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Procedia139 (2017) 000–000
00 (2017) 602–608
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International Conference On Materials And Energy 2015, ICOME 15, 19-22 May 2015, Tetouan,
Morocco, and the International Conference On Materials And Energy 2016, ICOME 16, 17-20 May
2016, La Rochelle, France
The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling
FD-LBM Simulation of thermosolutal convection generated in an
Assessing
inclined the feasibility
enclosure of usingofthe
in the presence heatand
Soret demand-outdoor
Dufour effects
temperature function
a,c for a long-term
a b district heat
a demand
a forecast
c
Safae Hasnaoui *, A.Amahmid *, A.Raji , M.Hasnaoui ,Y.Dahani , H.Beji
a,b,c
a
I. Andrić
Cadi Ayyad *, A.
University, Faculty PinaaSemlalia,
of Sciences , P. Ferrão a
, J.affiliated
LMFE, Unit Fournier b
., B.
to CNRST Lacarrière
(URAC
c
, O. Marrakech,
27) BP 2390,40000 Le Corre c
Morocco
b
Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Physics Department, Laboratory of Flows and Transfers Modelling
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research
(LAMET), B.P. 523,- Béni-Mellal
Instituto Superior
23000,Técnico,
MoroccoAv. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
b
c Veolia Recherche
LTI Laboratory,EA-3899 & Innovation,
Picardie 291University,Avenue
Jules Verne Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 7852080025
des Facultés, Limay,Amiens,
FranceFrance
c
Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France

Abstract
Abstract
An hybrid Lattice-Boltzman finite-difference method is proposed to assess the impact of the inclination angle of the cavity on
District heating
thermosolutal networks
natural are commonly
convection of a binaryaddressed in theinliterature
fluid confined a square as one differentially
cavity of the most effective
heated and solutions for decreasing
salted from two opposite the
greenhouse
walls gas emissions
with constant from the
temperatures andbuilding sector. These
concentrations. systemsseems
This method requiremore
highflexible
investments which are returned
in implementing through
additional theand
effects heat
sales. Duemore
apparently to the changed
efficient thanclimate conditions
the classical CFD and building
methods. Therenovation policies, in
study is conducted heat
thedemand
case of in the future
aiding buoyancycould decrease,
forces and
prolonging the investment return period.
many other controlling parameters. Results obtained showed important qualitative and quantitative effects of the governing
The main on
parameters scope
fluidofflow
this paper is toand
and heat assess
massthe feasibility
transfer of using theThe
characteristics. heat demandand
heatlines – outdoor
masslinestemperature function
concepts are for heat demand
also implemented to
forecast.
obtain The district
additional details of
on Alvalade,
heat and mass located in Lisbon
transfer (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
processes.
buildings that vary in both construction period and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
©renovation scenariosPublished
2017 The Authors. were developed
by Elsevier(shallow,
Ltd. intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with
Peer-review under results from a dynamic
responsibility heat demand
of the scientific model,ofpreviously
committee ICOME 2015 developed and validated
and ICOME 2016. by the authors.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
(the errorHeat
Keywords: in annual
transfer,demand
Numericalwas lower
study, than 20% formethod,
Lattice-Boltzmann all weather scenarios
Soret and Dufourconsidered). However,
effects, Inclined enclosureafter introducing renovation
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The value of slope coefficient increased on average within the range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
1.decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h during the heating season (depending on the combination of weather and
Introduction
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7% per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
Convective transport phenomena both in fluids and porous media have attracted the attention of researchers
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
through the decades due to numerous applications involving these phenomena in industrial and environmental fields
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
Cooling.
* Corresponding author. fax: (+212)-5-24-437-410.
Keywords: Heat demand;
E-mail address: Forecast; Climate change, amahmid@uca.ac.ma
safae.hasnaoui@edu.uca.ac.ma

1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICOME 2015 and ICOME 2016.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of ICOME 2015 and ICOME 2016
10.1016/j.egypro.2017.11.260
2 Safae Hasnaoui
S. Hasnaoui et al. Procedia
et al. / Energy / Energy Procedia
00 (2017)139 (2017) 602–608
000–000 603

including, but not limitative to, underground diffusion of nuclear waste, oil reservoir analysis, petroleum extraction,
mineral material migration, separation of mixtures, etc. Particularly, coupled heat and mass transfer by natural
convection in a fluid confined in a rectangular cavity has been the object of numerous studies during the last decades
due to the importance of this process, which is observed in many geophysical and natural systems of practical
interest. The coupling between the energy equation and that characterizing the conservation of species through
Dufour and Soret parameters strengthens the interaction between the thermal and solute fields even when the fluid is
at rest.
The literature review on double diffusion shows that numerous studies were conducted on rectangular
enclosures [1-3]. The literature inspection reveals also that the Dufour effect plays a negligible role in liquids, but its
effect is prominent in gaseous mixtures. Soret and Dufour effects were in reality often neglected, since they are of a
smaller order of magnitude when compared to the effects described by Fourier’s and Fick’s laws despite the
exceptions. To be more precise, the Soret effect engenders the separation of species in many mixtures while the
Dufour effect should be not neglected in mixtures between gases since its impact could be of considerable
importance. Even from a purely fundamental point of view, the Soret effect (may be more than the Dufour effect)
has an interest justified by different specific behaviors engendered by its presence. More specifically, the bifurcation
occurrence, the multiplicity of solutions and the hysteresis cycles are examples of phenomena that may accompany
the implication of the Soret effect in a large category of problems in double-diffusive natural convection.
Comparatively, and from a theoretical point of view (to be limited only to this aspect), the impact of Dufour effect
on such phenomena remains less elucidated. Several studies have been conducted in our team on thermosolutal
convection in the presence of the Soret effect [4-6]. In these studies, analytical solutions have been the main concern
in porous horizontal [4], vertical [5] or inclined [6] cavities. The literature review shows also the existence of some
works on thermosolutal convection in the presence of both Soret and Dufour effects in rectangular geometries (or
confined fluids in general) [7-9]. However, the studies addressing both Soret and Dufour effects remain scarce in the
literature compared to those addressing the Soret effect solely.
In view of the existing, the main objective of this contribution is to experiment the hybrid LBM-FDM to solve a
natural thermosolutal convection problem in an inclined enclosure in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects.

2. Analysis and modelling

2.1. Mathematical formulation

A schematic of the physical problem and the associated boundary conditions are shown in Figure 1. The square
inclined cavity is filled with a binary mixture, heated and salted along the wall carried by Oy and the opposite one
with constant and different temperatures and concentrations. The remaining walls of the cavity are considered
adiabatic and impermeable to mass transfer. The confined mixture is considered Newtonian, and the flow laminar,
incompressible and obeying the Boussinesq approximation. The velocity problem is governed by the Boltzmann
equations (1) for the momentum equation using the BGK approximation [10] while the equations of advection-
diffusion of temperature and concentration are solved separately using an explicit finite-difference technique [11].
The Lattice-Boltzmann equation in the presence of an external force  can be written for the flow field as follows:

f k ( r + ck ∆T , t + ∆T ) = f k ( r , t ) − ωV ( fk (r , t ) − fkeq (r , t ) ) + Fkeq (1)

The model of He and Luo [12], used in this work to treat the incompressible case, is the most popular. Thereby,

the local equilibrium distribution function,  (, ) known also as Maxwell’s distribution function, is obtained as:
    2 
eq  c .u (c .u ) u .u 
f k ( r , t ) = ωk ρ 1 + 3 k 2 + 4.5 k 4 − 1.5 2  (2)
 c c c 
With ρ being the density, c the discrete velocities for the D2Q9 scheme and ω is the weighting factor. The
Boussinesq approximation is introduced in the discrete external force using the following expression:
604 Safae Hasnaoui
S. Hasnaoui et al. / Energy
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Procedia 139000–000
00 (2017) (2017) 602–608 3

Fk = 3ωk F = 3ω K ρgβ ( ( T − Tm ) + N ( S − Sm ) ) (c ky cos(θ ) + c kx sin(θ )) (3)

Where Tm = (TH + TC)/2, Sm = (SH + SC)/2,  is the thermal expansion coefficient and  is the projection of the
microscopic velocity  on the y axis.

, can be obtained by using the following

The macroscopic quantities which are the density, , and the velocity, 
k =8 k =8
 
formulas: ρ ( r, t ) = ∑f
k =0
k ( r, t ) and ρ u ( r, t ) = ∑ c k f k ( r, t ) . The Chapman-Enskog procedure was used to link the
k =0
kinematic viscosity and the thermal diffusivity to the relaxation time.
The energy and species equations can be grouped in a single equation under the following form:

∂Γ ∂Γ ∂Γ  ∂2Γ ∂2Γ   ∂2χ ∂2χ 

=u +v = χ1  2
+ 2 
+ χ 2 2
+ 2  (4)
∂t ∂x ∂y  ∂x ∂y   ∂x ∂y 

Where Γ represents T/(S) and  represents S/(T) if equation (4) is the equation of energy/(conservation of
species). The coefficients  and  are respectively thermal diffusivity and translating the coupling to Dufour effect
or mass diffusivity and translating the coupling to Soret effect depending if Eq. (4) represents the conservation of
energy or the conservation of species. Equation (4) was discretized at the Boltzmann scale using a similar approach
to that proposed by Lallemand and Luo [11] with ∆t = ∆x = ∆y = 1. This method is explicit and conditionally
stable.

Fig. 1. Studied configuration

2.2. Validation of the numerical code

The numerical code was validated against a classical finite difference method (the Alternate Direction
Implicit method) using the formulation vorticity-stream function and solving the governing equations in their
transient forms. Comparative results between both methods (not shown here due to space limitation) in the case of
aiding buoyancy forces and different values of Sr, Du and inclination angle γ have shown an excellent agreement.
Other complementary tests relative to the conservation of energy and species were systematically checked with
success at each code running. All the results presented here were obtained with a grid of 101×101. The choice of this
grid was based on preliminary tests using finer grids, which have not led to a noticeable change in the results;
instead, they have led to a substantial increase in the computing time
 Safae Hasnaoui et al. / Energy Procedia 139 (2017) 602–608 605
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3. Results and discussion

The results presented in this study are obtained in the case of a cavity heated and salted from opposite sides for
different values of Sr (-0.5, 0 and 0.5) combined to Du (-0.5, 0 and 0.5) and γ (-60°, -30°, 0, 30° and 60°). The effect
of Soret and Dufour parameters and the inclination angle on fluid flow and heat and mass transfer characteristics is
illustrated for  =  ,  = . ,  =  and  = .

3.1. Streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentration lines, heatlines and masslines

These structures obtained for  = Du = − 0.5 are illustrated in Figs. 2a and 2b corresponding respectively to
γ = −30° and 0°. The monocellular structure of the flow, observed for Du = Sr = 0 (not presented here), is still
conserved even in the presence of Soret and Dufour effects. However, its intensity undergoes a considerable
reduction. More precisely, for γ = 0°/(-30°), |Ψ | drops from 9.44/(4.94) to 5.74/(2.80) when the couple (Du, Sr)
passes from (0, 0) to (-0.5, -0.5). Also, the flow intensity is nearly halved when the inclination passes from 0° to -
30°. In fact, the inclination -30° puts the lightest fluid (i.e. the fluid located near the heated wall) at a higher altitude
compared with the heaviest fluid located near the cold wall. Such a situation reduces the strength of the buoyancy
forces, which leads to a reduction of the flow intensity. The most important changes undergone by the flow when
the cavity is tilted by -30° are observed near the centerline, parallel to the inactive walls. A little away from this
zone, we can see that the particles paths resembles somewhat to lozenges whose long sides are tilted with respect to
the inactive wall. The consequence of this new structure is clearly visible on the isotherms and iso-concentration
lines. In fact, the stratification of the isotherms and iso-concentrations observed a little away from the cavity
boundaries is not parallel to the inactive walls (as it is the case for γ = 0°) . As a result, the temperature and
concentration gradients parallel to the inactive walls are not cancelled outside the hydrodynamic boundary layer. In
these conditions, it is not expected to observe the classical thermal and solutal boundary layers in the cavity; this
will be clearly confirmed by the plot of the temperature and the concentration profiles (see the next paragraph). The
heatlines and masslines of Figs. 2 show clearly how heat and solute are transported from the heated wall towards the
cooled one. It is seen that the heat and solute are mainly extracted from the lower half of the left active wall and
evacuated through the upper half of the right active one. The presence of an inert zone (zone not contributing to
transport phenomena) occupying more than the half of the cavity (i.e. the zone of closed lines) results from the
relatively important effects of convective transport. Recall that, in the absence of convection, the inert zone
disappears and the heatlines and masslines consist of straight lines parallel to the inactive walls. A qualitative
comparison of the heatlines and masslines indicates that the paths followed by the solute resemble more the paths of
the fluid particles (a little away far from the solid boundaries). In fact, as the solutal diffusivity is lower than the
thermal one (Le > 1), convection affects more the solute transport. It should be noted that, in regions where
convection has dominant effects, the convective component of heat and/or solute flux is dominant. Hence, the
heatlines and/or masslines coincide with the trajectories of the fluid particles.

(a)

(b)

Fig. 2. From top to bottom: Streamlines, isotherms, iso-concentrations, heatlines and masslines for  =  = −0.5 ; γ = − 30° (a) and 0° (b).
606 Safae Hasnaoui et al. / Energy Procedia 139 (2017) 602–608
S. Hasnaoui et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000 5

3.2 Mid-height profiles

The influence of negative values of Soret and Dufour parameters are illustrated in Figs. 3a and 3b respectively for
velocity and temperature and concentration profiles at mid-height of the cavity ( = 0.5) for Ra = 105 and
 = 0° and − 30°. It is seen in Fig. 3a, that these negative values of the parameters Sr and Du lead to an important
attenuation of the extremum values of velocity and this, for both inclinations. In addition, for given values of Sr and
Du, the negative inclination engenders also a decrease of the extremum value of velocity in comparison with  = 0°.
Moreover, the velocity profile remains insensible to the cavity inclination and Soret and Dufour parameters in the
central part of the cavity where the velocity is almost cancelled. The situation is different in the case of the
temperature profile where it is seen in Fig. 3b that the inclination has a considerable effect on this profile while the
impact of the parameters Sr and Du is seen to be limited. In fact, for  = −30°, the effect of Soret and Dufour acts
slightly on the temperature profile by increasing more the temperature gradients near the vertical walls. From a
certain distance of the active walls, this effect decreases while approaching the center of the cavity. For  = 0°, the
temperature profile exhibits a boundary layer behavior in the presence and in the absence of the Soret and Dufour
effects but the latter improve the temperature gradients within the boundary layers zones. Outside the boundary
layer region, the Soret and Dufour effect disappears completely and the temperature profile becomes horizontal;
behavior characteristic of a classical thermal boundary layer. In the case of concentration, we note in the same figure
some similarity (to a certain limit) with the behavior of temperature vis-à-vis of the inclination and the Soret and
Dufour effect. In fact, for  = 0°, we observe also the existence of a boundary layer for concentration with a linear
but not horizontal profile outside the boundary layer region. In the latter region, we observe also that the
concentration profile is insensible to the Soret and Dufour effect. Finally, in the case of  = −30°, it is seen from
the profiles of Fig. 3b that the temperature and concentration variations are considerable even in the core region
(outside the velocity boundary layer). This result confirms the observations already formulated in the discussion of
Fig. 2.
100

80 γ=-30° γ =0° 1.0 1.0

Du=Sr=-0.5 S
60 Du=Sr=0 γ=-30° γ=0°
Du=Sr=-0.5
40 Du=Sr=0

20
V 0 T 0.5 0.5 S
-20

-40 T
γ=-30° γ=0°
-60
Du=Sr=-0.5
-80 (a) Du=Sr=0 (b)
0.0 0.0
-100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
X X
Fig 3: Profiles at mid-height of the cavity for various values of ,  and : (a) velocity and (b), temperature and concentration.

3.3 Concentration and temperature gradients

The profiles of the temperature and concentration gradients at mid-height of the enclosure are presented in Fig. 4.
These profiles show that the temperature and concentration gradients are too small in the core region compared to
the ones obtained in the vicinity of the active walls for zero inclination. However, for the inclination γ = -30°, we
can observe that the temperature gradient in the core is close to unity and it is about two to three times higher in the
vicinity of the active walls for the combination considered for the Soret and Dufour parameters. A similar trend is
observed for the concentration gradient but with an increase in the gap between the value obtained in the core and
that obtained at the active walls. This difference is mainly due to the ratio of thermal and solutal diffusivities which
is higher than unity (Le = 2). Another information to be deduced from Fig. 4 is the intensification of the temperature
 Safae Hasnaoui et al. / Energy Procedia 139 (2017) 602–608 607
6 S. Hasnaoui et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2017) 000–000

gradients under the Soret and Dufour effects for the combination Sr = Du = -0.5 for both γ = 0° and -30° inclinations
(in the case of the concentration gradient we observe a slight attenuation for -30°).
3.4 Mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers

The variations of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers with the inclination  are presented respectively in
Fig. 5 in the absence (Du = Sr = 0) and in the presence (Du = Sr = -0.5) of the Soret and Dufour effects. It is seen
that the variations of the inclination parameter  affect considerably/(weakly) the heat and mass transfers in the
range −60° ≤  ≤ 0°/(0° ≤  ≤ 60°). Quantitatively, Nu/(Sh) is multiplied by 4.3 /(0.9) when  passes from -60°
to 0°, while it changes only by 2% when  passes from 60° to 0°. The presence of the Soret and Dufour effects is
characterized by a considerable attenuation of heat and mass transfers. At  = 60° , for instance, the value of
Nu/(Sh) is divided by 1.68/1.52 when the couple (Du,Sr) passes from (0, 0) to (-0.5, -0.5). Note that the mass/(heat)
flux induced by the Soret/(Dufour) effect is opposite to the one induced by the concentration/(temperature) gradient
for negative value of Sr/(Du). This is why we observe an attenuation of the heat and mass under Soret and Dufour
effects in this study. Finally, it should be mentioned that the flow becomes unsteady periodic for  = 60°. For this
inclination, the data reported on the Nusselt and Sherwood figures are average values calculated over several flow
cycles.

1 1 10 10
Nu
0 0 8 Left Wall RightWall 8
Du=Sr=-0.5
-1 -1 6 Du=Sr=0 6

-2 -2 4 4
GT
-3 -3 2 2
γ=-30° γ=0°
GT -4 Du=Sr=-0.5 -4 GS Nu 0 Unsteady 0 Sh
Du=Sr=0
-5 -5 -2 -2

-6 -6 -4 -4
GS
Sh
γ=-30° γ=0° -6 Left Wall -6
-7 -7 RightWall
Du=Sr=-0.5 Du=Sr=-0.5
-8 Du=Sr=0 -8 -8 -8
Du=Sr=0
-9 -9 -10 -10
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 -60 -30 0 30 60
X γ

Fig 4. Temperature and concentration gradients at mid-height of Fig 5. Average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers variations, vs. γ on both
the cavity for various values of ,  and . vertical sides of the cavity for different values of  and .

Conclusions

Thermosolutal natural convection induced in an inclined cavity in the presence of Soret and Dufour effect is
studied numerically using a hybrid finite difference-Lattice Boltzmann method (FD-LBM). The latter was validated
successfully against classical methods based on the resolution of Navier-Stokes equations. The results presented
show that the combined effect of Soret and Dufour parameters and the inclination angle may lead to important
changes in the heat and mass transfer characteristics. An inclination of -30° combined with Sr = Du = -0.5 reduces
the flow intensity to one third and the Nu/Sh to almost 45%/(38%). In the meantime, an increase of the inclination in
the range 0° to 60° has no considerable effect on Nu and Sh.
608 Safae Hasnaoui
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