6, ∞ ). The
union includes all elements in either set, or in
27. −3x > 3 and x + 3 > 0 both, that is, (−∞, − 5] ∪ [6, ∞).
x < −1 and x > −3
The graph of the solution set is all numbers that
are both less than −1 and greater than −3. This 33. The first graph represents the set [1, ∞). The
is the intersection. The elements common to
second graph represents the set (−∞, 8]. The
both sets are the numbers between −3 and −1,
not including the endpoints. The solution set is union includes all elements in either set, or in
(−3, −1). both, that is, (−∞, ∞).
34. The first graph represents the set [1, ∞). The
28. −3x < 3 and x + 2 < 6
second graph represents the set [8, ∞). The
x > −1 and x<4 union includes all elements in either set, or in
The graph of the solution set is all numbers that both, that is, [1, ∞).
are both less than 4 and greater than −1. This is
the intersection. The elements common to both
sets are the numbers between −1 and 4, not
including the endpoints. The solution set is 35. x ≤ 1 or x ≤ 8
(−1, 4). The word “or” means to take the union of both
sets. The graph of the solution set is all
numbers that are either less than or equal to 1
or less than or equal to 8, or both. This is all
29. 3x − 4 ≤ 8 and −4 x + 1 ≥ −15 numbers less than or equal to 8. The solution
3 x ≤ 12 and −4 x ≥ −16 set is (−∞, 8].
x ≤ 4 and x≤4
Since both inequalities are identical, the graph
of the solution set is the same as the graph of
36. x ≥ 1 or x ≥ 8
one of the inequalities. The solution set is
(−∞, 4]. The graph of the solution set will be all
numbers that are either greater than or equal to
1 or greater than or equal to 8. The solution set
is [1, ∞).
30. 7 x + 6 ≤ 48 and −4 x ≥ −24
7 x ≤ 42
x ≤ 6 and x≤6 37. x ≥ −2 or x ≥ 5
Since both inequalities are identical, the graph The graph of the solution set will be all
of the solution set is the same as the graph of numbers that are either greater than or equal to
one of the inequalities. The solution set is −2 or greater than or equal to 5. The solution
(−∞, 6]. set is [−2, ∞).

38. x ≤ − 2 or x ≤ 6 44. 3x < x + 12 or x + 1 > 10

The graph of the solution set will be all 2 x < 12
numbers that are either less than or equal to −2
x<6 or x>9
or less than or equal to 6. The solution set is
(−∞, 6]. The graph of the solution set is all numbers
either less than 6 or greater than 9. This is the
union. The solution set is (−∞, 6) ∪ (9, ∞).
39. x ≥ −2 or x ≤ 4
The graph of the solution set will be all 45. 4 x + 1 ≥ −7 or −2 x + 3 ≥ 5

numbers that are either greater than or equal to 4 x ≥ −8 or −2 x ≥ 2
−2 or less than or equal to 4. This is the set of
x ≥ −2 or x ≤ −1
all real numbers. The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
The graph of the solution set is all numbers
either greater than or equal to −2 or less than
or equal to −1. This is the set of all real
40. x ≥ 5 or x ≤ 7 numbers. The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
numbers that are either greater than or equal to
5 or less than or equal to 7. The solution set is
(−∞, ∞). 46. 3x + 2 ≤ −7 or −2 x + 1 ≤ 9
3x ≤ −9 or −2 x ≤ 8
x ≤ −3 or x ≥ −4
41. x + 2 > 7 or 1 − x > 6 The graph of the solution set is all numbers
either less than or equal to −3 or greater than
−x > 5
or equal to −4. This is the set of all real
x > 5 or x < −5
numbers. The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
either greater than 5 or less than −5. This is the
union. The solution set is (−∞, − 5) ∪ (5, ∞).
47. (−∞, − 1] ∩ [−4, ∞)
The intersection is the set of numbers less than
or equal to −1 and greater than or equal to −4.
42. x + 1 > 3 or x+4< 2 The numbers common to both original sets are
x > 2 or x < −2 between, and including, −4 and −1. The
The graph of the solution set is all numbers simplest interval form is [−4, − 1].
either greater than 2 or less than −2. This is the
48. [−1, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 9] = (−∞, 9] ∩ [−1, ∞)
union. The solution set is (−∞, − 2) ∪ (2, ∞).
The intersection is the set of numbers less than
or equal to 9 and greater than or equal to −1.
The numbers common to both original sets are
43. x + 1 > 3 or −4 x + 1 > 5 between, and including, −1 and 9. The
simplest interval form is [−1, 9].
−4 x > 4
x > 2 or x < −1 49. (−∞, − 6] ∩ [−9, ∞ )
The graph of the solution set is all numbers The intersection is the set of numbers less than
either less than −1 or greater than 2. This is the or equal to −6 and greater than or equal to −9.
union. The solution set is (−∞, − 1) ∪ (2, ∞). The numbers common to both original sets are
between, and including, −9 and −6. The
simplest interval form is [−9, − 6].

50. (5, 11] ∩ [6, ∞) −2, or both. This is all numbers less than 4.
The intersection is the set of numbers between The solution set is (−∞, 4).
5 and 11, including 11 but not 5, and greater
than or equal to 6. The numbers common to
both original sets are between, and including, 6
and 11. The simplest interval form is [6, 11]. 58. x < 5 or x < −3
This is a union. The solution set is (−∞, 5).
51. (−∞, 3) ∪ (−∞, − 2)
The union is the set of numbers that are either
less than 3 or less than −2, or both. This is all
numbers less than 3. The simplest interval form 59. −3x ≤ −6 or −3 x ≥ 0
is (−∞, 3). x ≥ 2 or x≤0
52. [−9, 1] ∪ (−∞, − 3) The word “or” means to take the union of both
sets. The graph of the solution set is all
The union is the set of numbers between −9 numbers that are either greater than or equal to
and 1, including both, or less than −3. This is 2 or less than or equal to 0. The solution set is
all numbers less than, and including, 1. The (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞).
simplest interval form is (−∞, 1].
53. [3, 6] ∪ (4, 9)

The union is the set of numbers between, and 60. 2 x − 6 ≤ −18 and 2 x ≥ −18
including, 3 and 6, or between, but not 2 x ≤ −12
including, 4 and 9. This is the set of numbers
greater than or equal to 3 and less than 9. The x ≤ −6 and x ≥ −9
simplest interval form is [3, 9). This is an intersection.
The solution set is [−9, − 6].
54. [−1, 2] ∪ (0, 5)
The union is the set of numbers between, and
including, −1 and 2, or between, but not
including, 0 and 5. This is the set of numbers 61. x + 1 ≥ 5 and x − 2 ≤ 10
greater than or equal to −1 and less than 5. The x ≥ 4 and x ≤ 12
simplest interval form is [−1, 5).
The word “and” means to take the intersection
55. x < −1 and x > − 5 of both sets. The graph of the solution set is all
numbers that are both greater than or equal to 4
The word “and” means to take the intersection
and less than or equal to 12. This is all numbers
of both sets. x < −1 and x > −5 is true only between, and including, 4 and 12. The solution
when −5 < x < −1. set is [4, 12].
greater than −5 and less than −1. This is all
numbers between −5 and −1, not including
62. −8 x ≤ −24 or −5 x ≥ 15
−5 or −1. The solution set is (−5, − 1).
x≥3 or x ≤ −3
This is a union.
The solution set is (−∞, − 3] ∪ [3, ∞ ).
56. x > −1 and x < 7
This is an intersection. The solution set is
(−1, 7).
63. The set of expenses that are less than $8000 for
public schools and are greater than $15,000 for
private schools is {Tuition and fees}.
57. x < 4 or x < − 2
64. The set of expenses that are greater than $4000
The word “or” means to take the union of both for public schools and are less than $5000 for
sets. The graph of the solution set is all private schools is {Board rates}.
numbers that are either less than 4 or less than

65. The set of expenses that are less than $8000 for 8.3 Absolute Value Equations and
public schools or are greater than $15,000 for Inequalities
private schools is {Tuition and fees, Board
rates, Dormitory charges}.
66. The set of expenses that are greater than
$15,000 or are between $7000 and $8000 is 1. | 3x − 4 | = 11
{Tuition and fees}. 3x − 4 = 11 or 3 x − 4 = −11
67. Find “the yard can be fenced and the yard can 3 x = 15 or 3x = −7
be sodded.” 7
x = 5 or x=−
A yard that can be fenced has P ≤ 150. Maria 3
and Joe qualify. Check x = 5 : |11| = 11 True
A yard that can be sodded has A ≤ 1400.
7
Again, Maria and Joe qualify. Check x = − : | −11| = 11 True
Find the intersection. Maria’s and Joe’s yards 3
are common to both sets, so Maria and Joe can ⎧ 7 ⎫
have their yards both fenced and sodded. The solution set is ⎨ − , 5⎬ .
⎩ 3 ⎭
68. Find “the yard can be fenced and the yard
N1. | 4 x − 1| = 11
cannot be sodded.”
A yard that can be fenced has P ≤ 150. Maria 4 x − 1 = 11 or 4 x − 1 = −11
and Joe qualify. 4 x = 12 or 4 x = −10
A yard that cannot be sodded has A > 1400. 5
Luigi and Than qualify. x = 3 or x=−
2
Find the intersection. There are no yards
common to both sets, so none of them qualify. Check x = 3 : |11| = 11 True
5
69. Find “the yard cannot be fenced and the yard Check x = − : | −11| = 11 True
can be sodded.” 2
A yard that cannot be fenced has P > 150. ⎧ 5 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , 3⎬ .
Luigi and Than qualify. ⎩ 2 ⎭
A yard that can be sodded has A ≤ 1400. Maria
and Joe qualify. 2. | 3x − 4 | ≥ 11
Find the intersection. There are no yards 3x − 4 ≥ 11 or 3x − 4 ≤ −11
common to both sets, so none of them qualify. 3 x ≥ 15 or 3 x ≤ −7
70. Find “the yard cannot be fenced and the yard 7
cannot be sodded.” x ≥ 5 or x≤−
3
A yard that cannot be fenced has P > 150. Check x = −3, 0, and 6 in | 3x − 4 | ≥ 11.
Luigi and Than qualify.
A yard that cannot be sodded has A > 1400. Check x = −3 : | −13 | ≥ 11 True
Again, Luigi and Than qualify. Check x = 0 : | −4 | ≥ 11 False
Find the intersection. Luigi’s and Than’s yards Check x = 6 : |14 | ≥ 11 True
are common to both sets, so Luigi and Than
⎛ 7⎤
qualify. The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ [5, ∞).
⎝ 3⎦
71. Find “the yard can be fenced or the yard can be
sodded.” From Exercise 67, Maria’s and Joe’s N2. | 4 x − 1| > 11
yards qualify for both conditions, so the union 4 x − 1 > 11 or 4 x − 1 < −11
is Maria and Joe.
4 x > 12 or 4 x < −10
72. Find “the yard cannot be fenced or the yard can 5
be sodded.” From Exercise 69, Luigi’s and x > 3 or x<−
Than’s yards cannot be fenced, and Maria’s and 2
Joe’s yards can be sodded. The union includes Check x = −3, 0, and 6 in | 4 x − 1| > 11.
all of them. Check x = −3 : | −13 | > 11 True
Check x = 0 : | −1| > 11 False

8.3 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 713
Check x = 6 : | 23 | > 11 True Check x = 4 : | −9 | ≥ 7 True

⎛ 5⎞ ⎡7 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ (3, ∞). The solution set is ( −∞, 0] ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠ ⎣2 ⎠
3. | 3x − 4 | ≤ 11 5. | 3x + 2 | + 4 = 15
−11 ≤ 3x − 4 ≤ 11 We first isolate the absolute value expression,
−7 ≤ 3x ≤ 15 that is, rewrite the equation so that the absolute
value expression is alone on one side of the
7
− ≤ x ≤5 equals symbol.
3 | 3x + 2 | = 11
Check x = −3, 0, and 6 in | 3x − 4 | ≤ 11. 3x + 2 = 11 or 3x + 2 = −11
Check x = −3 : | −13 | ≤ 11 False 3x = 9 or 3x = −13
Check x = 0: | −4 | ≤ 11 True 13
Check x = 6: |14 | ≤ 11 False x = 3 or x=−
3
⎡ 7 ⎤ Check x = 3 : |11| + 4 = 15 True
The solution set is ⎢ − , 5⎥ .
⎣ 3 ⎦ 13
Check x = − : | −11| + 4 = 15 True
N3. | 4 x − 1| < 11 3
−11 < 4 x − 1 < 11 ⎧ 13 ⎫
⎩ 3 ⎭
−10 < 4x < 12
5 N5. |10 x − 2 | − 2 = 12
− < x <3
2 We first isolate the absolute value expression,
Check x = −5, 0, and 5 in | 4 x − 1| < 11. that is, rewrite the equation so that the absolute
value expression is alone on one side of the
Check x = −5 : | −21| < 11 False
equals symbol.
Check x = 0: | −1| < 11 True |10 x − 2 | = 14
Check x = 5: |19 | < 11 False 10 x − 2 = 14 or 10 x − 2 = −14
⎛ 5 ⎞ 10 x = 16 or 10 x = −12
The solution set is ⎜ − , 3 ⎟ .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 8 6
x= or x=−
4. | 20 − 2 x | ≥ 20 5 5
20 − 2 x ≥ 20 or 20 − 2 x ≤ −20 8
Check x = : |14 | − 2 = 12 True
5
−2 x ≥ 0 or −2 x ≤ −40
6
x ≤ 0 or x ≥ 20 Check x = − : | −14 | − 2 = 12 True
5
Check x = −1, 10, and 21 in | 20 − 2 x | ≥ 20
⎧ 6 8⎫
Check x = −1: | 22 | ≥ 20 True The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 5 5⎭
Check x = 10 : | 0 | ≥ 20 False
Check x = 21: | −22 | ≥ 20 True 6. (a) | x + 2 | − 3 > 2
The solution set is (−∞, 0] ∪ [20, ∞). | x + 2 | > 5 Isolate.
x + 2 > 5 or x + 2 < −5
N4. | 7 − 4 x | ≥ 7 x > 3 or x < −7
7 − 4 x ≥ 7 or 7 − 4 x ≤ −7 The solution set is (−∞, − 7) ∪ (3, ∞).
−4 x ≥ 0 or −4 x ≤ −14
(b) | x + 2 | −3 < 2
7 1
x ≤ 0 or x ≥ or 3 | x + 2 | < 5 Isolate.
2 2
Check x = −1, 3, and 4 in | 7 − 4 x | ≥ 7 −5 < x + 2 < 5
Check x = −1: |11| ≥ 7 True −7 < x < 3
Check x = 3 : | −5 | ≥ 7 False The solution set is (−7, 3).

N6. (a) | x − 1| − 4 ≤ 2 N8. (a) | 3x − 8 | = −2

| x − 1| ≤ 6 Isolate. Since the absolute value of an expression
−6 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 6 can never be negative, there are no solutions
for this equation.
−5 ≤ x ≤7 The solution set is ∅.
The solution set is [−5, 7].
(b) | 7 x + 12 | = 0
(b) | x − 1| − 4 ≥ 2 The expression 7 x + 12 will equal 0 only if
| x − 1| ≥ 6 Isolate. 7 x + 12 = 0.
x − 1 ≥ 6 or x − 1 ≤ −6 7 x = −12 Subtract 12.
x ≥ 7 or x ≤ −5 12
x=− Divide by 7.
The solution set is (−∞, − 5] ∪ [7, ∞). 7
⎧ 12 ⎫
7. | 4 x − 1| = | 3x + 5 | The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 7⎭
4 x − 1 = 3x + 5 or 4 x − 1 = −(3x + 5)
x=6 or 4 x − 1 = −3 x − 5 9. (a) | x | > −1
7 x = −4 The absolute value of a number is always
greater than or equal to 0. Therefore, the
4
x=− inequality is true for all real numbers.
7 The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
Check x = 6 : | 23 | = | 23 | True
(b) | x − 10 | − 2 ≤ −3
4 23 23
Check x = − : −= True | x − 10 | ≤ −1
7 7 7
There is no number whose absolute value is
⎧ 4 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , 6 ⎬ . less than a negative number, so this
⎩ 7 ⎭ inequality has no solution.
N7. | 3x − 4 | = | 5 x + 12 | The solution set is ∅.
3x − 4 = 5 x + 12 or 3x − 4 = −(5 x + 12) (c) | x + 2 | ≤ 0
−2 x = 16 or 3x − 4 = −5 x − 12 The value of | x + 2 | will never be less
x = −8 8 x = −8 than 0. However, | x + 2 | will equal 0 when
x = −1 x = −2.
Check x = −8 : | −28 | = | −28 | True The solution set is {−2} .
Check x = −1: | −7 | = | 7 | True
N9. (a) | x | > −10
The solution set is {−8, − 1} . The absolute value of a number is always
greater than or equal to 0. Therefore, the
8. (a) | 6 x + 7 | = −5 inequality is true for all real numbers.
Since the absolute value of an expression The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
can never be negative, there are no solutions
for this equation. (b) | 4 x + 1 | + 5 < 4
The solution set is ∅. | 4 x + 1 | < −1
1 There is no number whose absolute value is
(b) x−3 = 0 less than a negative number, so this
4
inequality has no solution.
1 The solution set is ∅.
The expression x − 3 will equal 0 only if
4
1 (c) | x − 2 | − 3 ≤ −3
x − 3 = 0.
4 | x − 2 | ≤ 0 Isolate abs. value.
x − 12 = 0 Multiply by 4. The value of | x − 2 | will never be less
x = 12 than 0.
The solution set is {12}.

However, | x − 2 | will equal 0 when x = 2. | x | > 9 is written x < −9 or x > 9. Notice that
The solution set is {2}. −9 and 9 are not included. The graph is Choice
D, which uses parentheses.
10. Let x be the possible amount of orange juice in
the carton. If the relative error is no greater than | x | ≥ 9 is written x ≤ −9 or x ≥ 9. This time
0.035 oz, then the following inequality shows −9 and 9 are included. The graph is Choice A,
the possible ounces of orange juice in a filled
which uses brackets.
carton. Note that there are 32 oz/qt.
32 − x | x | < 9 is written −9 < x < 9. The graph is
≤ 0.035
32 Choice C, which uses parentheses.
32 − x | x | ≤ 9 is written −9 ≤ x ≤ 9. The graph is
−0.035 ≤ ≤ 0.035
32 Choice B, which uses brackets.
−1.12 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 1.12
3. (a) | ax + b | = k , k = 0
30.88 ≤ x ≤ 33.12
This means the distance from ax + b to 0 is
The carton will contain between 30.88 oz and
33.12 oz. 0, so ax + b = 0, which has one solution.
N10. Let x be the possible amount of milk in the (b) | ax + b | = k , k > 0

carton. If the relative error is no greater than This means the distance from ax + b to 0 is
0.032 oz, then the following inequality shows a positive number, so ax + b = k or
the possible ounces of orange juice in a filled
ax + b = −k . There are two solutions.
carton. Note that there are 32 oz/qt.
32 − x (c) | ax + b |= k , k < 0
≤ 0.032
32 This means the distance from ax + b to 0 is
32 − x a negative number, which is impossible
−0.032 ≤ ≤ 0.032 because distance is always positive. There
32
are no solutions.
−1.024 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 1.024
30.976 ≤ x ≤ 33.024 4. When solving an absolute value equation or
inequality of the form
The carton will contain between 30.976 oz and
33.024 oz. | ax + b | = k , | ax + b | < k , or | ax +b| > k ,
where k is a positive number, use or for the
Exercises equality statement and the > statement. Use and
for the < statement.
1. | x | = 5 has two solutions, x = 5 or x = −5.
5. | x | = 12
The graph is Choice E.
x = 12 or x = −12
| x | < 5 is written −5 < x < 5. Notice that −5 The solution set is {−12, 12}.
and 5 are not included. The graph is Choice C,
which uses parentheses. 6. | x | = 14
x = 14 or x = −14
| x | > 5 is written x < −5 or x > 5. The graph
is Choice D, which uses parentheses. The solution set is {−14, 14}.
| x | ≤ 5 is written −5 ≤ x ≤ 5. This time −5 7. | 4 x | = 20

and 5 are included. The graph is Choice B, 4 x = 20 or 4 x = −20
which uses brackets. x = 5 or x = −5
| x | ≥ 5 is written x ≤ −5 or x ≥ 5. The graph The solution set is {−5, 5}.
is Choice A, which uses brackets.
8. | 5 x | = 30
2. | x | = 9 has two solutions, x = 9 and x = −9. 5 x = 30 or 5 x = −30
The graph is Choice E. x = 6 or x = −6
The solution set is {−6, 6}.

9. | x − 3 | = 9 16. | 2 x − 9 | = 18
x − 3 = 9 or x − 3 = −9 2 x − 9 = 18 or 2 x − 9 = −18
x = 12 or x = −6 2 x = 27 2 x = −9
The solution set is {−6, 12}. 27 9
x= or x=−
2 2
10. | x − 5 | = 13
⎧ 9 27 ⎫
x − 5 = 13 or x − 5 = −13 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 2 2⎭
x = 18 or x = −8
The solution set is {−8, 18}. 17. | −3x + 8 | = 1
−3 x + 8 = 1 or −3x + 8 = −1
11. | 2 x − 1 | = 11
−3x = −7 −3 x = −9
2 x − 1 = 11 or 2 x − 1 = −11
7
2 x = 12 2 x = −10 x= or x=3
3
x=6 or x = −5
⎧7 ⎫
The solution set is {−5, 6}. The solution set is ⎨ , 3⎬ .
⎩3 ⎭
12. | 2 x + 3 | = 19
18. | −6 x + 5 | = 4
2 x + 3 = 19 or 2 x + 3 = −19
−6 x + 5 = 4 or −6 x + 5 = −4
2 x = 16 2 x = −22
−6 x = −1 −6 x = −9
x=8 or x = −11
1 3
The solution set is {−11, 8}. x= or x=
6 2
13. | 4 x − 5 | = 17
⎧1 3 ⎫
4 x − 5 = 17 or 4 x − 5 = −17 The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬ .
⎩6 2 ⎭
4 x = 22 4 x = −12
1
22 11 19. 12 − x =6
x= = or x = −3 2
4 2
1 1
⎧ 11 ⎫ 12 − x = 6 or 12 − x = −6
The solution set is ⎨ −3, ⎬ . 2 2
⎩ 2⎭
1 1
− x = −6 − x = −18
14. | 5 x − 1 | = 21 2 2
5 x − 1 = 21 or 5 x − 1 = −21 x = 12 or x = 36
5 x = 22 5 x = −20 The solution set is {12, 36} .
22
x= or x = −4 1
5 20. 14 − x = 8
3
⎧ 22 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ −4, ⎬ . 1 1
⎩ 5⎭ 14 − x = 8 or 14 − x = −8
3 3
15. | 2 x + 5 | = 14 1 1
− x = −6 − x = −22
2 x + 5 = 14 or 2 x + 5 = −14 3 3
2x = 9 2 x = −19 x = 18 or x = 66
9 19 The solution set is {18, 66} .
x= or x=−
2 2
21. 0.5 x = 6
⎧ 19 9 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ . 0.5 x = 6 or 0.5 x = −6
⎩ 2 2⎭
x = 12 or x = −12
The solution set is {−12, 12} .

22. 0.3x = 9 5
26. 2− x = 14
0.3x = 9 or 0.3x = −9 2
x = 30 or x = −30 5
2 − x = 14
5
or 2 − x = −14
The solution set is {−30, 30} . 2 2
5 5
− x = 12 − x = −16
1 2 2
23. x+3 = 2
2 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞
x = ⎜ − ⎟ (12) x = ⎜ − ⎟ (−16)
1
x + 3 = 2 or
1
x + 3 = −2 ⎝ 5⎠ ⎝ 5⎠
2 2 24 32
x=− or x=
1 1 5 5
x = −1 x = −5
2 2 ⎧ 24 32 ⎫
x = −2 or x = −10 The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
⎩ 5 5⎭
The solution set is {−10, − 2} .
27. | 0.02 x − 1| = 2.50
2 0.02 x − 1 = 2.50 or 0.02 x − 1 = −2.50
24. x −1 = 5
3 0.02 x = 3.50 0.02 x = −1.50
2
x −1 = 5 or
2
x − 1 = −5 x = 50(3.5) x = 50(−1.5)
3 3 x = 175 or x = −75
The solution set is {−75, 175} .
2 2
x=6 x = −4
3 3
3 3 28. | 0.04 x − 3 | = 5.96
x = (6) x = (−4)
2 2 0.04 x − 3 = 5.96 or 0.04 x − 3 = −5.96
x=9 or x = −6 0.04 x = 8.96 0.04 x = −2.96
The solution set is {−6, 9}. x = 25(8.96) x = 25(−2.96)
3 x = 224 or x = −74
25. 1+ x =7
4
3 3 The solution set is {−74, 224}.
1 + x = 7 or 1 + x = −7
4 4 29. | x | > 3 ⇔ x > 3 or x < −3
Multiply each side by 4.
4 + 3x = 28 or 4 + 3x = −28 The solution set is (−∞, − 3) ∪ (3, ∞).
3x = 24 3x = −32
−32
x=8 or x= 30. | x | > 5 ⇔ x > 5 or x < −5
3
⎧ 32 ⎫ The solution set is (−∞, − 5) ∪ (5, ∞).
⎩ 3 ⎭
31. | x | ≥ 4 ⇔ x ≥ 4 or x ≤ −4
The solution set is (−∞, − 4] ∪ [4, ∞ ).
32. | x | ≥ 6 ⇔ x ≥ 6 or x ≤ −6
The solution set is (−∞, −6] ∪ [6, ∞).

33. | r + 5 | ≥ 20 38. | 5 − x | > 3

r + 5 ≤ −20 or r + 5 ≥ 20 5− x > 3 or 5 − x < −3
r ≤ −25 or r ≥ 15 − x > −2 − x < −8
The solution set is (−∞, − 25] ∪ [15, ∞). Multiply by −1, and reverse the inequality
symbols.
x < 2 or x > 8
The solution set is (−∞, 2) ∪ (8, ∞).
34. | x + 4 | ≥ 8
x + 4 ≥ 8 or x + 4 ≤ −8
x ≥ 4 or x ≤ −12
39. | −5 x + 3 | ≥ 12
The solution set is (−∞, −12] ∪ [4, ∞).
−5 x + 3 ≥ 12 or −5 x + 3 ≤ −12
−5 x ≥ 9 −5 x ≤ −15
9
35. | 5 x + 2 | > 10 x≤− or x≥3
5
5 x + 2 > 10 or 5 x + 2 < −10 ⎛ 9⎤
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ [3, ∞).
5x > 8 5 x < −12 ⎝ 5⎦
8 12
x> or x<−
5 5
⎛ 12 ⎞ ⎛ 8 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ . 40. | −2 x − 4 | ≥ 5
⎝ 5 ⎠ ⎝5 ⎠
−2 x − 4 ≥ 5 or −2 x − 4 ≤ −5
−2 x ≥ 9 −2 x ≤ −1
9 1
x≤− or x≥
36. | 4 x + 1| ≥ 21 2 2
⎛ 9⎤ ⎡1 ⎞
4 x + 1 ≥ 21 or 4 x + 1 ≤ −21 The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎦ ⎣2 ⎠
4 x ≥ 20 4 x ≤ −22
11
x≥5 or x≤−
2
⎛ 11⎤ 41. (a) | 2 x + 1 | < 9
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ [5, ∞).
⎝ 2⎦ The graph of the solution set will be all
numbers between −5 and 4, since the
absolute value is less than 9.
37. | 3 − x | > 5
3 − x > 5 or 3 − x < −5 (b) | 2 x + 1 | > 9
− x > 2 or − x < −8 The graph of the solution set will be all
Multiply by −1, and reverse the inequality numbers less than −5 or greater than 4,
symbols. since the absolute value is greater than 9.
x < −2 or x>8
The solution set is (−∞, − 2) ∪ (8, ∞).

42. (a) | 3x − 4 | = 5 49. | 5 x + 2 | ≤ 10

The solutions are the numbers at the −10 ≤ 5 x + 2 ≤ 10
1
endpoints in the given graph, − and 3. −12 ≤ 5x ≤8
3 12 8
− ≤ x ≤
5 5
⎡ 12 8 ⎤
The solution set is ⎢ − , ⎥ .
(b) | 3x − 4 | > 5 ⎣ 5 5⎦
The solution set is composed of the
numbers not in the given graph, not
including the endpoints.
50. | 4 x + 1| < 21
−21 < 4 x + 1 < 21
−22 < 4x < 20
43. | x | ≤ 3 ⇔ −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 11
The solution set is [−3, 3]. − < x <5
2
⎛ 11 ⎞
⎝ 2 ⎠
44. | x | ≤ 5 ⇔ −5 ≤ x ≤ 5
51. | 3 − x | ≤ 5
−5 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 5
45. | x | < 4 ⇔ −4 < x < 4
−8 ≤ −x ≤2
The solution set is (−4, 4).
Multiply by − 1,
8≥ x ≥ −2
reverse inequalities.
−2 ≤ x ≤8 Equivalent inequality
46. | x | < 6 ⇔ −6 < x < 6
52. | 5 − x | ≤ 3
47. | r + 5 | < 20
−3 ≤ 5 − x ≤ 3
−20 < r + 5 < 20
−8 ≤ −x ≤ −2
−25 < r < 15 Subtract 5.
Multiply by − 1,
The solution set is (−25, 15). 8≥ x ≥2
reverse inequalities.
2≤ x ≤8 Equivalent inequality
The solution set is [2,8].
48. | x + 4 | < 8
−8 < x + 4 < 8
−12 < x <4

53. | −5 x + 3 | < 12 ⎛ 13 ⎞
−12 < −5 x + 3 < 12 ⎝ 3 ⎠
−15 < − 5x <9
9 Divide by − 5,
3> x >−
5 reverse inequalities.
9 58. | 2 x − 1 | < 7
− < x <3 Equivalent inequality −7 < 2 x − 1 < 7
5
⎛ 9 ⎞ −6 < 2x <8
⎝ 5 ⎠ −3 < x <4
54. | −2 x − 4 | < 5
59. | 7 + 2 x | = 5
−5 < − 2 x − 4 < 5
7 + 2x = 5 or 7 + 2 x = −5
−1 < − 2x <9
2 x = −2 2 x = −12
1 9 Divide by − 2,
> x >− x = −1 or x = −6
2 2 reverse inequalities.
9 1 The solution set is {−6, − 1} .
− < x < Equivalent inequality
2 2
⎛ 9 1⎞
The solution set is ⎜ − , ⎟ . 60. | 9 − 3x | = 3
⎝ 2 2⎠
9 − 3x = 3 or 9 − 3x = −3
−3x = −6 −3x = −12
x = 2 or x=4
55. | −4 + x | > 9
The solution set is {2, 4}.
−4 + x > 9 or −4 + x < −9
x > 13 or x < −5
The solution set is (−∞, − 5) ∪ (13, ∞). 61. | 3x − 1 | ≤ 11
−11 ≤ 3x − 1 ≤ 11
−10 ≤ 3x ≤ 12
56. | −3 + x | > 8 10
− ≤ x ≤4
−3 + x > 8 or −3 + x < −8 3
x > 11 or x < −5 ⎡ 10 ⎤
The solution set is ⎢ − , 4⎥ .
The solution set is (−∞, − 5) ∪ (11, ∞ ). ⎣ 3 ⎦
62. | 2 x − 6 | ≤ 6
57. | 3x + 2 | < 11
−6 ≤ 2 x − 6 ≤ 6
−11 < 3x + 2 < 11
0≤ 2x ≤ 12
−13 < 3x <9
0≤ x ≤6
13
− < x <3 The solution set is [0, 6].
3

63. | −6 x − 6 | ≤ 1 68. | 8 − 10 x | ≥ 2
−1 ≤ −6 x − 6 ≤1 8 − 10 x ≥ 2 or 8 − 10 x ≤ −2
5≤ −6 x ≤7 −10 x ≥ −6 −10 x ≤ −10
5 7 Divide by − 6. 3
− ≥ x ≥− x≤ or x ≥1
6 6 Reverse inequalities. 5
⎛ 3⎤
7
− ≤ x
5
≤ − Equivalent inequality The solution set is ⎜ −∞, ⎥ ∪ [1, ∞ ) .
6 6 ⎝ 5⎦
⎡ 7 5⎤ 69. | 3( x − 1) | = 8
The solution set is ⎢ − , − ⎥ .
⎣ 6 6⎦ 3( x − 1) = 8 or 3( x − 1) = −8
8 8
x −1 = x −1 = −
3 3
64. | −2 x − 6 | ≤ 5 11 5
x= or x=−
−5 ≤ −2 x − 6 ≤ 5 3 3
1 ≤ − 2 x ≤ 11 ⎧ 5 11 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ .
1 11 Divide by − 2. ⎩ 3 3⎭
− ≥ x ≥−
2 2 Reverse inequalities. 70. | 7( x − 2) | = 4
11
− ≤ x ≤−
1
Equivalent inequality 7( x − 2) = 4 or 7( x − 2) = −4
2 2 4 4
⎡ 11 1 ⎤ x−2= x−2= −
The solution set is ⎢ − , − ⎥ . 7 7
⎣ 2 2⎦ 18 10
x= or x=
7 7
⎧10 18 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ , ⎬ .
65. | −8 + x | ≤ 5 ⎩7 7⎭
−5 ≤ −8 + x ≤ 5 71. | 0.1x − 1 | > 3
3≤ x ≤ 13 0.1x − 1 > 3 or 0.1x − 1 < −3
The solution set is [3, 13]. 0.1x > 4 0.1x < −2
x > 40 or x < −20
The solution set is ( ∞, −20 ) ∪ ( 40, ∞ ) .
72. | 0.1x + 1 | > 2

66. | −4 + x | ≤ 9
0.1x + 1 > 2 or 0.1x + 1 < −2
−9 ≤ − 4 + x ≤ 9
0.1x > 1 0.1x < −3
−5 ≤ x ≤ 13
The solution set is [−5, 13]. x > 10 or x < −30
The solution set is ( ∞, −30 ) ∪ (10, ∞ ) .
73. | x + 2 | = 5 − 2
67. | 10 − 12 x | ≥ 4 | x+2|=3
10 − 12 x ≥ 4 or 10 − 12 x ≤ −4 x + 2 = 3 or x + 2 = −3
−12 x ≥ −6 −12 x ≤ −14 x = 1 or x = −5
1 7 The solution set is {−5, 1}.
x≤ or x≥
2 6
⎛ 1⎤ ⎡7 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎦ ⎣6 ⎠

74. | x + 3 | = 12 − 2 82. | x + 5 | − 2 = 12
| x + 3 | = 10 | x + 5 | = 14
x + 3 = 10 or x + 3 = −10 x + 5 = 14 or x + 5 = −14
x = 7 or x = −13 x = 9 or x = −19
The solution set is {−13, 7}. The solution set is {−19, 9}.
75. 3 | x − 6 | = 9 83. | 2 x + 1 | + 3 > 8

| x−6| = 3 | 2x +1 | > 5
x − 6 = 3 or x − 6 = −3 2 x + 1 > 5 or 2 x + 1 < −5
x = 9 or x=3 2x > 4 2 x < −6
The solution set is {3, 9}. x > 2 or x < −3
76. 5 | x − 4 | = 5 The solution set is (−∞, − 3) ∪ (2, ∞).
| x − 4| =1 84. | 6 x − 1| −2 > 6
x − 4 = 1 or x − 4 = −1 | 6x −1 | > 8
x = 5 or x=3 6x −1 > 8 or 6 x − 1 < −8
6x > 9 6 x < −7
77. | 2 − 0.2 x | = 2 3 7
x> or x<−
2 − 0.2 x = 2 or 2 − 0.2 x = −2 2 6
−0.2 x = 0 −0.2 x = −4 ⎛ 7⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
x = 0 or x = 20 ⎝ 6⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
85. | x + 5 | −6 ≤ −1
78. | 5 − 0.5 x | = 4 x+5 ≤ 5
5 − 0.5 x = 4 or 5 − 0.5 x = −4 −5 ≤ x+5 ≤5
−0.5 x = −1 −0.5 x = −9 −10 ≤ x ≤0
x = 2 or x = 18 The solution set is [−10, 0].
86. | x − 2 | − 3 ≤ 4
79. | x | −1 = 4
| x−2|≤ 7
|x|=5
−7 ≤ x−2 ≤ 7
x = 5 or x = − 5
−5 ≤ x ≤9
80. | x | + 3 = 10
87. 0.1x − 2.5 + 0.3 ≥ 0.8
| x|=7
0.1x − 2.5 ≥ 0.5
x = 7 or x = −7
0.1x − 2.5 ≥ 0.5 or 0.1x − 2.5 ≤ −0.5
0.1x ≥ 3 or 0.1x ≤ 2
81. | x + 4 | + 1 = 2 x ≥ 30 or x ≤ 20
| x+ 4| =1 The solution set is (−∞, 20 ] ∪ [30, ∞).
x+ 4 =1 or x + 4 = −1
x = −3 or x = −5
The solution set is {−5, −3}.

88. 0.5 x − 3.5 + 0.2 ≥ 0.6 92. 7 x + 12 = x − 8

0.5 x − 3.5 ≥ 0.4 7 x + 12 = x − 8 or 7 x + 12 = −( x − 8)
0.5 x − 3.5 ≥ 0.4 or 0.5 x − 3.5 ≤ −0.4 6 x = −20 7 x + 12 = − x + 8
0.5 x ≥ 3.9 or 0.5 x ≤ 3.1 8 x = −4
x ≥ 7.8 or x ≤ 6.2 10 1
x=− or x=−
39 31 3 2
x≥ or x≤
5 5 ⎧ 10 1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , − ⎬ .
⎛ 31 ⎤ ⎡ 39 ⎞ ⎩ 3 2⎭
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, ⎥ ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 5⎦ ⎣5 ⎠ 1 1
93. x− = x−2
1 1 1 3 2 2
89. x+ + =
2 3 4 4 1 1 1 ⎛1 ⎞
x− = x−2 or x− = −⎜ x − 2⎟
1 1 1 2 2 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
x+ =
2 3 2 1 1
x− = − x+2
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2
x+ = or x+ = −
2 3 2 2 3 2 2x −1 = x − 4 or 2 x − 1 = − x + 4
⎛1 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ 3x = 5
6⎜ x + ⎟ = 6⎜ ⎟ 6⎜ x + ⎟ = 6⎜ − ⎟
⎝2 3⎠ ⎝2⎠ ⎝2 3⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ 5
x = −3 or x=
3x + 2 = 3 3x + 2 = −3 3
3x = 1 3x = −5 ⎧ 5⎫
The solution set is ⎨ −3, ⎬ .
1 5 ⎩ 3⎭
x= or x=−
3 3 2 1
94. x−2 = x+3
⎧ 5 1⎫ 3 3
⎩ 3 3⎭ 2 1 2 ⎛1 ⎞
x − 2 = x + 3 or x − 2 = − ⎜ x + 3⎟
3 3 3 ⎝ 3 ⎠
2 1 1 5
90. x+ + = 1 2 1
3 6 2 2 x=5 x−2 = − x−3
3 3 3
2 1
x+ = 2 x = 15 or x = −1
3 6
The solution set is {−1,15}.
2 1 2 1
x+ = 2 or x + = −2 95. 6x = 9x + 1
3 6 3 6
⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ 2 1 ⎞ 6 x = 9 x + 1 or 6 x = −(9 x + 1)
6 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 6(2) 6 ⎜ x + ⎟ = 6(−2)
⎝3 6⎠ ⎝3 6⎠ −3 x = 1 6 x = −9 x − 1
4 x + 1 = 12 4 x + 1 = −12 15 x = −1
4 x = 11 4 x = −13 x=−
1
or x=−
1
11 13 3 15
x= or x=−
⎧ 1 1⎫
4 4 The solution set is ⎨ − , − ⎬ .
⎧ 13 11 ⎫ ⎩ 3 15 ⎭
⎩ 4 4⎭
91. 3x + 1 = 2 x + 4
3x + 1 = 2 x + 4 or 3x + 1 = −(2 x + 4)
3x + 1 = −2 x − 4
5 x = −5
x=3 or x = −1

96. 13 x = 2 x + 1 103. 4x + 1 = 0
13x = 2 x + 1 or 13x = −(2 x + 1) The expression 4 x + 1 will equal 0 only for the
11x = 1 13x = −2 x − 1 solution of the equation
4 x + 1 = 0.
15 x = −1
4 x = −1
1 1
x= or x=− −1 1
11 15 x= or −
4 4
⎧ 1 1⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ . ⎧ 1⎫
⎩ 15 11 ⎭ The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 4⎭
97. 2 x − 6 = 2 x + 11
2 x − 6 = 2 x + 11 or 2 x − 6 = −(2 x + 11) 104. 6x − 2 = 0
−6 = 11 False 2 x − 6 = −2 x − 11 The expression 6 x − 2 will equal 0 only for the
4 x = −5 solution of the equation
6x − 2 = 0
5
Nosolution or x=− 6x = 2
4
⎧ 5⎫ 2 1
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . x= =
6 3
⎩ 4⎭
⎧1 ⎫
98. 3 x − 1 = 3x + 9 The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎩3⎭
3x − 1 = 3x + 9 or 3x − 1 = −(3x + 9)
−1 = 9 False 3x − 1 = −3 x − 9 105. 2 x − 1 = −6
6 x = −8 Since the absolute value of an expression can
never be negative, there are no solutions for this
4
No solution or x=− equation.
3 The solution set is ∅.
⎧ 4⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . 106. 8 x + 4 = −4
⎩ 3⎭
99. x ≥ −10 Since the absolute value of an expression can
The absolute value of a number is always equation.
greater than or equal to 0. Therefore, the The solution set is ∅.
inequality is true for all real numbers.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). 107. x + 5 > −9
Since the absolute value of an expression is
100. x ≥ −15 always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
The absolute value of a number is always inequality is true for any real number x.
greater than or equal to 0. Therefore, the The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
inequality is true for all real numbers.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). 108. x + 9 > −3
101. 12t − 3 = −8 always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
Since the absolute value of an expression can inequality is true for any real number x.
never be negative, there are no solutions for this The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
equation.
The solution set is ∅.
102. 13x + 1 = −3
Since the absolute value of an expression can
equation.

109. 7x + 3 ≤ 0 114. x−4 +5≥ 4

The absolute value of an expression is always x − 4 ≥ −1
nonnegative (positive or zero), so this Since the absolute value of an expression is
inequality is true only when always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
7x + 3 = 0 inequality is true for any real number x.
7 x = −3 The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
3
x=− . 115. 10 x + 7 + 3 < 1
7
10 x + 7 < −2
⎧ 3⎫
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . There is no number whose absolute value is
⎩ 7⎭
less than −2, so this inequality has no solution.
110. 4x −1 ≤ 0 The solution set is ∅.
The absolute value of an expression is always 116. 4 x + 1 − 2 < −5
nonnegative (positive or zero), so this
inequality is true only when 4 x + 1 < −3
4x −1 = 0 There is no number whose absolute value is
4x = 1 less than −3, so this inequality has no solution.
1
x= .
4 32 − x
117. ≤ 0.04
⎧1 ⎫ 32
The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎩4⎭ 32 − x
−0.04 ≤ ≤ 0.04
32
111. 5x − 2 = 0
−1.28 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 1.28
The expression 5 x − 2 will equal 0 only for the
−33.28 ≤ −x ≤ −30.72
solution of the equation
5 x − 2 = 0. 33.28 ≥ x ≥ 30.72
5x = 2 The carton may contain between 30.72 and
33.28 oz.
2
x=
5 32 − x
118. ≤ 0.03
⎧2⎫ 32
⎩5⎭ 32 − x
−0.03 ≤ ≤ 0.03
32
112. 7x + 4 = 0 −0.96 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 0.96
The expression 7 x + 4 will equal 0 only for the −32.96 ≤ −x ≤ −31.04
solution of the equation
31.04 ≥ x ≥ 32.96
7 x + 4 = 0.
The carton may contain between 31.04 and
7 x = −4
32.96 oz.
4
x=− 32 − x
7 119. ≤ 0.025
⎧ 4⎫ 32
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . 32 − x
⎩ 7⎭ −0.025 ≤ ≤ 0.025
32
113. x−2 +3≥ 2 −0.8 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 0.8
x − 2 ≥ −1 −32.8 ≤ −x ≤ −31.2
Since the absolute value of an expression is 31.2 ≥ x ≥ 32.8
always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
The carton may contain between 31.2 and
inequality is true for any real number x.
32.8 oz.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞ ).

32 − x 125. y − 8.3 < 1.5

120. ≤ 0.015
32 −1.5 < y − 8.3 < 1.5
32 − x 6.8 < y < 9.8
−0.015 ≤ ≤ 0.015
32 Therefore, 99% of the babies weighed between
−0.48 ≤ 32 − x ≤ 0.48 6.8 and 9.8 lb.
−32.48 ≤ −x ≤ −31.52 126. y + 85 ≤ 55
31.52 ≥ x ≥ 32.48 −55 ≤ y + 85 ≤ 55
The carton may contain between 31.52 and −140 ≤ y ≤ −30
32.48 oz.
Therefore, the temperature on Mars ranges
121. y − 1 < 0.1 from −140°C to −30°C.
−0.1 < y − 1 < 0.1 127. Let x represent the calcium intake for a specific
0.9 < y < 1.1 female. For x to be within 100 mg of 1000 mg,
we must have the following.
0.9 < 2 x + 1 < 1.1
x − 100 ≤ 100
−0.1 < 2x < 0.1
−100 ≤ x − 1000 ≤ 100
−0.05 < x < 0.05
Therefore, x must lie in the interval 900 ≤ x ≤ 1100
( −0.05, 0.05 ) . 128. Let x represent the clotting time for an
individual. For x to be within 3.6 seconds of
122. y − 2 < 0.02 7.45 seconds, we must have the following.
−0.02 < y − 2 < 0.02 x − 7.45 ≤ 3.6
1.98 < y < 2.02 −3.6 ≤ x − 7.45 ≤ 3.6
1.98 < 4 x − 6 < 2.02 3.85 ≤ x ≤ 11.05
7.98 < 4x < 8.02
129. Add the given heights with a calculator to get
1.995 < x < 2.005 8105. There are 10 numbers, so divide the sum
Therefore, x must lie in the interval by 10.
(1.995, 2.005) . 8105
= 810.5
10
123. y − 3 < 0.001 The average height is 810.5 ft.
−0.001 < y − 3 < 0.001
130. x − k < 50
2.999 < y < 3.001
Substitute 810.5 for k and solve the inequality.
2.999 < 4 x − 8 < 3.001 x − 810.5 < 50
10.999 < 4x < 11.001
− 50 < x − 810.5 < 50
2.74975 < x < 2.75025
760.5 < x < 860.5
Therefore, x must lie in the interval
The buildings with heights between 760.5 ft
( 2.74975, 2.75025) . and 860.5 ft are Bank of America Center and
Texaco Heritage Plaza.
124. y − 4 < 0.0001
−0.0001 < y − 4 < 0.0001
3.9999 < y < 4.0001
3.9999 < 5 x + 12 < 4.0001
−8.0001 < 5x < −7.9999
−1.60002 < x < −1.59998
Therefore, x must lie in the interval
( −1.60002, − 1.59998) .

Summary Exercises Solving Linear and Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 727
131. x − k < 95 5. | x + 3 |= −4
Substitute 810.5 for k and solve the inequality. Since the absolute value of an expression is
x − 810.5 < 95 always nonnegative, there is no number that
makes this statement true. Therefore, the
− 95 < x − 810.5 < 95 solution set is ∅.
715.5 < x < 905.5
6. 2 x + 1 ≤ x
The buildings with heights between 715.5 ft
and 905.5 ft are Williams Tower, Bank of x ≤ −1
America Center, Texaco Heritage Plaza, The solution set is (−∞, − 1].
Enterprise Plaza, Centerpoint Energy Plaza,
Continental Center I, and Fulbright Tower. 7. 8 x + 2 ≥ 5 x
132. (a) This would be the opposite of the inequality 3 x ≥ −2
in Exercise 109, that is, x − 810.5 ≥ 95. x≥−
2
3
(b) x − 810.5 ≥ 95 ⎡ 2 ⎞
The solution set is ⎢ − , ∞ ⎟ .
x − 810.5 ≥ 95 or x − 810.5 ≤ −95 ⎣ 3 ⎠
x ≥ 905.5 or x ≤ 715.5
8. 4( x − 11) + 3x = 20 x − 31
(c) The buildings that are not within 95 ft of the 4 x − 44 + 3x = 20 x − 31
average have height less than or equal to 7 x − 44 = 20 x − 31
715.5 or greater than or equal to 905.5.
They are JPMorgan Chase Tower, Wells −13x = 13
Fargo Plaza, and One Shell Plaza. x = −1
(d) The answer makes sense because it includes The solution set is {−1}.
all the buildings not listed earlier which had
heights within 95 ft of the average. 9. 2 x − 1 = −7
2 x = −6
Summary Exercises Solving Linear and x = −3
Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities The solution set is {−3}.
1. 4 x + 1 = 49
10. 3x − 7 − 4 = 0
4 x = 48
3x − 7 = 4
x = 12
The solution set is {12}. 3x − 7 = −4 or 3x − 7 = 4
3x = 3 3 x = 11
2. x −1 = 6
11
x − 1 = 6 or x − 1 = −6 x =1 or x=
3
x = 7 or x = −5 ⎧ 11 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨1, ⎬ .
The solution set is {−5, 7}. ⎩ 3⎭
3. 6 x − 9 = 12 + 3 x 11. 6 x − 5 ≤ 3 x + 10
3x = 21 3 x ≤ 15
x=7 x≤5
The solution set is {7}. The solution set is (−∞, 5].
4. 3x + 7 = 9 + 8 x
12. 5x − 8 + 9 ≥ 7
−5 x = 2
5 x − 8 ≥ −2
2
x=− The absolute value of an expression is always
5 nonnegative, so the inequality is true for any
⎧ 2⎫ real number x.
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 5⎭ The solution set is (−∞, ∞).

13. 9 x − 3( x + 1) = 8 x − 7 1
21. x < −6
9 x − 3x − 3 = 8 x − 7 4
6x − 3 = 8x − 7 ⎛1 ⎞
4 ⎜ x ⎟ < 4(−6)
4 = 2x ⎝4 ⎠
2=x x ≤ −24
The solution set is {2}. The solution set is (−∞, − 24).
14. x ≥8⇔ x ≥ 8 or x ≤ −8 1 2 5
22. ≤ x ≤
The solution set is (−∞, − 8] ∪ [8, ∞ ). 2 3 4
6≤ 8x ≤ 15 Multiply by 12.
15. 9 x − 5 ≥ 9 x + 3
6 15
−5 ≥ 3 False ≤ x ≤
8 8
This is a false statement, so the inequality is a 3 15
contradiction. ≤ x ≤
4 8
⎡ 3 15 ⎤
16. 13x − 5 > 13x − 8 The solution set is ⎢ , ⎥ .
⎣4 8 ⎦
−5 > − 8
3 1
This inequality is true for every value of x. The 23. x− = 2
solution set is (−∞, ∞). 5 10
6 x − 1 = 20 Multiply by 10.
17. x < 5.5 6 x = 21
−5.5 < x < 5.5 21 7
x= =
The solution set is ( −5.5, 5.5) . 6 2
⎧7 ⎫
18. 4 x − 1 = 12 + x The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎩2⎭
3x = 13
13 x 3x
x= 24. − = x − 86
3 6 5
⎧13 ⎫ 5 x − 18 x = 30 x − 2580 Multiply by 30.
⎩3⎭ −43 x = −2580
−2580
2 1 x= = 60
19. x+8 = x −43
3 4 The solution set is {60}.
8 x + 96 = 3x Multiply by 12.
25. x + 9 + 7 x = 4(3 + 2 x) − 3
5 x = −96
8 x + 9 = 12 + 8 x − 3
96
x=− 8x + 9 = 8x + 9
5
⎧ 96 ⎫ 0 = 0 True
The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ . The last statement is true for any real number x.
⎩ 5⎭
The solution set is {all real numbers}.
5
20. − x ≥ −20 26. 6 − 3(2 − x) < 2(1 + x) + 3
8
6 − 6 + 3x < 2 + 2 x + 3
8⎛ 5 ⎞ 8
− ⎜ − x ⎟ ≤ − (−20) 3x < 5 + 2 x
5⎝ 8 ⎠ 5
x<5
x ≤ 32
The solution set is (−∞, 5).
The solution set is (−∞, 32].

Summary Exercises Solving Linear and Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 729
3 32. −1 ≤ 6 − x ≤ 5
27. −6 ≤ −x ≤6
2 −7 ≤ −x ≤ −1
15
− ≤ −x ≤
9 3
Subtract . 7≥ x ≥1
2 2 2 1≤ x ≤7
15 9 Multiply by −1. The solution set is [1, 7].
≥ x ≥−
33. 7 x − 1 = 5x + 3
9 15
− ≤ x ≤ Equivalent inequality 7 x − 1 = 5 x + 3 or 7 x − 1 = −(5 x + 3)
2 2
⎡ 9 15 ⎤ 2x = 4 7 x − 1 = −5 x − 3
The solution set is ⎢ − , ⎥ .
⎣ 2 2⎦ 12 x = −2
−2 1
x 2x x=2 or x= =−
28. − = −10 12 6
4 3
⎧ 1 ⎫
3x − 8 x = −120 Multiply by 12. The solution set is ⎨ − , 2 ⎬ .
⎩ 6 ⎭
−5 x = −120
34. x + 2 = x + 4
x = 24
x+2= x+4 or x + 2 = −( x + 4)
The solution set is {24}.
2 = 4 False x + 2 = −x − 4
29. 5x + 1 ≤ 0
2 x = −6
The expression 5 x + 1 is never less than 0 No solution or x = −3
since an absolute value expression must be The solution set is {−3}.
nonnegative. However, 5 x + 1 = 0 if
35. 1 − 3x ≥ 4
5x + 1 = 0
5 x = −1 1 − 3x ≥ 4 or 1 − 3x ≤ −4
−1 1 −3 x ≥ 3 −3 x ≤ −5
x= =− . 5
5 5 x ≤ −1 or x≥
⎧ 1⎫ 3
⎩ 5⎭ ⎡5 ⎞
The solution set is (−∞, − 1] ∪ ⎢ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎣3 ⎠
30. 5 x − (3 + x) ≥ 2(3x + 1)
5x − 3 − x ≥ 6x + 2 36. 7 x − 3 + 2 x = 9 x − 8 x
4x − 3 ≥ 6x + 2 9x − 3 = x
−2 x ≥ 5 8x = 3
3
x≤−
5 x=
2 8
⎛ 5⎤ ⎧3⎫
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ . The solution set is ⎨ ⎬ .
⎝ 2⎦ ⎩8 ⎭
−2 ≤ 3 x − 1 ≤ 8 37. −( x + 4) + 2 = 3x + 8
31. −1 ≤ 3x ≤9 − x − 4 + 2 = 3x + 8
1 − x − 2 = 3x + 8
− ≤ x ≤3 −10 ≤ 4 x
3
⎡ 1 ⎤ −10 5
The solution set is ⎢ − , 3⎥ . x= =−
⎣ 3 ⎦ 4 2
⎧ 5⎫
⎩ 2⎭

38. x −1 < 7 43. 8 x − (1 − x) = 3(1 + 3x) − 4

−7 < x −1 < 7 8x − 1 + x = 3 + 9 x − 4
−6 < x <8 9 x − 1 = 9 x − 1 True
The solution set is ( −6, 8) . This is an identity.
The solution set is {all real numbers}.
39. 2 x − 3 > 11 44. 8 x − ( x + 3) = −(2 x + 1) − 12
2 x − 3 > 11 or 2 x − 3 < −11 8 x − x − 3 = −2 x − 1 − 12
2 x > 14 2 x < −8 7 x − 3 = −2 x − 13
x>7 or x < −4 9 x = −10
The solution set is (−∞, − 4) ∪ (7, ∞). 10
x=−
40. 5− x < 4 9
⎧ 10 ⎫
−4 < 5 − x < 4 The solution set is ⎨ − ⎬ .
⎩ 9⎭
−9 < −x < −1 Subtract 5.
Multiply by − 1. 45. x −5 = x +9
9> x >1
Reverse inequalities. x−5 = x+9 or x − 5 = −( x + 9)
1< x < 9 Equivalent inequality −5 = 9 False x − 5 = −x − 9
The solution set is (1, 9). 2 x = −4
41. x − 1 ≥ −6 No solution or x = −2
The solution set is {−2}.
The absolute value of an expression is always
nonnegative, so the inequality is true for any 46. x + 2 < −3
real number x.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞ ). There are no numbers whose absolute value is
negative, so this inequality has no solution. The
42. 2x − 5 = x + 4 solution set is ∅.
2 x − 5 = x + 4 or 2 x − 5 = −( x + 4) 47. 2 x + 1 > 5 or 3x + 4 < 1
2x − 5 = −x − 4 2x > 4 3x < −3
3x = 1 x > 2 or x < −1
1 The solution set is (−∞, − 1) ∪ (2, ∞).
x=9 or x=
3
48. 1 − 2 x ≥ 5 and 7 + 3x ≥ −2
⎧1 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨ , 9 ⎬ . −2 x ≥ 4 3 x ≥ −9
⎩3 ⎭
x ≤ −2 and x ≥ −3
This is an intersection.
The solution set is [−3, − 2].

8.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables 731
8.4 Linear Inequalities in Two Variables the inequality is solved for y and the inequality
symbol is >, we shade the half-plane above the
Classroom Examples, Now Try Exercises boundary line.
1. x + y ≤ 4
Step 1
Graph the line, x + y = 4, which has intercepts
(4, 0) and (0, 4), as a solid line since the
inequality involves ≤ .
Step 2
Test (0, 0). N2. Solve the inequality for y.
x+ y ≤ 4 3x − 2 y < 0
? −2 y < −3x Subtract 3x.
0+0≤ 4 3
y > x Divide by − 2.
0 ≤ 4 True 2
Step 3 3
Since the result is true, shade the region that Graph the boundary line, y = x [which has
2
contains (0, 0).
3
slope and y-intercept (0, 0)], as a dashed line
2
because the inequality symbol is >. Since the
inequality is solved for y and the inequality
symbol is >, we shade the half-plane above the
boundary line.
N1. − x + 2 y ≥ 4
Step 1
Graph the line, − x + 2 y = 4, which has
intercepts ( −4, 0 ) and (0, 2), as a solid line
since the inequality involves ≤ . 3. Solve the inequality for y.
Step 2 y+4≤0
Test (0, 0).
x+ y ≥ 4 y ≤ −4 Subtract 4.
? Graph the boundary line, y = −4 [which has
0+0 ≥ 4 slope 0 and y-intercept ( 0, − 4 )], as a solid
0 ≥ 4 False line because the inequality symbol is ≤ . Since
Step 3 the inequality is solved for y and the inequality
Since the result is false, shade the region that symbol is ≤, we shade the half-plane below the
does not contain (0, 0). boundary line.
2. Solve the inequality for y.

x+ y >0
y > − x Subtract x.
Graph the boundary line, y = − x [which has
slope −1 and y-intercept (0, 0)], as a dashed
line because the inequality symbol is >. Since

N3. Solve the inequality for x. Shade the side of the graph for 4 x − 2 y = 8 that
x+2>0 contains (0, 0).
x > −2 Subtract 2. x − 3y ≥ 3
Graph the boundary line, x = −2 (which has an 0 + 3(0) ≥ 3 Let x = 0 and y = 0.
undefined slope and no y-intercerpt) as a 0 ≥ 3 False
dashed line because the inequality symbol is >.
Since the inequality is solved for y and the Shade the side of the graph for x + 3 y = 3 that
inequality symbol is >, we shade the half-plane does not contain (0, 0).
to the right of the boundary line. The solution set of this system is the
intersection (overlap) of the two shaded
regions, and includes the portions of the
boundary lines that bound this region.
4. The graph of 3 x + y = 6 has intercepts (2, 0)

and (0, 6). The graph of x − 2 y = 8 has
intercepts (8, 0) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Both are graphed
5. Graph x + 2 y = 0 as a dashed line through the
as solid lines because of the ≥ and ≤ signs.
points (0, 0) and (2, − 1). Use (−4, 0) as a test
Use (0, 0) as a test point in each case.
3x + y ≥ 6 point.
x + 2y < 0
3(0) + 0 ≥ 6 Let x = 0 and y = 0.
−4 + 2(0) < 0 Let x = −4 and y = 0.
0≥6 False
−4 < 0 True
Shade the side of the graph for 3 x + y = 6 that
The solution is the region that includes (−4, 0).
does not contain (0, 0).
x − 2y ≤ 8 Then graph 3 x − 4 y = 12 as a dashed line
0 − 2(0) ≤ 8 Let x = 0 and y = 0. through its intercepts, (4, 0) and (0, − 3). Use
0 ≤ 8 True (0, 0) as a test point.
Shade the side of the graph for x − 2 y = 8 that 3x − 4 y < 12
contains (0, 0). 3(0) − 4(0) < 12 Let x = 0 and y = 0.
The solution set of this system is the 0 < 12 True
intersection (overlap) of the two shaded The solution is the region that includes (0, 0).
The solution set of the system is the
intersection of the two shaded regions. Because
the inequality signs are both <, the solution set
does not include the boundary lines.
N4. The graph of 4 x − 2 y = 8 has intercepts (2, 0)

and ( 0, − 4 ) . The graph of x + 3 y = 3 has
intercepts (3, 0) and (0, 1). Both are graphed as
solid lines because of the ≤ and ≥ signs. Use
(0, 0) as a test point in each case.
4x − 2 y ≤ 8
4(0) − 2(0) ≤ 8 Let x = 0 and y = 0.
0≤8 True

N5. Graph 2 x + 5 y = 10 as a dashed line through its 2. (a) x + y > 0

intercepts, (5, 0) and (0, 2). Use (0, 0) as a ?
0+0 > 0
test point.
2 x + 5 y > 10 0 > 0 False
2(0) + 5(0) > 10 Let x = 0 and y = 0. The ordered pair (0, 0) is not a solution.
0 > 10 False (b) x + y > 0
The solution is the region that does not include ?
(0, 0). −2 + 1 > 0
Then graph x − 2 y = 0 as a dashed line through −1 > 0 False
the points (0, 0) and (2, 1). Use (0, 3) as a test The ordered pair ( −2, 1) is not a solution.
point. (c) x + y > 0
x − 2y < 0
?
0 − 2(3) < 0 Let x = 0 and y = 3. 2 −1 > 0
−6 < 0 True 1 > 0 True
The solution is the region that includes (0, 3). The ordered pair ( 2, − 1) is a solution.
intersection of the two shaded regions. Because (d) x + y > 0
the inequality signs are > and < , the solution ?
−4 + 6 > 0
set does not include the boundary lines.
2 > 0 True
The ordered pair ( −4, 6 ) is a solution.
3. (a) x − 5 > 0
?
0−5 > 0
−5 > 0 False
The ordered pair (0, 0) is not a solution.
Exercises
(b) x − 5 > 0
1. (a) x − 2y ≤ 4
?
?
5−5 > 0
0 − 2 ( 0) ≤ 4
0 > 0 False
0 ≤ 4 True
The ordered pair (0, 0) is a solution. The ordered pair ( 5, 0 ) is not a solution.
(b) x − 2y ≤ 4 (c) x −5 > 0

?
2 − 2 ( −1) ≤ 4
?
−1 − 5 > 0
4 ≤ 4 True −6 > 0 False
The ordered pair ( 2, − 1) is a solution. The ordered pair ( −1, 3) is not a solution.
(c) x − 2y ≤ 4 (d) x − 5 > 0

?
7 − 2 (1) ≤ 4
?
6−5 > 0
5 ≤ 4 False 1 > 0 True
The ordered pair (7, 1) is not a solution. The ordered pair ( 6, 2 ) is a solution.
(d) x − 2y ≤ 4
?
0 − 2 ( 2) ≤ 4
−4 ≤ 4 True
The ordered pair (0, 2) is a solution.

4. (a) y ≤ 1 11. The graph has a dashed line and is shaded

? above the line y = 3 x − 2.
0 ≤1 y > 3x − 2
0 ≤ 1 True
The ordered pair (0, 0) is a solution. 12. The graph has a dashed line and is shaded
below the line y = − x + 3.
(b) y ≤ 1
y < − x+3
?
1≤1
13. Graph the line x + y = 2 by drawing a solid
1 ≤ 1 True line (since the inequality involves ≤ ) through
The ordered pair ( 3, 1) is a solution. the intercepts (2, 0) and (0, 2).
Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
(c) y ≤1 x+ y ≤ 2
? ?
−1 ≤ 1 0+0≤ 2
−1 ≤ 1 True 0 ≤ 2 True
The ordered pair ( 2, − 1) is a solution. Shade the side of the line containing the test
point (0, 0).
(d) y ≤ 1
?
3≤1
3 ≤ 1 False
The ordered pair ( −3, 3) is not a solution.
5. The boundary of the graph of y ≤ − x + 2 will

be a solid line (since the inequality involves 14. Graph the line x + y = −3 by drawing a solid
≤ ), and the shading will be below the line line (since the inequality involves ≤ ) through
(since the inequality sign is ≤ or <). the intercepts ( −3, 0 ) and ( 0, − 3) .
6. The boundary of the graph of y < − x + 2 will Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
be a dashed line (since the inequality involves x + y ≤ −3
<), and the shading will be below the line (since ?
the inequality sign is ≤ or <). 0+0 ≤ −3
0 ≤ −3 False
7. The boundary of the graph of y > − x + 2 will
Shade the side of the line not containing the test
be a dashed line (since the inequality involves
point (0, 0).
>), and the shading will be above the line (since
the inequality sign is ≥ or >).
8. The boundary of the graph of y ≥ − x + 2 will
be a solid line (since the inequality involves
≥ ), and the shading will be above the line
(since the inequality sign is ≥ or >).
9. The graph has a solid line and is shaded to the
left of x = 4. 15. Graph the line 4 x − y = 4 by drawing a dashed
x≤4 line (since the inequality involves <) through
the intercepts (1, 0) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Instead of
10. The graph has a solid line and is shaded above using a test point, we will solve the inequality
y = −3. for y.
y ≥ −3 − y < −4 x + 4
y > 4x − 4

Since we have “ y >” in the last inequality, Shade the side of the line containing the test
shade the region above the boundary line. point (0, 0).
16. Graph the line 3 x − y = 3 by drawing a dashed 1

19. Graph the dashed line y = x + 3 (since the
line (since the inequality involves <) through 2
the intercepts (1, 0) and ( 0, − 3) . Instead of inequality involves < ) through the intercepts
using a test point, we will solve the inequality ( −6, 0 ) and ( 0, 3) . Test a point not on this
for y. line, such as (0, 0).
− y < −3 x + 3 ? 1
0 < (0) + 3
y > 3x − 3 2
0<3 True
Since we have “ y >” in the last inequality,
Shade the side of the line containing the test
shade the region above the boundary line. point (0, 0).
17. Graph the solid line x + 3 y = −2 (since the

1
inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts 20. Graph the dashed line y = x − 2 (since the
3
( −2, 0 ) and ⎛⎜ 0, − ⎞⎟ .
2 inequality involves < ) through the intercepts
⎝ 3⎠ ( 6, 0 ) and ( 0, − 2 ) . Test a point not on this
?
line, such as (0, 0).
0 + 3(0) ≥ − 2 ? 1
0 < (0) − 2
0 ≥ −2 True 3
Shade the side of the line containing the test 0 < −2 False
point (0, 0). Shade the side of the line not containing the test
point (0, 0).
18. Graph the solid line x + 4 y = −3 (since the

inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts
( −3, 0 ) and ⎛⎜ 0, − ⎞⎟ .
3
⎝ 4⎠
?
0 + 4(0) ≥ − 3
0 ≥ −3 True

2 24. Graph the solid line 3 x + 4 y = 12 (since the

21. Graph the solid line y = − x + 2 (since the
5 inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts
inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts (4, 0) and (0, 3). Test a point not on this line,
( 5, 0 ) and ( 0, 2 ) . Test a point not on this line, such as (0, 0).
?
such as (0, 0). 3(0) + 4(0) ≥ 12
0 ≥ 12 False
? 2
0 ≥ − ( 0) + 2
5 Shade the side of the line not containing the test
0≥2 False point (0, 0).
point (0, 0).
25. Graph the dashed line 5 x − 3 y = 15 (since the

inequality involves >) through the intercepts
3
22. Graph the solid line y = − x + 3 (since the (3, 0) and ( 0, − 5 ) . Test a point not on this
2
inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts ?
( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, 3) . Test a point not on this line, 5(0) − 3(0) > 15
such as (0, 0). 0 > 15 False
? 3 Shade the side of the line not containing the test
0 ≥ − (0) + 3 point (0, 0).
2
0≥3 False
point (0, 0).
26. Graph the dashed line 4 x − 5 y = 20 (since the

inequality involves >) through the intercepts
(5, 0) and ( 0, − 4 ) . Test a point not on this
23. Graph the solid line 2 x + 3 y = 6 (since the
inequality involves ≥ ) through the intercepts ?
(3, 0) and (0, 2). Test a point not on this line, 4(0) − 5(0) > 20
such as (0, 0). 0 > 20 False
?
2(0) + 3(0) ≥ 6 Shade the side of the line not containing the test
point (0, 0).
0 ≥ 6 False
point (0, 0).

27. Graph the line x + y = 0, which includes the Shade the region above the boundary line.
points (0, 0) and ( 2, − 2 ) , as a dashed line
(since the inequality involves >). Solving the
inequality for y gives us y > − x. So shade the
region above the boundary line.
31. Graph the dashed line y = x through (0, 0) and

(2, 2). Since we have “ y <” in the inequality,
shade the region below the boundary line.
28. Graph the line x + 2 y = 0, which includes the

points (0, 0) and ( −4, 2 ) , as a dashed line
(since the inequality involves >). Solving the
1
inequality for y gives us y > − x. So shade the
2
region above the boundary line. 32. Graph the solid line y = 5 x through (0, 0) and
(1, 5). Since we have “ y ≤” in the inequality,
shade the region below the boundary line.
29. Graph the solid line x − 3 y = 0 through the

points (0, 0) and (3, 1). Solve the inequality
for y. 33. The line x + 3 ≥ 0 has an intercept at ( −3, 0 )
−3 y ≤ − x and is a vertical line. Graph the solid line
1 x = −3 (since the inequality involves ≥ ).
y≥ x Shade the region to the right of the
3
boundary line.
Shade the region above the boundary line.
34. The line x − 1 ≤ 0 has an intercept at (1, 0 ) and

30. Graph the solid line x − 5 y = 0 through the
is a vertical line. Graph the solid line x = 1
points (0, 0) and (5, 1). Solve the inequality (since the inequality involves ≤ ). Shade the
for y. region to the left of the boundary line.
−5 y ≤ − x
1
y≥ x
5

35. The line y + 5 < 2 has an intercept at ( 0, − 3) 39. x ≥ 5 is the region to the right of the vertical
and is a horizontal line. Graph the dashed line line x = 5 and includes the line. y ≤ −3 is the
y = −3 (since the inequality involves < ). region below the horizontal line y = −3 and
Shade the region below the boundary line. includes the line. The correct choice is C.
40. x ≤ 5 is the region to the left of the vertical line
x = 5 and includes the line. y ≥ −3 is the
region above the horizontal line y = −3 and
includes the line. The correct choice is A.
41. x > 5 is the region to the right of the vertical
line x = 5. y < −3 is the region below the
36. The line y − 1 > 3 has an intercept at ( 0, 4 )
horizontal line y = −3. The correct choice is B.
and is a vertical line. Graph the dashed line
y = 4 (since the inequality involves > ). Shade 42. x < 5 is the region to the left of the vertical line
the region above the boundary line. x = 5. y > −3 is the region above the
horizontal line y = −3. The correct choice is D.
43. (a) x + y > 4 5 x − 3 y < 15

? ?
0+ 0>4 5(0) − 3(0) < 15
0 > 4 False 0 ≤ 15 True
The ordered pair (0, 0) is not a solution to
37. ( 2, 0 ) and ( 0, − 4) the system.
0 − ( −4 ) 4 (b) x + y > 4 5 x − 3 y < 15
m= = =2
2−0 2 ? ?
Slope: 2 3 + 3> 4 5(3) − 3(3) < 15
y-intercept: ( 0, − 4 ) 6 > 4 True 6 ≤ 15 True
Equation: y = 2 x − 4 The ordered pair (3,3) is a solution to the
The boundary line here is solid, and the region system.
above it is shaded. (c) x + y > 4 5 x − 3 y < 15
The inequality symbol to indicate this is ≥ . ? ?
Inequality for the graph: y ≥ 2 x − 4 5+ 0>4 5(5) − 3(0) < 15
5 > 4 True 25 ≤ 15 False
38. ( 3, 0 ) and ( 0, 2 ) The ordered pair (5,0) is not a solution to
0 − ( 2 ) −22 the system.
m= = =−
3−0 3 3
The shaded region of the system is shown.
2
Slope: −
3
y-intercept: ( 0, 2 )
2
Equation: y = − x + 2
3
The boundary line here is dashed, and the
region below it is shaded.
The inequality symbol to indicate this is < .
2
Inequality for the graph: y < − x + 2
3

44. (a) x − 3y ≤ 6 x ≥ −4 46. Graph the boundary x + y = 2 as a solid line

? −5 ≥ −4 False through its intercepts, (2, 0) and (0, 2). Using
(−5) − 3(−4) ≤ 6
(0, 0) as a test point will result in the true
7 ≤ 6 False
statement 0 ≤ 2, so shade the region containing
So, the ordered pair (−5, −4) is not a
the origin.
solution to the system. Graph the boundary x − y = 3 as a solid line
(b) x − 3y ≤ 6 x ≥ −4 through its intercepts, (3, 0) and (0, − 3).
? 0 ≥ −4 True Using (0, 0) as a test point will result in the
(0) − 3(−4) ≤ 6
false statement 0 ≥ 3, so shade the region not
12 ≤ 6 False
containing the origin.
So, the ordered pair (0, −4) is not a solution The solution set of this system is the
to the system. intersection (overlap) of the two shaded
(c) x − 3y ≤ 6 x ≥ −4 boundary lines that bound this region.
? 0 ≥ −4 True
(0) − 3(0) ≤ 6
0 ≤ 6 True
So, the ordered pair (0, 0) is a solution to
the system.
The shaded region of the system is shown.
47. Graph the boundary 4 x + 5 y = 20 as a solid
line through its intercepts, (5, 0) and (0, 4).
Using (0, 0) as a test point will result in the
false statement 0 ≥ 20, so shade the region not
Graph the boundary x − 2 y = 5 as a solid line
45. Graph the boundary x + y = 6 as a solid line
through (5, 0) and (1, − 2). Using (0, 0) as a
through its intercepts, (6, 0) and (0, 6). Using
test point will result in the true statement 0 ≤ 5,
so shade the region containing the origin.
statement 0 ≤ 6, so shade the region containing The solution set of this system is the
the origin. intersection of the two shaded regions, and
Graph the boundary x − y = 1 as a solid line includes the portions of the boundary lines that
through its intercepts, (1, 0) and (0, − 1). Using bound the region.
(0, 0) as a test point will result in the false
statement 0 ≥ 1, so shade the region not
The solution set of this system is the
intersection (overlap) of the two shaded

48. Graph the boundary x + 4 y = 8 as a solid line the inequality signs are both <, the solution set
through its intercepts, (8, 0) and (0, 2). Using does not include the boundary lines.
statement 0 ≤ 8, so shade the region containing
the origin.
Graph the boundary 2 x − y = 4 as a solid line
through its intercepts, (2, 0) and (0, − 4).
false statement 0 ≥ 4, so shade the region not 51. Graph y = 2 x − 5 as a solid line through
containing the origin. (0, − 5) and (3, 1). Using (0, 0) as a test point
The solution set of this system is the will result in the false statement 0 ≤ −5, so
intersection of the two shaded regions, and shade the region not containing the origin.
includes the portions of the boundary lines that Now graph x = 3 y + 2 as a dashed line through
bound the region.
(2, 0) and (−1, − 1). Using (0, 0) as a test point
will result in the true statement 0 < 2, so shade
the region containing the origin.
intersection of the two shaded regions. It
includes the portion of the line y = 2 x − 5 that
bounds the region, but not the portion of the
49. Graph 2 x + 3 y = 6 as a dashed line through line x = 3 y + 2.
(3, 0) and (0, 2). Using (0, 0) as a test point
Now graph x − y = 5 as a dashed line through
(5, 0) and (0, − 5). Using (0, 0) as a test point
the region containing the origin. 52. Graph x = 2 y + 6 as a solid line through (6, 0)
The solution set of the system is the and (0, − 3). Using (0, 0) as a test point will
intersection of the two shaded regions. Because result in the false statement 0 ≥ 6, so shade the
the inequality signs are both <, the solution set region not containing the origin.
does not include the boundary lines. Now graph y = −2 x + 4 as a dashed line
through (2, 0) and (0, 4). Using (0, 0) as a
test point will result in the false statement
0 > 4, so shade the region not containing the
origin.
includes the portion of the line x = 2 y + 6 that
50. Graph x + 2 y = 4 as a dashed line through
bounds the region, but not the portion of the
(4, 0) and (0, 2). Using (0, 0) as a test point line y = −2 x + 4.
Now graph x − y = −1 as a dashed line through
(−1, 0) and (0, 1). Using (0, 0) as a test point
will result in the false statement 0 < −1, so
shade the region not containing the origin.
intersection of the two shaded regions. Because

53. Graph 4 x + 3 y = 6 as a dashed line through bounds the region, but not the portion of the
⎛3 ⎞ line x + y = 0.
⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (0, 2). Using (0, 0) as a test point
⎝2 ⎠
Now graph x − 2 y = 4 as a dashed line through
will result in the false statement 0 > 4, so shade
the region not containing the origin. 56. Graph x = 4 y + 3 as a solid line through (3, 0)
⎛ 3⎞
intersection of the two shaded regions. It does and ⎜ 0, − ⎟ . Using (0, 0) as a test point will
not include the boundary lines. ⎝ 4⎠
result in the true statement 0 ≤ 3, so shade the
region including the origin.
Now graph x + y = 0 as a dashed line through
will result in the true statement 4 > 0, so shade
the region containing (2, 2).
54. Graph 3 x + y = 4 as a dashed line through intersection of the two shaded regions. It
⎛4 ⎞ includes the portion of the line x = 4 y + 3 that
⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (0, 4). Using (0, 0) as a test point bounds the region, but not the portion of the
⎝3 ⎠
will result in the false statement 0 > 4, so shade line x + y = 0.
the region not containing the origin.
Now graph x + 2 y = 2 as a dashed line through
intersection of the two shaded regions. It does 57. Graph the boundary x − 3 y = 6 as a solid line
not include the boundary lines.
through its intercepts, (6, 0) and (0, − 2).
true statement 0 ≤ 6, so shade the region
Graph the boundary x = −5 as a solid, vertical
line through (−5, 0). Using (0, 0) as a test
point will result in the true statement 0 ≥ −5,
55. Graph x = 2 y + 3 as a solid line through (3, 0)
and (7, 2). Using (0, 0) as a test point will The solution set of this system is the
result in the true statement 0 ≤ 3, so shade the intersection of the two shaded regions, and
region containing the origin. includes the portions of the boundary lines that
Now graph x + y = 0 as a dashed line through bound the region.
will result in the false statement 1 < 0, so shade
the region not containing (1, 0).
includes the portion of the line x = 2 y + 3 that

58. Graph x − 2 y = 2 as a solid line through (2, 0) 60. Graph x + y = 4 as a dashed line through
and (0, − 1). Using (0, 0) as a test point will (4, 0) and (0, 4). Using (0, 0) as a test point
result in the false statement 0 ≥ 2, so shade the will result in the true statement 0 < 4, so shade
region not containing the origin. the region containing the origin. This is the
Now graph x = −3 as a solid, vertical line region below the line.
through (−3, 0). Using (0, 0) as a test point Now graph −2 x − 2 y = 4 as a dashed line
will result in the false statement 0 ≤ −3, so through (−2, 0) and (0, − 2). Using (0, 0) as a
shade the region not containing the origin. test point will result in the true statement 0 < 4,
The solution set of this system is the so shade the region containing the origin. This
intersection of the two shaded regions, and is the region above the line.
includes the portions of the boundary lines that The solution set of the system is the
bound the region. intersection of the two shaded regions. This is
the region between the two parallel lines (both
lines have slope −1 ). These boundary lines are
not included in the solution set.
59. Graph −3 x + y = 1 as a solid line through

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and (0, 1). Using (0, 0) as a test point
⎝ 3 ⎠ 61. Graph 2 x + 3 y = 6 as a dashed line through
will result in the false statement 0 ≥ 1, so shade
the region not containing the origin. This is the
region above the line. will result in the true statement 0 < 6, so shade
Now graph 6 x − 2 y = −10 as a solid line the region containing the origin. This is the
region below the line.
⎛ 5 ⎞
through ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and (0, 5). Using (0, 0) as a Now graph 4 x + 6 y = 18 as a dashed line
⎝ 3 ⎠
test point will result in the true statement ⎛9 ⎞
through ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (0, 3). Using (0, 0) as a
0 ≥ −10, so shade the region containing the ⎝2 ⎠
origin. This is the region below the line. test point will result in the false statement
The solution set of the system is the 0 > 18, so shade the region not containing the
intersection of the two shaded regions. This is origin. This is the region above the line.
the region between the two parallel lines (both Note that the two boundary lines are parallel
lines have slope 3). These boundary lines are 2
included in the solution set. (both lines have slope − ) and that the shaded
3
regions do not overlap. Therefore, the system of
inequalities has no solution set.

62. Graph 2 x − y = −3 as a dashed line through 65. Graph x + y = −3, x − y = 3, and y = 3 as solid
⎛ 3 ⎞ lines. All three inequalities are true for (0, 0).
⎜ − , 0 ⎟ and (0, 3). Using (0, 0) as a test
⎝ 2 ⎠ Shade the region bounded by the three lines,
point will result in the false statement 0 < −3, which contains the test point (0, 0).
so shade the region not containing the origin.
This is the region below the line.
Now graph 6 x − 3 y = 9 as a dashed line
⎛3 ⎞
through ⎜ , 0 ⎟ and (0, − 3). Using (0, 0) as a
⎝2 ⎠
0 > 9, so shade the region not containing the
66. Graph x + y = 4, x − y = −4, and y = −1 as
origin. This is the region above the line.
Note that the two boundary lines are parallel dashed lines. All three inequalities are true for
(both lines have slope 2) and that the shaded (0, 0). Shade the region bounded by the three
regions do not overlap. Therefore, the system of lines, which contains the test point (0, 0).
inequalities has no solution set.
63. Graph 4 x + 5 y = 8, y = −2, and x = −4 as 67. “A factory can have no more than 200 workers
dashed lines. All three inequalities are true for on a shift but must have at least 100” can be
translated as x ≤ 200 and x ≥ 100. “Must
(0, 0). Shade the region bounded by the three
manufacture at least 3000 units” can be
lines, which contains the test point (0, 0).
translated as y ≥ 3000.
68.
64. Graph x − 2 y = −2, y = −2, and x = 3 as solid

lines. All three inequalities are true for (0, 0). 69. The total daily cost C consists of $50 per
worker and $100 to manufacture one unit, so
Shade the region bounded by the three lines,
C = 50 x + 100 y.
which contains the test point (0, 0).

70. Some examples of points in the shaded region 6x + 3

are (150, 4000), (150, 5000), (120, 3500), and 3. < −3
−4
(180, 6000). Some examples of points on the Multiply by −4; reverse the inequality symbol.
boundary are (100, 5000), (150, 3000), and
(200, 4000). 6 x + 3 > 12
The corner points are (100, 3000) and 6x > 9
(200, 3000). 9 3
x> =
71. (x, y) 50 x + 100 y = C 6 2
⎛3 ⎞
(150, 4000) 50(150) + 100(4000) = 407,500 The solution set is ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠
(120, 3500) 50(120) + 100(3500) = 356, 000 4. 5 − (6 − 4 x) ≥ 2 x − 7
(180, 6000) 50(180) + 100(6000) = 609, 000 5 − 6 + 4x ≥ 2x − 7
4x −1 ≥ 2x − 7
(100, 5000) 50(100) + 100(5000) = 505, 000
2 x ≥ −6
(150, 3000) 50(150) + 100(3000) = 307,500 x ≥ −3
The solution set is [−3, ∞).
(200, 4000) 50(200) + 100(4000) = 410, 000
5. 8 ≤ 3 x − 1 < 14
(100, 3000) 50(100) + 100(3000) = 305, 000
(least value) 9≤ 3x < 15
3≤ x <5
(150, 5000) 50(150) + 100(5000) = 507,500
The solution set is [3, 5).
(200, 3000) 50(200) + 100(3000) = 310, 000
5 2
6. ( x − 2) + ( x + 1) > 1
3 5
72. The company should use 100 workers and
25( x − 2) + 6( x + 1) > 15 Multiply by 15
manufacture 3000 units to achieve the least
possible cost. 25 x − 50 + 6 x + 6 > 15
31x − 44 > 15
Chapter 8 Review Exercises 31x > 59
2 59
1. − x < 6 x>
3 31
−2 x < 18 Multiply by 3. ⎛ 59 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
Divide by −2; reverse the inequality symbol. ⎝ 31 ⎠
x > −9
7. A ∩ B = {a, b, c, d} ∩ {a, c, e, f}
The solution set is (−9, ∞ ).
= {a, c}
2. −5 x − 4 ≥ 11
8. A ∩ C = {a, b, c, d} ∩ {a, e, f, g}
−5 x ≥ 15
= {a}
Divide by −5; reverse the inequality symbol.
x ≤ −3 9. B ∪ C = {a, c, e, f} ∪ {a, e, f g}
The solution set is (−∞, − 3]. = {a, c, e, f, g}
10. A ∪ C = {a, b, c, d} ∪ {a, e, f , g}

= {a, b, c, d, e, f , g}

Chapter 8 Review Exercises 745
11. x > 6 and x < 9 17. (−3, ∞) ∩ (−∞, 4)

The graph of the solution set will be all (−3, ∞) includes all real numbers greater than
numbers which are both greater than 6 and less
than 9. The overlap is the numbers between 6 −3. (−∞, 4) includes all real numbers less than
and 9, not including the endpoints. 4. Find the intersection. The numbers common
The solution set is (6, 9). to both sets are greater than −3 and less than 4.
−3 < x < 4
The solution set is ( −3, 4 ) .
12. x + 4 > 12 and x − 2 < 12 18. (−∞, 6) ∩ (−∞, 2)
x > 8 and x < 14 (−∞, 6) includes all real numbers less than 6.
(−∞, 2) includes all real numbers less than 2.
numbers between 8 and 14, not including the
endpoints. Find the intersection. The numbers common to
The solution set is (8, 14). both sets are less than 2.
19. (4, ∞) ∪ (9, ∞)

13. x > 5 or x ≤ −3 (4, ∞) includes all real numbers greater
than 4. (9, ∞) includes all real numbers greater
numbers that are either greater than 5 or less
than or equal to −3. than 9. Find the union. The numbers in the first
The solution set is (−∞, −3] ∪ (5, ∞). set, the second set, or in both sets are all the
real numbers that are greater than 4.
The solution set is (4, ∞).
14. x ≥ −2 or x < 2 20. (1, 2) ∪ (1, ∞ )

The graph of the solution set will be all (1, 2) includes the real numbers between 1 and
numbers that are either greater than or equal to 2, not including 1 and 2.
−2 or less than 2. All real numbers satisfy (1, ∞ ) includes all real numbers greater than 1.
these criteria. Find the union. The numbers in the first set, the
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). second set, or in both sets are all real numbers
greater than 1.
The solution set is (1, ∞).
15. x − 4 > 6 and x + 3 ≤ 10
21. x = 7 ⇔ x = 7 or x = −7
x > 10 and x≤7
The graph of the solution set will be all The solution set is {−7, 7}.
numbers that are both greater than 10 and less
than or equal to 7. There are no real numbers 22. x+2 =9
satisfying these criteria. x + 2 = 9 or x + 2 = −9
The solution set is ∅. x = 7 or x = −11
16. −5 x + 1 ≥ 11 or 3x + 5 ≥ 26 The solution set is {−11, 7}.
−5 x ≥ 10 3x ≥ 21
23. 3x − 7 = 8
x ≤ −2 or x≥7
3x − 7 = 8 or 3 x − 7 = −8
3x = 15 3x = −1
numbers that are either less than or equal to −2
or greater than or equal to 7. 1
x = 5 or x=−
The solution set is ( −∞, − 2] ∪ [ 7, ∞ ) . 3
⎧ 1 ⎫
⎩ 3 ⎭

24. x − 4 = −12 29. x < 14 ⇔ −14 < x < 14

Since the absolute value of an expression can The solution set is (−14, 14).
equation. 30. − x + 6 ≤ 7
The solution set is ∅. −7 ≤ − x + 6 ≤ 7
25. 2 x − 7 + 4 = 11 −13 ≤ −x ≤1 Subtract 6.
2x − 7 = 7 Multiply by − 1.
13 ≥ x ≥ −1
2x − 7 = 7 or 2 x − 7 = −7 Reverse inequalities.
2 x = 14 2x = 0 −1 ≤ x ≤ 13 Equivalent inequality
The solution set is [−1,13].
x = 7 or x=0
The solution set is {0, 7}. 31. 2x + 5 ≤ 1
26. 4 x + 2 − 7 = −3 −1 ≤ 2 x + 5 ≤ 1
4x + 2 = 4 −6 ≤ 2x ≤ −4
4 x + 2 = 4 or 4 x + 2 = −4 −3 ≤ x ≤ −2
4x = 2 4 x = −6 The solution set is [−3, − 2].
2 6
x= x=− 32. x + 1 ≥ −3
4 4
1 3
x= or x=− always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
2 2 inequality is true for any real number x.
⎧ 3 1⎫ The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
⎩ 2 2⎭
33. 3 − 4 x + 7 < −4
27. 3x + 1 = x + 2
3 − 4 x < −11
3x + 1 = x + 2 or 3x + 1 = −( x + 2) The absolute value of any number cannot be
2x = 1 3x + 1 = − x − 2 less than 0. Therefore, the solution set is ∅.
4 x = −3
34. −8 − 3 x − 7 > −8
1 3
x= or x=− −8 − 3x > −1
2 4
⎧ 3 1⎫ Since the absolute value of an expression is
The solution set is ⎨ − , ⎬ . always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
⎩ 4 2⎭ inequality is true for any real number x.
28. 2x − 1 = 2x + 3 The solution set is (−∞, ∞).
2x −1 = 2x + 3 or 2 x − 1 = −(2 x + 3) 35. Graph 3 x − 2 y = 12 as a solid line through
−1 = 3 False 2 x − 1 = −2 x − 3 (0, − 6) and (4, 0). Use (0, 0) as a test point.
4 x = −2 Since (0, 0) satisfies the inequality, shade the
2 1 region on the side of the line containing (0, 0).
No solution or x=− =−
4 2
⎧ 1⎫
⎩ 2⎭

Chapter 8 Mixed Review Exercises 747
36. Graph 5 x − y = 6 as a dashed line through as a test point will result in the true statement
⎛6 ⎞ 0 ≤ 6, so shade the region containing the
(0, − 6) and ⎜ , 0 ⎟ . Use (0, 0) as a test point. origin.
⎝5 ⎠
Since (0, 0) does not satisfy the inequality, intersection of the two shaded regions, and
shade the region on the side of the line that includes the portions of the two lines that
does not contain (0, 0). bound this region.
37. Graph y = 2 as a solid horizontal line through

40. Graph x + y = 3 as a dashed line through
(0, 2). Shade the region above y = 2.
Graph 2x = y as a dashed line through (0, 0)
and (1, 2). Choosing (0, − 3) as a test point will
result in the true statement 0 ≥ −3, so shade the
38. Graph x + y = 2 as a solid line through its region containing (0, − 3). The solution set of
intercepts, (2, 0) and (0, 2). Using (0, 0) as a this system is the intersection of the two shaded
regions. It does not contain the boundary lines.
0 ≥ 2, so shade the region not containing the
origin.
Graph x − y = 4 as a solid line through its
intercepts, (4, 0) and (0, − 4). Using (0, 0) as
a test point will result in the true statement
0 ≤ 4, so shade the region containing the
origin.
Chapter 8 Mixed Review Exercises
intersection of the two shaded regions, and 1. 5 − (6 − 4 x) > 2 x − 5
includes the portions of the two lines that
5 − 6 + 4x > 2x − 5
bound this region.
−1 + 4 x > 2 x − 5
2 x > −4
x > −2
The solution set is (−2, ∞ ).
2. x + 4 < 7 and x + 5 ≥ 3
x<3 x ≥ −2
39. Graph y = 2 x as a solid line through (0, 0) The real numbers that are common to both sets
and (1, 2). This line goes through the origin, so are the numbers greater than or equal to −2 and
a different test point must be used. less than 3.
Choosing (−4, 0) as a test point will result in −2 ≤ x < 3
the true statement 0 ≥ −8, so shade the region The solution set is [−2, 3).
containing (−4, 0).
Graph 2 x + 3 y = 6 as a solid line through its
intercepts, (3, 0) and (0, 2). Choosing (0, 0)

3. 3x + 6 ≥ 0 9. x −1 = 2x + 3
The absolute value of an expression is always x − 1 = 2 x + 3 or x − 1 = −(2 x + 3)
nonnegative, so the inequality is true for any
x − 1 = −2 x + 3
real number k.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). 3 x = −2
2
4. −5 x ≥ −10 −4 = x or x=−
3
x≤2 Divide by − 5. ⎧ 2⎫
The solution set is ⎨ −4, − ⎬ .
The solution set is (−∞, 2]. ⎩ 3⎭
5. 3x + 2 + 4 = 9 10. 3x − 7 = 4
3x + 2 = 5 3x − 7 = 4 or 3 x − 7 = −4
3x + 2 = 5 or 3x + 2 = −5 3 x = 11 3x = 3
3x = 3 3 x = −7 11
x= or x =1
7 3
x = 1 or x=−
3 ⎧ 11 ⎫
The solution set is ⎨1, ⎬ .
⎧ 7 ⎫ ⎩ 3⎭
⎩ 3 ⎭ 11. −5 x < −30 and −7 x > −56
6. x + 3 ≤ 13 x>6 x<8
−13 ≤ x + 3 ≤ 13 The graph of the solution set is all numbers
both greater than 6 and less than 8. This is the
−16 ≤ x ≤ 10 intersection. The elements common to both sets
The solution set is [−16, 10]. are the numbers between 6 and 8, not including
the endpoints. The solution set is (6, 8).
7. 5 x − 1 > 14
12. −5 x + 1 ≥ 11 or 3x + 5 ≥ 26
5 x − 1 > 14 or 5 x − 1 < −14
−5 x ≥ 10 3x ≥ 21
5 x > 15 5 x < −13
x ≤ −2 or x≥7
13
x>3 or x<− The graph of the solution set is all numbers
5
either less than or equal to −2 or greater than
⎛ 13 ⎞
The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ (3, ∞). or equal to 7. This is the union. The solution set
⎝ 5⎠ is (−∞, − 2] ∪ [7, ∞).
8. x ≥ −2 or x < 4 13. In y < 4 x + 3, the < symbol indicates that the
The solution set includes all numbers either graph is a dashed boundary line and that the
greater than or equal to −2 or all numbers less shading is below the line, so the correct choice
than 4. This is the union and is the set of all real is D.
numbers.
The solution set is (−∞, ∞). 14. The shaded region is to the left of the vertical
line x = 3, above the horizontal line y = 1, and
includes both lines. This is the graph of the
following system.
x≤3
y ≥1
So, the answer is B.

Chapter 8 Test 749
15. Graph x + y = 5 as a dashed line through its 4. For each inequality, divide both sides by −3
intercepts, (5, 0) and (0, 5). Using (0, 0) as a and reverse the direction of the inequality
symbol.
test point will result in the true statement 0 < 5,
A. −3x < 9 B. −3x > −9
Graph x − y = 2 as a solid line through its x > −3 x<3
intercepts, (2, 0) and (0, − 2). Using (0, 0) as C. −3x > 9 D. −3x < −9
a test point will result in the false statement x < −3 x>3
0 ≥ 2, so shade the region not containing the
Thus, inequality C is equivalent to x < −3.
origin.
The solution set of this system is the 5. (a) A ∩ B = {1, 2, 5, 7} ∩ {1, 5, 9, 12}
intersection of the two shaded regions. It = {1, 5}
includes the portion of the line x − y = 2 that
bounds this region, but not the line x + y = 5. (b) A ∪ B = {1, 2, 5, 7} ∪ {1, 5, 9, 12}
= {1, 2,5, 7, 9, 12}
6. 3x ≥ 6 and x<9
x≥2
The solution set is all numbers both greater
than or equal to 2 and less than 9. This is the
intersection. The numbers common to both sets
are between 2 and 9, including 2 but not 9. The
Chapter 8 Test solution set is [2, 9).
1. 4 − 6( x + 3) ≤ −2 − 3( x + 6) + 3x 7. −4 x ≤ −24 or 4 x < 12
4 − 6 x − 18 ≤ −2 − 3x − 18 + 3x x≥6 or x<3
−6 x − 14 ≤ −20 The solution set is all numbers less than 3 or
−6 x ≤ −6 greater than or equal to 6. This is the union.
Divide by −6, and reverse the inequality The solution set is (−∞, 3) ∪ [6, ∞).
symbol.
8. 4x + 3 ≤ 7
x ≥1
The solution set is [1, ∞). −7 ≤ 4 x + 3 ≤ 7
−10 ≤ 4x ≤4
10 4
− ≤ x ≤
4 4
4
2. − x > −16 5
7 − ≤ x ≤1
2
−4 x > −112 Multiply by 7.
⎡ 5 ⎤
Divide by −4, and reverse the inequality The solution set is ⎢ − , 1⎥ .
⎣ 2 ⎦
symbol.
x < 28 9. 5 − 6 x > 12
5 − 6 x > 12 or 5 − 6 x < −12
−6 x > 7 −6 x < −17
7 17
3. −1 < 3x − 4 < 2 x<− or x>
6 6
3< 3x < 6 Add 4. ⎛ 7 ⎞ ⎛ 17 ⎞
1< x < 2 Divide by 3. The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎟ ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝ 6⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠
The solution set is (1, 2).

10. 3x − 9 = 6 15. (a) 8 x − 5 < k

3x − 9 = 6 or 3 x − 9 = −6 If k < 0, then 8 x − 5 would be less than a
3 x = 15 or 3x = 3 negative number. Since the absolute value
x = 5 or x =1 of an expression is always nonnegative
(positive or zero), the solution set is ∅.
(b) 8 x − 5 > k
11. −3x + 4 − 4 < −1
If k < 0, then 8 x − 5 would be greater than
−3 x + 4 < 3
a negative number. Since the absolute value
−3 < − 3 x + 4 < 3 of an expression is always nonnegative
−7 < − 3x < −1 (positive or zero), the solution set is the set
7 1 of all real numbers, (−∞, ∞).
> x > Reverse inequalities.
3 3
(c) 8 x − 5 = k
1 7
< x < Equivalent inequality If k < 0, then 8 x − 5 would be equal to a
3 3
⎛1 7⎞ negative number. Since the absolute value
The solution set is ⎜ , ⎟. of an expression is always nonnegative
⎝3 3⎠
(positive or zero), the solution set is ∅.
12. 7 − x ≤ −1 16. Graph the line 3 x − 2 y = 6, which has
Since the absolute value of an expression is intercepts (2, 0) and (0, − 3), as a dashed line
always nonnegative (positive or zero), the
inequality is false for any real number x. since the inequality involves >. Test (0, 0),
The solution set is ∅. which yields 0 > 6, a false statement. Shade the
region that does not include (0, 0).
13. 3x − 2 + 1 = 8
3x − 2 = 7
3x − 2 = 7 or 3x − 2 = −7
3x = 9 or 3x = −5
9 5
x = = 3 or x=−
3 3
⎧ 5 ⎫ 17. First graph y = 2 x − 1 as a dashed line through
⎩ 3 ⎭ (3, 5) and (0, − 1). Test (0, 0), which yields
0 < −1, a false statement. Shade the side of the
14. 3 − 5x = 2x + 8 line not containing (0, 0).
3 − 5 x = 2 x + 8 or 3 − 5 x = −(2 x + 8)
−7 x = 5 3 − 5 x = −2 x − 8
−3x = −11
5 11
x=− or x=
7 3
⎧ 5 11 ⎫
⎩ 7 3⎭

Chapters R–8 Cumulative Review Exercises 751
18. Graph 2 x + 7 y = 14 as a solid line through its Chapters R–8 Cumulative Review
intercepts, (7, 0) and (0, 2). Choosing (0, 0) Exercises
as a test point will result in the true statement 1. (a) 34 is a natural number, so it is also a whole
0 ≤ 14, so shade the side of the line containing number, an integer, a rational number, and a
the origin. real number.
Graph x − y = 1 as a solid line through its A, B, C, D, F
intercepts, (1, 0) and (0, − 1). Choosing (0, 0) (b) 0 is a whole number, so it is also an integer,
as a test point will result in the false statement a rational number, and a real number.
0 ≥ 1, so shade the side of the line not B, C, D, F
(c) 2.16 is a rational number, so it is also a real
The solution set of the given system is the
number.
intersection of the two shaded regions, and
D, F
includes the portions of the two lines that
bound this region. (d) −6 is an integer, so it is also a rational
number and a real number.
C, D, F
(e) 13 is an irrational number, so it is also a

real number.
E, F
4
19. Graph 2 x − y = 6 as a dashed line through its (f) − is a rational number, so it is also a real
5
intercepts, (3, 0) and (0, − 6). Choosing (0, 0) number.
as a test point will result in the false statement D, F
0 > 6, so shade the side of the line not
2. 9 ⋅ 4 − 16 ÷ 4 = ( 9 ⋅ 4 ) − (16 ÷ 4 ) = 36 − 4 = 32
Graph 4 y + 12 = −3 x as a solid line through its
3. − | 8 − 13 | − | −4 | + | −9 | = − | −5 | − 4 + 9
intercepts, (−4, 0) and (0, − 3). Choosing
= −5−4+9
= −9+9 = 0
statement 12 ≥ 0, so shade the side of the line
containing the origin. 4. −5 ( 8 − 2 z ) + 4 ( 7 − z ) = 7 ( 8 + z ) − 3
The solution set of the given system is the −40 + 10 z + 28 − 4 z = 56 + 7 z − 3
includes the portion of the line 4 y + 12 = −3 x 6 z − 12 = 7 z + 53
that bounds this region, but not the line −65 = z
2 x − y = 6. Thus, the solution set is {−65} .
5. 3 ( x + 2 ) − 5 ( x + 2 ) = −2 x − 4
3x + 6 − 5 x − 10 = −2 x − 4
−2 x − 4 = −2 x − 4
The last statement is true for all real numbers,
so the solution set is {all real numbers}.
20. It is impossible for the sum of any two numbers 6. Solve A = p + prt for t.
to be both greater than 4 and less than 3. A = p + prt
Therefore, system B has no solution.
A − p = prt Subtract p.
A− p
=t Divide by pr.
pr

7. 2 ( m + 5 ) − 3m + 1 > 5 13. If у = 0, x = −4, so the x-intercept is ( −4, 0 ) .

2m + 10 − 3m + 1 > 5 If x = 0, у = 3, so the у-intercept is ( 0, 3) .
−m + 11 > 5 Draw a line through these intercepts. A third
− m > −6 point may be used as a check.
m<6
The solution set is ( −∞, 6 ) .
8. Look for news:

33% of 5000 = 0.33 ( 5000 ) = 1650
Check email:
1600
= 32% 14. Graph the boundary, 3 x + 2 y = 0, as a dashed
5000 line through ( 0, 0 ) , (−2, 3), and (2, − 3).
Find or check a fact:
Choose a test point not on the line. Using (1, 1)
1050
= 21% results in the false statement 5 < 0, so shade
5000
Play games: the region not containing (1, 1) . This is the
14% of 5000 = 0.14 ( 5000 ) = 700 region below the line. The dashed line shows
that the boundary is not part of the graph.
9. Use the definition of slope with x1 = −4,
у1 = 5, x2 = 2, and у2 = −3.
y2 − y1 −3 − 5 −8 4
m= = = =−
x2 − x1 2 − ( −4 ) 6 3
10. The slope of every horizontal line is 0.

11. (a) Use the point-slope form with x1 = 4, 5.5 − 25.3
15. (a) m =
у1 = −1, and m = −4. 41 − 0
−19.8
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) =
41
y − ( −1) = −4 ( x − 4 )
≈ −0.48
y + 1 = −4 x + 16 The average rate of change is approximately
y = −4 x + 15 −0.48 gallons per year; that is, the number
of gallons of milk drunk in the United
(b) The standard form is Ax + By = C . States per capita decreased an average of
у = −4 x + 15 0.48 gallons per year during the selected
4 x + у = 15 years.
12. (a) Find the slope. (b) y = mx + b

4−0 y = −0.48 x + 25.3
m= =4
1− 0
(c) For the year 2000, x = 2000 − 1970 = 30.
Because the slope is 4 and the у-intercept is
0, the equation of the line in slope-intercept y = −0.48 ( 30 ) + 25.3
form is у = 4 x. = 10.9
The model approximates about 10.9 gallons
(b) The standard form is Ax + Bу = C . of milk was drunk per person in 2000.
у = 4x
( )
3 3
0 = 4 x − у, or 4 x − у = 0 ⎛ 2 m3 n ⎞ 23 m3 n3 8m9 n3
16. ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ = =
( )
3
⎝ p ⎠ p2 p6

x −6 y 3 z − 1 y 4 y3 y7 23. The binomial is a difference of squares.

= =
( ) − ( 6)
17. 7 −4
2 2
x y z 6 7 1
x x zz x z 13 2
25t 4 − 36 = 5t 2
= ( 5t + 6 )( 5t )
( 3x ) ( ) −6
2 2
18. 2
− 8 x + 1 − x 2 − 3x − 9
= 3 x 2 − 8 x + 1 − x 2 + 3x + 9 24. The trinomial is a perfect square trinomial.
( )
= 3 x 2 − x 2 + ( −8 x + 3x ) + (1 + 9 ) 81z 2 + 72 z + 16 = 92 ⋅ z 2 + 2(9)(4) z + 42
= (9 z + 4)
2
= 2 x 2 − 5 x + 10
19. ( x + 2 у ) ( x 2 − 2 xу + 4 у 2 ) 25.
x 2 − 3x − 4 x 2 + 2 x − 3
⋅
x 2 + 3x x 2 − 5 x + 4
( x − 3x − 4)( x + 2 x − 3)
Multiply vertically. 2 2
x 2 − 2 xy + 4 y 2 =
x + 2y ( x + 3x )( x − 5x + 4)
2 2
2 x 2 y − 4 xy 2 + 8 y 3 ( x − 4 )( x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 1)
=
x3 − 2 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 x ( x + 3)( x − 4 )( x − 1)
x +1
x3 + 8 y3 =
x
Thus,
( x + 2 у ) ( x 2 − 2 xу + 4 у 2 ) = x3 + 8 у3 . 26. t + 4t − 5 ÷
2
t −1
t +5 t + 8t + 15
2
20. ( 3x + 2 у )( 5 x − у ) t 2 + 4t − 5 t 2 + 8t + 15
F O I L = ⋅
t +5 t −1
= 3x (5 x ) + 3x ( − y ) + 2 y ( 5 x ) + 2 y ( − y )
=
(t 2
)(
+ 4t − 5 t 2 + 8t + 15 )
= 15 x − 3xy + 10 xy − 2 y
2 2
( t + 5 )( t − 1)
= 15 x 2 + 7 xy − 2 y 2
( t + 5 )( t − 1)( t + 3)( t + 5 )
=
16 x y − 8 x y + 4
3 5 2 2 ( t + 5 )( t − 1)
21.
4 x2 y = ( t + 3)( t + 5 )
16 x3 y 5 8x2 y 2 4 = t 2 + 8t + 15
= − +
4 x2 y 4x2 y 4 x2 y 2 4
27. − LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
= 4 xy 4 − 2 y + 2
1 x + 3 x −1
x y 2 ( x − 1) 4 ( x + 3)
= −
22. Look for two integers whose product is 32 and ( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 3)
whose sum is 12. Since all terms in the 2 ( x − 1) − 4 ( x + 3)
trinomial are positive, use only positive =
integers.
( x − 1)( x + 3)
Factors of 32 Sum of Factors 2 x − 2 − 4 x − 12
=
1, 32 1 + 32 = 33 ( x − 1)( x + 3)
−2 x − 14
2, 16 2 + 16 = 18 =
( x − 1)( x + 3)
4, 8 4 + 8 = 12
4 and 8 are the two integers whose sum is 12.
m 2 + 12m + 32 = ( m + 4 )( m + 8 )

2 1 18 ⎛ 2 + 1 ⎞ 31. 3x − 4 y = 1 (1)
+ ⎜ ⎟
3 2 = ⎝ 3 2 ⎠ LCD = 18 2 x + 3 y = 12 ( 2 )
28.
1 1
− ⎛1 1⎞
18 ⎜ − ⎟ To eliminate y, multiply equation (1) by 3 and
9 6 ⎝9 6⎠ equation (2) by 4. Then add the results.
2 1 9 x − 12 y = 3 3 × (1)
18 ⋅ + 18 ⋅
= 3 2 8 x + 12 y = 48 4 × ( 2 )
1 1
18 ⋅ − 18 ⋅ 17 x = 51
9 6
12 + 9 x = 3
= Since x = 3,
2−3
21 3x − 4 у = 1 (1)
=
−1 3 ( 3) − 4 у = 1
= −21 9 − 4y = 1
29. ( x + 4 )( x − 1) = −6 −4 y = −8
y=2
x 2 − x + 4 x − 4 = −6
x 2 + 3 x − 4 = −6
The solution set is {( 3, 2 )}.
x 2 + 3x + 2 = 0 32. 3x − 2 y = 4 (1)
( x + 2 )( x + 1) = 0 −6 x + 4 у = 7 ( 2)
x+2=0 or x + 1 = 0 Multiply equation (1) by 2 and add the result to
equation (2).
x = −2 x = −1
6 x − 4 y = 8 (1) × 2
The solution set is {−2, − 1} .
−6 x + 4 y = 7 ( 2)
x 3 128 0 = 15 False
30. − = 2
x+8 x − 8 x − 64 Since a false statement results, the system is
x 3 128 inconsistent. The solution set is ∅.
− =
x+8 x − 8 ( x + 8 )( x − 8)
33. x + 3y − 6z = 7 (1)
3 ⎞ 128 ( x + 8 )( x − 8)
( x + 8 )( x − 8 ) ⎛⎜ ( 2)
x 2x − y + z = 1
− ⎟=
⎝ x +8 x −8 ⎠ ( x + 8 )( x − 8 ) x + 2 y + 2z = −1 ( 3)
x ( x − 8 ) − 3 ( x + 8 ) = 128 To eliminate x, multiply equation (1) by −2
x 2 − 8 x − 3x − 24 = 128 and add the result to equation (2).
−2 x − 6 y + 12 z = −14 (1) × −2
x 2 − 11x − 152 = 0
2x − y + z = 1 (2)
( x − 19 )( x − 8 ) = 0
x − 19 = 0 or x − 8 = 0
− 7 y + 13z = − 13 (4)
To eliminate x again, multiply equation (3) by
x = 19 x=8 −2 and add the result to equation (2).
x = 8 is an extraneous solution, so the solution
2x − y + z = 1 ( 2)
set is {19} .
−2 x − 4 y − 4 z = 2 ( 3 ) × −2
− 5 y − 3z = 3 ( 5)

Use equations (4) and (5) to eliminate z. 36. 2 x + 1 > 5 or 2 − x ≥ 2

Multiply equation (4) by 3 and add the result to 2x > 4 −x ≥ 0
13 times equation (5).
x>2 x≤0
−21y + 39 z = − 39 ( 4 ) × 3
The word “or” means to take the union of both
−65 y − 39 z = 39 ( 5 ) × 13 sets. x > 2 or x ≤ 0, so the solution set is
−86 y = 0 (−∞, 0] ∪ (2, ∞).
y = 0
37. | 3x − 1 | = 2
From equation (5), −3z = 3, so z = −1.
3x − 1 = 2 or 3x − 1 = −2
From equation (3), x − 2 = −1, so x = 1.
3x = 3 3x = −1
The solution set is {(1, 0, − 1)}. 1
x = 1 or x=−
34. The length L of the rectangular flag measured 3
12 feet more than its width W, so ⎧ 1 ⎫
L = W + 12. (1) ⎩ 3 ⎭
The perimeter is 144 feet.
3z + 1 ≥ 7
P = 2 L + 2W ( 2 )
38.
Substitute W + 12 for L into equation (2). 3z + 1 ≥ 7 or 3z + 1 ≤ −7

144 = 2 (W + 12 ) + 2W 3z ≥ 6 3 z ≤ −8
144 = 2W + 24 + 2W 8
z ≥ 2 or z≤−
120 = 4W 3
⎛ 8⎤
30 = W The solution set is ⎜ −∞, − ⎥ ∪ [ 2, ∞ ) .
⎝ 3⎦
From equation (1), L = 30 + 12 = 42.
The length is 42 feet and the width is 30 feet.
35. x > −4 and x < 4
The word “and” means to take the intersection of
both sets. x > −4 and x < 4 is true only when
−4 < x < 4. So, the solution set is (−4, 4).

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Beginning and Intermediate Algebra 6th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

696 Chapter 8 Inequalities and Absolute Value

Chapter 8 2. (a) 4 x ≤ −100

(b) −20 x > −60

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

N3. 5 − 2( x − 4) ≤ 11 − 4 x Check that the solution set is the interval

4. Solve the following inequality. N5. −1 < x − 2 < 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercises (c) The borderline high category corresponds to

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

(d) The very high category corresponds to a 14. 2 x > −10

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. −2.5 x ≤ −1.25 5x − 6

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. Multiply both sides by 6 to clear the fractions.

37. 3(2 x − 4) − 4 x < 2 x + 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

43. The goal is to isolate the variable x.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. −16 < 3x + 2 < −10 54. −12 ≤ −6 x + 3 ≤ 15

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

8.2 Set Operations and Compound 3. 2 x ≤ 4 x + 8 and 3 x ≥ −9

The overlap of the two graphs consists of the

4. x + 2 > 3 and 2 x + 1 < −3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The graph of the solution set consists of all

The solution set is all numbers that are either

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 3x − 2 ≤ 13 or x+5≥ 7 (b) Only China, Japan, and Germany received

11. The intersection of set B and the set of no

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

12. No element is common to both sets, so 20. x < 5 and x > 0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. x ≤ − 2 or x ≤ 6 44. 3x < x + 12 or x + 1 > 10

The graph of the solution set will be all 45. 4 x + 1 ≥ −7 or −2 x + 3 ≥ 5

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. [3, 6] ∪ (4, 9)

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Check x = 6 : | 23 | > 11 True Check x = 4 : | −9 | ≥ 7 True

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

N6. (a) | x − 1| − 4 ≤ 2 N8. (a) | 3x − 8 | = −2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

N10. Let x be the possible amount of milk in the (b) | ax + b | = k , k > 0

| x | ≤ 5 is written −5 ≤ x ≤ 5. This time −5 7. | 4 x | = 20

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

33. | r + 5 | ≥ 20 38. | 5 − x | > 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

42. (a) | 3x − 4 | = 5 49. | 5 x + 2 | ≤ 10

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

72. | 0.1x + 1 | > 2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

75. 3 | x − 6 | = 9 83. | 2 x + 1 | + 3 > 8

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

88. 0.5 x − 3.5 + 0.2 ≥ 0.6 92. 7 x + 12 = x − 8

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

109. 7x + 3 ≤ 0 114. x−4 +5≥ 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

32 − x 125. y − 8.3 < 1.5