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MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. In comparing two drugs, the dose-response curve for the drug that is more efficacious would:
a. be closer to the y axis.
b. be farther from the y axis.
c. have a greater curve height.
d. have a higher median effective dose (ED50).
ANS: C
Correct: Efficacy is an expression of maximum intensity of effect or response that can be
produced by a drug.
Incorrect choices: The other choices refer to indicators of drug potency, not efficacy. The
potency of a drug is a function of the amount of drug required to produce an effect. The
potency of drug is shown by the location of that drug’s curve along the log-dose axis (x axis).
3. Administering a drug of greater potency is better because drugs of greater potency do not
require as high a dose.
a. Both parts of the statement are true.
b. Both parts of the statement are false.
c. The first part of the statement is true; the second part is false.
d. The first part of the statement is false; the second part is true.
ANS: D
Correct: The first part of the statement is false, the second part is true. The absolute potency of
a drug is immaterial as long as the appropriate dose is administered. If equally efficacious,
both drugs will produce the same effect.
4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the therapeutic index (TI) of a drug?
a. A drug with a large TI is more dangerous than a drug with a small TI.
b. The formula for TI is ED50/LD50.
c. ED50 is 50% of the effective clinical dose.
d. TI is the ratio of the median lethal dose to the median effective dose.
ANS: D
Correct: LD50 is the dose causing death in 50% of test animals and ED50 is the dose required
to produce the desired clinical effect in 50% of test animals.
Incorrect choices: The greater the TI, the safer the drug. The formula is TI = LD50/ED50. The
ED50 is the dose required to produce the desired clinical effect in 50% of test animals, not
50% of the effective clinical dose.
5. Which of the following statements is true concerning the mechanism of action of drugs?
a. Drugs are capable of imparting a new function to the organism.
b. Drugs either produce the same action as an exogenous agent or block the action of
an exogenous agent.
c. Drugs either produce the same action as an exogenous agent or block the action of
an endogenous agent.
d. Drugs either produce the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action
of an endogenous agent.
ANS: D
Correct: Drugs either produce the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action of
an endogenous agent.
Incorrect choices: Drugs do not impart a new function to the organism; they merely either
produce the same action as an endogenous agent or block the action of an endogenous agent.
6. When different drugs compete for the same receptor sites, the drug with the stronger affinity
for the receptor will bind to:
a. more receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity.
b. fewer receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity.
c. all of the available receptors.
d. none of the available receptors.
ANS: A
Correct: When different drugs compete for the same receptor sites, the drug with the stronger
affinity for the receptor will bind to more receptors than the drug with the weaker affinity.
Incorrect choices: More of the drug with weaker affinity will be required to produce a
pharmacologic response. Drugs with a stronger affinity for receptor sites are more potent than
drugs with weaker affinities for the same site.
7. When a drug has affinity for a receptor and produces no effect, it is called a(n):
a. agonist.
b. competitive antagonist.
c. competitive agonist.
d. physiologic agonist.
ANS: B
Correct: A competitive antagonist has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor,
competes with the agonist for the receptor, and produces no effect.
Incorrect choices: An agonist has affinity for a receptor, combines with the receptor, and
produces an effect. Competitive agonist is nonsensical terminology. A physiologic antagonist
has affinity for a site different from that of the agonist in question.
8. A noncompetitive antagonist:
a. binds to the same receptor site as the binding site for the agonist.
b. causes a shift to the right in the dose-response curve.
c. enhances the maximal response of the agonist.
d. reduces the maximal response of the agonist.
ANS: D
Correct: A noncompetitive antagonist reduces the maximal response of the agonist.
Incorrect choices: Noncompetitive antagonists bind to a receptor site that is different from the
binding site for the agonist. A competitive antagonist will cause a shift to the right in the
dose-response curve.
10. Which of the following statements is (are) true concerning passage across body membranes?
a. The membrane lipids make the membrane relatively permeable to ions and polar
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two things: First, respond to the demands which the people make
upon the Democratic party now in its condition of probation; and,
second, disarm that great body of officials who as disciplined armies
go forth to control the Presidential elections.
I believe, and I am only excused from making this remark because
of what I have heard publicly and in private conversation upon the
floor of the Senate—I believe if we argue this question upon the lower
plane of mere partisan advantage we Democrats ought to support the
measure. It has been said that this abandonment of the spoils system
will retain in office the appointees of the Republican party. I conceal
nothing; I state it in my place in Senate, and before my fellow-
Senators who are of the other persuasion, I do not think it. There is
no proposition to extend the term of office where it is now fixed, nor
in any wise limit the constitutional power of removal from office. The
proposition is simply and only that where a new appointment shall
be made the element of fitness shall be decisive. Can any Democrat
object to that?
How many Democrats are there in office now? How many will
there ever be under the spoils system? The Republicans have
possession of the Government for two years and more. How many
Democrats will be put in office during that time, except on the merit
system? Not one. But if this system be fairly inaugurated and
administered within one year there will be fifty where now there is
one.
It has been said that the abandonment of the spoils system will
exclude Democrats from office when the day of our victory shall
come. I do not think it. On the contrary, I believe that the adoption of
this policy as our party creed will hasten the day of the victory of our
party and its adoption as a law will under any administration fill
many offices with Democrats. I think it will bring to our aid very
many men not hitherto of our political faith who believe this reform a
vital question in our politics. I think it will disarm and disorganize
and neutralize the trained bands of office-holders who have wrested
from us, as I have said, at least two Presidential elections. And
finally, repudiating utterly, as I do, that the animating spirit of the
Democratic party is the love of spoils, and that its cohesive principle
is that of public plunder—repudiating, I say, that doctrine, I think the
Democrats throughout this land—I know that in my own State they
can—will stand the test of any examination, and in a fair field will not
come out second best.
Who shall do them the discredit, who shall do this party, now
numbering at least half the people of this country, the discredit to say
that they can not stand the test of merit for official position and
promotion with any equal number of men in any party of the
country.
I have detained the Senate much too long, and yet I must add that
the very best aid to any system of reforming the service is in the most
rigid application of the democratic theory of the Federal Constitution
and Government; that its powers are all granted; that the subjects on
which it can act are very limited; that it should refrain from enlarging
its jurisdiction, or even exercising admitted but unnecessary powers;
that it should scrupulously avoid “undue administration.” Add to this
the election by the people to local Federal offices, and there will be
little necessity and little room for other methods.
Dear Sir: Will you please advise the Committee on Finance whether or not there
are any papers or charges on file reflecting against the official or moral character of
——, late collector of internal revenue for the first district of ——, suspended?
If there are any such papers or charges will you please communicate their nature
and character to the committee?
Respectfully, yours,
D. MANNING, Secretary.