YEAR–2022-2023

CLASS–XIIth(PCM)

SUBMITTEDTO:-
Mr.VienodRaajVerma
 he aim of the project is to study the Earth’s
magnetic field using a compass needle-bar
magnetby plottingmagnetic fieldlinesand
tangent GALVANOMETER
Finditsvalue(BH)usingatangent
galvanometer.
 arth'smagneticfield,alsoknownasthegeomagneticfield,is
themagneticfieldthatextendsfromtheEarth'sinteriorto
where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particlesemanating
from the Sun. Its magnitude at the Earth's surface ranges from 25 to
65 microteslas (0.25 to 0.65 gauss).Roughly speaking it is the field of a
magnetic dipole currently tilted at an angle of about 10 degrees with
respect to Earth's rotational axis, as if there were a bar magnet placed
at that angle at the center of the Earth. Unlike a bar
magnet,however,Earth'smagneticfieldchangesovertimebecause
itisgeneratedbyageodynamic(inEarth'scase,themotionof molten iron
alloys in its outer core).
The North and South magnetic poles wander widely, but sufficiently
slowly for ordinary compasses to remain useful for navigation.
However, at irregular intervals averaging several hundred thousand
years, the Earth's field reverses and the North and South Magnetic
Poles relatively abruptly switch places. These reversals of the
geomagnetic poles leave a record in rocks that are of value to
paleomagnetists in calculating geomagnetic fields in the past. Such
information in turn is helpful in studying the motions of continentsand
oceanfloors in the process of plate tectonics.
The magnetosphere is the region above the ionosphere and
extendsseveral tens of thousands of kilometers into space,
protecting theEarth from the charged particles of the solar wind and
cosmic raysthat would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere,
includingthe ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful
ultravioletradiation
Earth'smagneticfieldservestodeflectmostofthesolarwind, whose
charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layerthat
protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. One stripping
mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magneticfield, which
are ripped off by solar winds
The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is
generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with
[1G=100,000nT]
Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be
closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole
positionedatthecenteroftheEarthandtiltedatanangleof about
10° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth.
The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet,
withitsSouth PolepointingtowardsthegeomagneticNorth
Pole. The north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if
allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in the
geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts
thesouth polesofothermagnetsand repelsthenorthpoles, it
must be attracted to the South Pole.
 Principle:-
Thetangentgalvanometerworksontheprincipleoftangentlaw.

 TangentlawofMagnetism .
 The tangent law of magnetism states that the tangent of the angleof
a compass needle which is due to the movement under the
influence of magnetic field is directly proportional to the ratio
ofstrengths of two perpendicular magnetic fields.
 In simpler words, the tangent of the angle made by the moving
needle under the magnetic field directly indicates the strength of
the perpendicular magnetic fields

 Defination:-
Tangent galvanometer is the device which was used to measure
small amounts of electric current.
 Construction:-
 It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire wound on a
circularnon-magnetic frame.
 It is utmost necessary that the coil wound is done in helical
arrangement otherwise, the field due to the wire will affect the
compass needle, thus inducing anerrorin thereading.
 Thisframeismountedverticallyonahorizontalbaseforsupport.
 The coil of insulated copper wire is usually rotated on a vertical
axis passing through its centre.
 A small sized magnetic compass with a powerful magnetic needleis
made to pivote at the centre of this coil, such that it is free to rotate
in a horizontal plane.
 The circular scale is used to read the movement of this
magneticneedle which is divided into four quadrants, each ranging
from 0°to 90°.
 A pointer is attached to this needle at right angles, usually
madeupof thinalluminiumasalluminiumis lighter inmass.
 Theusualwayofdiscardingpossibilitiesofparallaxisalsoused
i.e.placingofaplanemirrorbelowthecompassneedle.
 Working:-
 The instrument needle starts moving firstly under the
influence of Earth's magnetic field.
 Movement continues untill the magnetic field of earth is
parallel with the plane of coil.
 Then, on application of an uknown current, a second magnetic
fieldon theaxis of the coil which isperpendicular to the Earth's
magnetic field is created.
 Hence the compass needle responds to the vector sum of the
two fields.
 This deflection angle is equal to the tangent of the ratio of
those two fields
TangentGalvanometer(TG)

Rheostat(R)

Battery(B)
Key(K)

Ammeter(A)
 angent galvanometer is an early measuring instrument for small
electric currents. It consists of a coil of insulated copper wire
woundon a circular non-magnetic frame. Its working is based on
theprinciple of the tangent law of magnetism. When a current is
passedthrough the circular coil,a magnetic field (B) is produced at
thecenter of the coil in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the
coil.The working of tangent galvanometeris based on the tangent law.
Itis statedas whena magnet is suspended freely inmagneticfield F
andH,themagnetcomestorestmakinganangleθwiththe direction H
such that
F=Htanθ

When a bar magnet is suspended in two Magnetic fields B and

Bh,itcomestorestmakinganangle θwith the directionof Bh.
Connectionsare made as shown in the figure given below, where Kis
the key, E the battery, A the ammeter, R the rheostat, C the
commutator, and T.G the tangent galvanometer. The
commutatorcan reverse the current through theT.Gcoil without
changing thecurrent in the rest of the circuit. Taking the average of
the resultingtwo readings for deflection averages out, any small
error in positioningtheT.Gcoilrelativetotheearth’smagneticfieldH.

CIRCUITDIAGRAM

 PROCEDUREFORPERFORMINGTHEEXPERIMENT

1. Make the circuit connections in accordance with the circuit

diagram.
2. Using spirit level, level the base and the compass needle in
compass box of tangent galvanometer by adjusting the leveling
screw.
3. Now rotate the coil of the galvanometer about its vertical axis,
till the magnetic needle, its image in the plane mirror fixed at
the base of the compass boxand thecoil, i.e.all
4. Thesethreelieinthesameverticalplane.
5. In this setting, the ends of the aluminium pointer should read
zero-zero. If this is not so, rotate the box without disturbing
the position of the coil till at least one of the ends of the
pointer stands at the zero marks.
6. ByclosingthekeyK,thecurrentflowinthegalvanometer. Read the
both ends of the pointer. Now reverse the direction of current by
using the reversing key. When the mean values of both
deflections shown by the pointer in the two cases (i.e. before and
after reversing the current) differ by more than 10, then turn
slightly the vertical coil until the two values agree.This will set
the plane of the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian.
7. Byadjustingtherheostat,bringthedeflectioningalvanometer
around 450. The deflection should not be outside the range
(300-600).
 Thevalueofearth’smagneticfieldbyusingatangent
galvanometer is
H=7.6867×10−8𝜃

1. Thebatteryshouldbefreshlycharged.
2. Themagneticneedleshouldswingfreelyinthehorizontal
plane.
3. Theplaneofcoilmustbesetinmagneticmeridian.
4. Thereshouldbenoparallaxinnotingdownthereadings of
ammeter and deflection.