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    144 views76 pages

    Hammered Symbols

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    Peter Oder

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Hammered symbols on axes and other forged products Gust! Reinthaler Hammered symbols on axes and other forged products English version published by ‘John French Frogmore Associates {6 Senlac Cour, Caldbec Hil, Battle, East Sussex TN33 O/T Translated by Liss Connock Layout and typesetting by Len Whiteman Studio Email: len@whitemanstudiofreeserve.co uk ‘This English version is dedicated to Semantha Anselm ‘whose encouragement helped me greatly in the ‘reparation of this book, - John French Gust! Reinthaler i 1 ‘Toe majority ofthe exhibits shown ‘belong tothe private collection of DrEdwin Zach and from the collection at Reinthaler,Hacken- und Holzmuseum {Reinthaler, Axes anc Wood Museum). “The per-ants.ink drawings are by the author. First published by Gust! Reinthaler in 2007. All rights reserved. English version publishes 2003, Foreword twas as a result of a chance meeting with Edwin Zach and his wife Eleanore some years ‘290 n the Vienna Flohmark, {fea msreet that | became Involved in the tansition an puollestion of tha English Yersion of Gust! Reininaler’s book The Zach family have 8 regular sal atthe flea market lwhere they sell many antiques, bepecaly old tools and ‘nooden items, some made by Focal eratsman fram the Steiermark in years gone by. Being 2 dealor and collector of edgod tool, especially axes, | Used every opportunity to ‘meet Edwin and Eleanore on Subsequent visits to Austria. | ‘would vist them in their home town af Graz'n the Stelrmart, and through tis we became fim fiends, During one af those visits! ‘met Gust Reinthater in Koflech fang visited his museum, where he has a wonderful collection of old tools, and he and tsa Became firm trends. am very pleased to have been able to make 2 number of Contributions to his museurn {rom my large collection of British and American axes Edwin Zach was very much Involved in the publication of the Austrian version of the book in fact, a considerable numberof the featured toramples come from his fxtensive calletion of 28 and cthor forged tos. fuppore twas a naturel course of events for im to Spprasch me on Gusts behalf | Ta prepare an English version, B5!1am engaged inthe publishing Fel ‘ne of the first major problems ancounterod was the Farge numberof eislecteal Aiforences between Austrian German and standard German, specially in respect of nomenclature. Even withthe esitance of the most fomprehensive Austin ficlonary thet we could find | we stl ad problems, 25 some ofthe tems described appear to have no English equivalens Consequently there are bound tebe some mistakes inthe lation and | would welcome any correspondence, ‘hich could help elaily sny of the descriptions [or a possible {ture new edition ‘Some afte earlier tools deseribed came from ataa ‘ahich were previously in the ‘Austro-Hungarian Empire but today arama number of other By far the most profi ‘makers of ecged tools in Bastia ware from the Stoiormark, part of whichis ow in Slovenia. The skill of the blacksmiths from the Steiermart is legendary. especially Ione bears in mind that in the early days mwas extremely iffeut to produce Carbon steel in any graat quantity. Partiutaiy in the ase of axes, one can see how focal blacksmiths covert fire. welded a piece of cerbon stes! ‘onto the extremity of the blade ‘One interesting fact that is worth mentioning concerns the ‘Austrian broad axe (Breitoel). | ‘ould not understand why ‘Some ofthe earlior broad ax had such along blade until Edwin Zach supplied me with the onswer They were sls0 Used as weapons! ‘Apparently, peasants were steely forbidden to cary weapons in former years, and the authorities zealously tnforeed this However, on Deeasions when they had to Setend themselves from ‘arouding Turkish invaders ‘while the noblemen were Selly locke up in their Esstleg, they turned their axes Into improvlesd pikes by ‘exchanging the normal short handle for a long one. Broad ‘sxos from later years have ‘shorter biades because they ‘were by then only being used For hewing raw timber ‘The book is not supposed 10 bea complete guide to old Austrian tools end artefacts; ts purpose is to record and Explain the mereings found on ome of them The collections of Gust! Reinthater and Eewin Zach, ‘amongst others, provide us ‘with » wonderfi neigh into the days when hand tools, sspocialy edged ones, wore of paramount importance to the Sayt0-daylivetnoad ofthe ‘eneral populece “This English version could fot have seen the light of day ‘without the help of # number ‘of dedicated Individuals who ‘ontibuted considerable time Sand energy, some without ary form of payment whatsoever. Both Edwin Zach and my office colleague, Lisa Connock, ‘who undertook the challenging 1k of wanslating the German text into English, spent many hours with me in ebsigning English idonttios tothe ‘varus tools end other brtetacts Len Whiteman, @ friend and business aosaciat, who redesigned tho layout for the English version ana typeset the suhole book without any charge, has my heartfelt ‘hanks. Finally Alexander More, natner clleague at my office, very Kindly east an ‘ditrial ye over the tet John Franch Introduction ‘The need to adorn one's self Ang to protect ourselves fom {he influonces of evlforees find misfortune is as ancient as the history af mankind. Hence ‘people evan decorated ‘everyday objects with symbols ‘nd protective signs. To this day, working with pointed of edged tools such as foythes siekles, pikes, and ‘cs, is particularly dangerous ‘and offen results in aecidents Because ofthis, those aymboie land protective signs are found ‘on auch fools time and again, Fight inta the twentieth eontury. forthe years, August Reinthaer, the distinguished founder and committed curator ofthe “Hacken- und Holzmusour” (Aves and Wood Museum! in Rosental has bult Upan extensive collection of tools, During the course at his deep Involvement with his eziletion it accurred to hin ‘hatin addition to marks ‘epresenting the Blacksmity’s (uarartee, the exhibits also Show various hammered Gecarations end symbcls. He ‘Became intrested in these ‘morkings and stated ocument them. He present {he results of his work in book. foren. The detailed descriptions land quality drewings of the fools make this a valuable and Informative taxt book Through his work, August einthalor has filed rising {80 in the documentation of folklore in our homeland For that woul Ika to offor him ‘my heartfelt thanks! Master Dr phil. Ernst Lasnik Blenbach, Purification of the Vrgin Mary day, 2003 How this book came into being Lnaaiong oust of wing | exceeded thoes of einer brown thebookoutnassare "| Soeetan in Gera speaking i Weewtionssbout tating ona | Seles, The eight of so many hjectnat was pat at | best tools makes one ad falter Taso wh just that hey hav ntl een fonds drawings of exbte Sold aoroed. Tana tothe Tommy onmeatesionct | Gedeaton af alectare enya Tools. Using 2 pantograph shat beautiful place has boon kop! Thad made, twas able to draw for the homeland, fceurate outlines of the fools | In this book! examine the Sitcng tostle nwesine_| symbol and theirmeonings seat cmant of tnd tnt | The mossureent, engi ape Sferedtec begin arting, | sed purpose ote tote ve boo. | {Bo eien ying le ‘an 95 went rom won trove inuscurte sou wth my_| pata ot ae aso been Ih antograph in'my bag, and mentioned i sameas Re tele. ekewine | "Text backs on als an ls Tanngsonskeusingsnint | engravings ot former ii ser ertcaanige | cokes vxing retools of ! Sei ine pare and quiet | Wer tne were ep he | Some Testo of || mango ook but 000 i) iettsnaseums and weet secon pensed on Se ne cae cs cemage evel oeieterg were Shckamtana knoe Now the sro ace very ame: My ols wee raga | Sen een teokinean eran | Rope arn books wall tonsa. received eoestors, paola wR eds Ivsteg he | hthave sparen ote i collectonelonginytotse sna foarte and wih al } Seetmiyin Sc where | Suaere mush pease and Csie por cunts iehy|—|eaeaton My you ed ttonThe guaityand quansty | longed tin Stthae fst were ae "erect eo thank Sucnelag holt ar everyone wh he epeein ome way, encouraged me or made ov blather tools to Bilow ma to draw ther ‘The Zech family, private Collection n Gren ‘Will Christo St Martin arn \Welleisberg museum of local history: (to Eder, private collection in Muhldort Erich Kiva, Hieschegg vilage Dr Ernst Lasaik, "Wes" in Grade Director Franz Mayr; Ketloch ety museum, ‘Johann Prat, “Traoakostn” Tolkdore museum, Untergier: Simon Riedl, privat intirsehoga: Franz Untervoger Ligist tuseum of teal history Many thanks to Me Hartman of keenhot Industieprodulte {GmbH Yor making avelabie the premises forthe book presentation. For their support and ontibution to the success of | this book | thane the local fuhonity ia Kévlach, mayor | Franz Buchegger of Rosental fn der Kainach, Franz Schreib of Sparkacoe Voitsbera: Koiech Bank AG, Director ‘Wore ana Dr Ernst Lasik Gust) Reinthator Hammered symbols on axes and other forged products In former times, blackemiths in| ofton made with serated ares (helAips usod to decorate tools, | fo make them stand out Gipeelaly axes, wth eymbole” | Smaller round curves and Gnd signs of blessings. In order _ engravings in different omake these markings Combinations were Trequerty [bavidual decorating hammers | found on waeetwrights! axes find chisels were made, Often and coope's axes. Often small thoy would make arcs ora | forges used ares with one or iguag pattem, Some punches | rore engravings as & ‘were designad to make small blacksmith’s mark if they i ‘Jarike shapes. Since these | not ave @ mark of thei ov. Symbols wore used to ‘axes from the 16th contury resent the fruit or lowers | were often only sparsely batheTree of Life symbol, | dacorated. They ether have 8 these punches were frequently Tree of Life in the bottom Used inne case ofa eect | corner of tha blade ora six oF Ue broade: fat chisels were eight peintod star inthe miadle tmostiy used, ewes fare forthe | fhe blade, The points of the toms of the tee 0 be made Stars wore made with a punch swith a pune itwas not until the end ofthe “Tne commonest type of 16th century and the beginning symbol was erastag using an | ofthe 17th century that these Stosheped punch. These | symbole became commonplace punches could be used ta make | on broad axes. Until hat time ‘orious representations. Inthe. tere were predominantly only ‘alleys of Carinthi, axes {doublesbevelled broad axes. Uecorated with lesves from a The pertagram or five See of Life that ave been | pointed star was a special ‘ade with 8 punch for making Symbol made ith a fat chico ites are commonplaco. tnd requled fie sttkes to Sometimes this punch i used | form iA pentagram was very Tomake aheart made up of | ficult to make because i was four ares Often aree were important to work aut the firanged to make ite stars, | corract angle of the second ‘Thess peters are often found | strike tis not surpesing, ‘npickercons and large exes. | therefore, that on so many from she 18th and 19th century. axes the pentagrams are Signs of crosses were also —tragularin shape. The ends of the fve-pointed star were often | to be made while the work ecorated witha star or point.” | piece was ina red-hot ‘These aymbole not only had’ | condition. A second person figurative meaning but were vas required to held he piece also Used tomate the tool | in place on the anvil ‘ore decorative ‘Special symbols were made upon request for an adcitions| charge. Forges would have @ Specialist forthe job. The ‘customer could select decorations froma hand ‘written book of patorns. In very caso the decoration had (his verbal information came from Ea Krainer He was an appromtce and lator 3 Journeyman ats blacksmith forge in Eibiswals He was particularly well known a8 @ Sweet Styrian writer) ‘Symbolic meaning of the hammered symbols 1 Gearwheel, symbol ofthe sun, sternal cycle, also a ‘symbol forthe four seasons of the year Girete, also 2 sun sign Wheel cross or sun ross, sun sign, also a well-known _symbol for the four seasons. ‘Semicircle with rays, symbo! for the rising sun, ‘Segmented semicirle, symbol forthe rising sun. ‘Sixspoked wheel, sun sign. ‘Sixpointed star, ie symbol, sun sign Eight-pointed star, fe symbol, sun sign. Eight-spoked wheel, sun sign, SSwiring sun, sun sign. ‘Truncated swirling sun, sun sign. Four-spoked whee, sun, four seasons ofthe year. ‘Tree of Life with seven branches and blossom. Troe of Life with ive branches and blossom. ‘of Life with nine branches and blossom. Troe of Life with seven branches. of Life with six leaves, Troe of Life with four leaves and open tulip. FOPAG®P * GG OD se ‘Tree of Life with eight branches growing in opposite directions ‘Tree of Life with six branches and blossom, Trae of Life with closed tulip. Heart, sign of love Heart with three nails (Chris's suffering] combination sign of the Trinity and Christ's Love Heart with Tree of Lite [possible cross) Cross of St Andrew, (multiplication cross. Ingz rune, a fertity sign. Symbol forthe old German god Odi a prorectve sign Divided cirle,solsties, Wavy line, weve (possible furrow Pentagram, dafensive sign against everything evil ELt ood xx g Dany ‘Star of David, very rare in the Alpine region. Celtic are, frequently encountered on basic axes. Double ae, or tine ar, frequently found om axes. The meaning ie unknown, (Gross, a Christian sign, seldom found without a border (Gross, surrounded with garlands, Christian sign Frequently found on broad es. (Cross with border, which often serves as decoration for the eros inthe middle ‘Gross of St Androw, (multiplication cross, very rare on exes. Diamond, with infinity sign. Inge rune,» fertility sign Symbol with four loops. sign of protection. ‘Symbol with three loops, sign of protection ‘Symbol with six loops, i was believed that those protective signe could protect ones against witches and ‘ther evil spits. Rune, which stands for man, protective sign agsinst demons and thunder storms Diamond, Farmers field, a wish for more in ite be ann +e yi X op x 98H Y 0 #t Various symbols Information about the meaning ofthe symbols can be found In the folowing references: Book series “Uriter Erb in deutscher Volkskunst” bby Oskar von Zerborsky:Wahlsttten, published by Hage und Koohlor, Leipzig, 1936, pp. 374-377 Alpenlndische Bauemkunst by Helmut Nemec, published by Prisma, Gitersioh, page 28 “pecorated axes and other forged products from various museums and collections. The age of the tools depicted can be determined from ‘ld engravings, which were made with contemporary tools of their century. Known hammered symbols can also be used to determine age, but the knowledge of an ‘experienced collector and specialist literature are also of ‘great importance. 1, Broad axe, double-bevelled, length 33 6m, height 24 or, from Kreuzberg, Edelschrort, ‘7th century, This axe was called a “wolf pickaxe’ because according to folklore, ‘wolves were lured into 8 sheep- fald anc killed with this broad axe, The axe shows a cross of St Andrew with a centre point ‘and four nodes. On the four ends, four leaves or blossom are dpicted. In the bottom corner of the blade a small Tree of Life with ten flowers is shown, Cooper's axe right-handed, length 24 em, height 18 om, from Staing in West Styria, 18h century. Axe marked with ten serrated ares. The coopers axe, Tits successor the small coopers axe, were single: handed axes and were used to ‘make barrel staves. This took place ‘mostly in the woods where oak trees were cut up. The staves were cut into lengths according to the size ofthe barra. Most ofthe staves were shaped on the stump ofthe tre. The barrels were held with the left and and the axe wos sod withthe ight hand, Since there ‘were seldom lefthanded people i those days, only righthanded ‘coopers axes and small cooper's ‘axes wore produced, Any la-handed ‘axes had 10 be specially made, ‘Small cooper’ axe, length 26 cm, hoight 24 er, from Straden in East Styria, 18th century. On the Bottom part ofthis axe is a stom with two flowers flanked on both sides by two ares decorated with three flowers. Roofers hatchet, right-handed, length 13 6m, height 14 om, from Rosenthal on the Kainach, BIn/18th contur. This hatchet ig decorated with to ares ane six flowers. Broad axe, lefthanded, length 40cm, height 22m, from GO8nitz in West Styria, 18th century. Richly decorated with a string of vines in the Upper section, across with eight flowers in the midole section and Trae of Life with blossom in the lower section. This axe had # hook inthe lower saction, which was used to festen the wooden protective sheath. Left beveled broad axes such ss this one were more Broad axe, originally double bevelled, but later converted to right-nand use withthe bevel on the right, length 33 om, height 23cm, com Kowald, Voitsber, ‘thitath contury. Axe markings: a fve-pointed star pentagram) with flowers on the points, a Tree Of Lite with flowers and two ‘r0ups of three flowers each with a blacksmiths stamp. hatchet et handed, length 16 em, height 16 em from Katach, West Styria, 180 century Markings: two angles, eech vith tree points and three Points with each blacksmith’s mark. 10. 8 Hatchet, double-bevelled, length 20 om, height 12 em, from I, East Styria, 17th century, Markings: a pentagram and two rows of points 2 9. Hatchet, rghthanded, length TZem, height 18 em, from Kainach, 18th century. Markings: two ares and five star. Exhibits 1108 af come trom Reinthaler’s collection (Hacken-und Holzmuseurs) Fosenthas, Kotlach, coopers axe, ight handed, enath 25m, height 16cm, from Carinthia, {ath century. Markings: eight ares i {a semicircle around the blacksrith’s Inark and nine fowersistas. Hatchet, right-handed, longth 4B em, height 15 om, from Kéflach, ‘8th century. Markings: eight Aowers/tars ‘Broad axe, lef-handed, length ‘346m, height 17 em, from Marta, {bth contury. Markings: a row of points inthe bottom part of the blade, two ares and sn upright bunch of grapes. 3 16. Cooper's axe, right-handed, length 25 cm, height 15 cm, from Kreuzberg rear Edelschrot, 17th century. Markings: row of points in the Upper par of the blade, underneath ‘a amall Tea of Life and around the blacksmity’s mark four points. 14, Broad axe, 0. ouble-bevele, length 31 em, height 25 cm, ‘rom Kotlach, Styria, 16/170 century, Markings asi Pointed star with points on the fends, 9 Tee of Life with points Hatchet length 11 em, height 15 em, from Graz, stampod 1890, The markings on this axe are very fine In the middie there is 8 closed tulip, two trapezium and some double lines, Broad axe, double-bevelle, longth 39 0m, height 25 em, from Kemotbertankowita, Styria, 16th ‘century. Markings: ares with points fon the edge, a pentagram inthe Imidale and! a Tree of Life inthe lower part. Broad axe letshanded, length ‘41 em, height 20 em, from Kppling in Styria, 18/18th century. "Markings: beneath the blacksmiths stamp are to arcs and seven points. n the bottom corner there fea Tree of Life with four points at {he top and a pein at the end of feach branch, 1%. 1. Shingling axe, double-bevelled, length 17 em, height 21cm, from Labming, Styria, 17th century “Markings: Tree of Life in the shape fof spike growing out from four points a Roofers hatchet, right-handed, fength 18 em, height 16 cm, Kowal, ‘near Voitsberg, Styria, 18th century. Markings: 11 points. Broad axe, lefthanded, length 34 fem, height 21 em, from lz, East Styria, 18th century. Markings: cross f) with garlands, in the bottom corner is 9 heart with Tee of Lie in the shape of a cross. Symbolicaly the heart could mean Jesus oF te resurrection of Christ Exhibits 10 to 22 all come from Reinthalers Callection (Hacken-und Holemseum) Rosenthal, near Kéflch, Styria Long broad axe, double bevelled, length 47 em, height 21 em. This ‘ath century axe was alogedly found between root beams of an old farmhouse in Gafinitz, Secone-hand 190! dealers sometimes classify long broad axes 3 cuting and stabbing ‘weapons. In troubled times, a farmer ‘may well have threatened wayward farmhands with this long-handledt axe. In any case, te long broad axe Was a pradecessor of today’s Carinthian broad axe, Markings: starting from the blacksmith’ stamp there Is @ Tree of Life in the rection of the blade, all around ares and points arranged in the shape of ‘wavy lines a the tip there are four points inthe shape of» cross ~ 8 reminder parhaps of Chris's suffering, Broad axe, right-handed, length 42.em, height 19cm, Héchg®tnitz near Lankowitz, 18th century Markings: unusual subject, same three Trees of Life on an axe. a m4, Mortse axe, double-bevelled, length 7 em, height 22 em, ftom Edelschroti, Styria, 1/19th century, decorated with four ares ana four stars, These ax0¢ often have different sloping angles. There were some with an acute angle, some with aright sngle and some with an obtuse angle. t depended on the size of the person using it. When two 26, carpenters with a big height ciference worked atthe same trunk and the piece being worked upon was atthe same height for everyone, then the tallest person needed an axe with en obtuse angle, while the shorter persan needed fone with an acute angle. An person of average height usually used a right- angled axe. The neck of the axe must always be in a horizontal positon when ‘chopping 2. Cooper's axe, double bevelled, length 27 om, height 14 em, fram Corinthia, 17th century. Markings: eight arcs arranged in a row and trimmed with nine flowers, Mortise axe, length of the cutting edge dem, height 28 crm, from Edelechrot, Styria, 18th century Markings:wen turned over an imprint of a wavy line can ba seen, ‘Mortise axe, with poll and wooden handle, Length ofthe cutting edge 5 om, Felt 32 em, from Graz, 1h century “This axe is decorated with seven asterisks, Mortise axe, with wooden handle, 5 length ofthe cutting edge § em, height 46 om, from Mara Lankowite, Styria, ‘eth century. Markings: iva asterisks, 3 jagged curved stem and thee leaves. f 28, Broad axe, right-handed, tangth 36 em, hheight 21 em, from Hachg&Gnitz near Maria Lankowite, Syria, 17th century. This broad axe is decorated with 13 asterisks, 28. Broad axe, ‘ouble-bovalied, (axe used as a weapon) 1 length 27 om, height ] 230m, from Dietenberg near Liist, Styria, 18th century. This axe could also have been used as a shingling axe and is Gecorsted with across, surrounded by four ares and 1 asterisks. In the bottom corner isa Tree of Life with five branches two ares and thirteen asterisks. Axes in this form are very rare. 30. Broad axe, right handed, length 30 em, height 21 em, from Straden in East Styria, 18th contury, decorated with seventeen points and two 2, Coopers ne, saht: handed engin 2 cm, height 1c, tor Goutnatin sy, 19 tentury. This cooper axe ie decorted vatniwo ares tnd pois | u 2 8. Meat cleaver, length 20 cr, height 210m, from Gran, 17th contury, {double edged. Markings in the upper ‘section there are three arce and ten ‘Stars, inthe middle section there are six Stare and in the lower aaction there are three ares and 11 ster, Froe length 386m, height 6m, rom Muggocberg, ner Képeting Sta, ‘rivet entry. Fone wore used slit 100! shingle. One used WR 9 priv woaden farmer made rom branes oe wooden malt made cf white Foto, elderbery ot bono tke them, Foes ae vary seldom decoetd Tis feoe has ve erated ts with how prints oneoch on At thet ofthe foe thar ar also some steed points 34. Small anvil horn} decorated on both sides witha Tree of Life, lengthi6 om, height 26 em, from Kéflach, Styria, 18th century. 35. Cooper's fork, length 44 em, ‘width 12 em, from Puchbach, \ Keflach, Styria, 18th century. On the handle itis decorated with serrated ates separated by asterisks, On the coma eaea amar i 2, Acad or etn Kning wood / torte cn he tomtom é srr sa ven ans \ = 37, Root axe, length 14 em, height 41 em, from Seefund, 17th century, decorated with three arcs and eight stars. Root axes were used to clear woodland for Cultivation. The roots were cut with the axe and the tree was excavated in the direction ofthe fall The falling trunk ripped the stump out 38, Adee, length 7 em, height 16 em, from Edelschrott neer Kéfloch, Styria, 18th century, decorated with five asterisks. 39, Broad axe, right-handed, length 40 em, height 24 em, from Heraogberg near Edalschrott, Styria, 18th century. This broad ‘axe is very ornate. Betwoon the blacksmiths stamps there is 3 cross, surrounded by eight points Inthe upper part there are three fares and four six-petalled flowers. ‘The others, towards the tip, ere so worn they can haraly be seen. In the lower part there is Tree of Lite swith soven flowers. 40, Broad axe, double-bevelled, length {at om, height 23 em, From the meadows near Edelechrast, Styria, 17th contury. Meckings: a {Tree of Life with nine flowers surrounded by rine eres with flowers on the ends 41, Felling axe, length 8 em, height ‘dom, 18th century, decoreted with {our ates and eight asterisk. 42, Axe used for eutting kindling ‘wood, length 15 em, helght 4 em, from Edelechrott, 1th/T8th century. ‘Markings: three arcs and ten asterisks. These axes were also used to prune dead brenches of spruce tres, which in tuen were used as kindling wood. The living branches were removed ‘and used as bedding for livestock, 43, Axe used for cutting kindling wood, length 19 om, height 12 em, from Edelschratt, 18th/18th century. Markings: three arcs and nine asterisks Exhibits 29 1043 all come from Reinthaler’s

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