Title: Enhancing and Promoting Accident and Incident Investigations in

Oil and Gas Industry

ABSTRACT

Accidents and incidents in the oil and gas industry can have severe
consequences, necessitating effective investigation practices to identify root
causes and prevent future occurrences. This study investigates the promotion
and improvement of accident and incident investigations within the oil and gas
industry, focusing on gender-based perceptions and challenges. Conducted in
Rivers State, Nigeria, the research targeted oil workers from four prominent
companies: Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited, Belema
Oil Producing Ltd, Chevron Texaco Nigeria Limited, and Dominos Oil and Gas
Services. Adopting a cross-sectional design, data were gathered from 240 oil
workers, with equal representation from each company. The study employed
structured questionnaires to gather information on accident and incident
investigation practices, challenges faced, and potential areas for enhancement.
The instrument's reliability was established using Cronbach's Alpha (0.81),
ensuring its internal consistency and validity. Mean and standard deviation
were utilized to answer the research questions, while t-test was applied to test
the null hypotheses at a significance level of 0.05. The findings revealed
significant gender-based variations in perceptions related to the reporting
process, safety culture, communication of findings, and challenges hindering
investigations. The study identifies the need for tailored strategies, such as
gender-specific training and awareness programs, to address these disparities
effectively. Moreover, promoting diversity and inclusion within investigation
teams emerged as a crucial factor in conducting more comprehensive and
innovative investigations. The research contributes to a better understanding of
the current state of accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas
industry, shedding light on areas for improvement and the implementation of
targeted measures to enhance safety practices. The study's findings have
valuable implications for fostering a more inclusive and supportive work
environment, ultimately leading to safer and more effective accident and
incident investigations in the industry. However, the study acknowledges its
limitations and suggests further research with larger and diverse samples to
validate and extend the findings, ensuring comprehensive and sustainable
improvements in the industry's safety standards.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Declaration

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Table of Contents

List of Tables

List of Appendices

Abstract

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of Problem

1.3 Research questions

1.4 Objective of the study

1.5 Research hypotheses

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope of the study

1.8 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Framework

2.2 Conceptual Framework

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS

3.1 Introduction

3.1 Research design

3.2 Population and sampling

3.3 Sampling technique

3.4 Data Collection Procedure

3.5 Reliability of the instrument

3.6 Method of Data Collection

3.7 Method for data analysis

3.8 Decision Rule for Research Questions

3.9 Decision Rule for Research Hypothesis Testing

3.10 Ethical Consideration

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results

4.1.1 Test of hypothesis 1

4.1.2 Test of hypothesis 2

4.2 Discussion of findings

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

5.4 Limitation of Findings

5.3 Implication of Findings

5.4 Recommendations

5.5 Suggestions for further study

References

Appendices
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

The oil and gas industry, as a cornerstone of the global economy, plays a pivotal

role in meeting the ever-increasing energy demands of the modern world. This

industry encompasses a wide range of activities, including exploration, drilling,

production, refining, transportation, and distribution of petroleum and natural

gas resources. Despite its significance, the oil and gas industry is inherently

hazardous, posing various risks to human life, the environment, and assets

involved in the operations.

Accidents and incidents within the oil and gas sector can have severe

consequences, necessitating comprehensive investigations to determine their

root causes and prevent recurrence. Effective accident and incident

investigations are essential for learning from past experiences and implementing

preventive measures. However, the effectiveness of investigations has been

hindered by various challenges. One common obstacle is the lack of

standardized investigation protocols, which can lead to variations in

investigation quality and depth of analysis (Bensonch et al., 2022). In addition,

inadequate data collection methods and limited analytical tools can restrict the

understanding of accident causation (Ahmed, 2016).

In response to such challenges, accident and incident investigations have

become a crucial aspect of the industry's safety management systems. These

investigations aim to understand the sequence of events leading to an accident

or incident, identify the root causes, contributing factors, and systemic failures,

and recommend preventive measures to avoid recurrence.

Bensonch et al. (2022) conducted an analysis of safety climate factors and

safety compliance relationships in the oil and gas sector, shedding light on the

importance of safety culture and adherence to safety protocols. Ehiaguina

(2022) contributed to the field by developing evidence-based factors to enhance

safety behavior specifically in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, recognizing

the unique challenges faced in different geographical contexts. Additionally,

Ahmed (2016) focused on developing a health, safety, and environment (HSE)

performance review methodology tailored for the oil and gas industry in Libya.

These studies highlight the significance of safety research and the ongoing

efforts to improve safety practices and investigations in the oil and gas industry.

However, despite the recognized importance of accident and incident

investigations, several challenges have impeded their effectiveness. Hence, this

study intends to examine Enhancing and Promoting accident and incident

investigations in oil and gas industry.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Despite the importance of accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas

industry, there have been challenges in enhancing and promoting these

investigations effectively. These challenges might include a lack of standardized

investigation protocols, inadequate data collection methods, limited cooperation

among stakeholders, and the absence of a comprehensive approach to learning

from incidents to prevent recurrence. Addressing these challenges is essential to

continuously improve safety performance in the industry.

1.3 Research Questions

 What is the current state of accident and incident investigations in the oil

and gas industry?

 What are the major challenges and barriers that hinder effective accident

and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry?

 What best practices and lessons can be learned from successful accident

and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry?

1.4 Research Objectives

The primary objective of this research is to explore and propose strategies for

enhancing and promoting accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas

industry. Specific objectives include:

  To assess the current state of accident and incident investigations in the

oil and gas industry.

 To identify the major challenges and barriers hindering effective accident

and incident investigations.

 To explore best practices and lessons learned from successful accident

and incident investigations in the industry.

1.5 Research Hypotheses

In order to achieve the study objectives, the following hypothesis were

formulated and tested:

Hypothesis 1:

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between male and

female opinions regarding the current state of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between male

and female opinions regarding the current state of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Hypothesis 2:
Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between male and

female opinions on the key challenges and barriers hindering effective accident

and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between male

and female opinions on the key challenges and barriers hindering effective

accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This research focuses on accident and incident investigations adopting the

Nigerian oil and gas industry as a case study. It encompasses various types of

incidents, such as process-related accidents, occupational injuries,

environmental spills, and transportation-related incidents. The study will

involve a review of existing literature, case studies, interviews with industry

experts, and an analysis of relevant data.

1.7 Significance of the Study

The findings of this research will be valuable to Oil and Gas Companies,

regulatory authorities, workers and workforce and local communities. Firstly,

for oil and gas companies, the research outcomes can provide valuable insights

and recommendations to improve accident and incident investigations. By

implementing more effective investigation practices, companies can enhance

safety protocols, reduce workplace hazards, and ultimately protect the well-
being of their workforce. Additionally, improved investigations can lead to

better understanding of the root causes of accidents and incidents, enabling

companies to implement targeted preventive measures and thereby minimizing

downtime and operational disruptions.

Secondly, regulatory authorities can benefit from the study's findings by

developing more robust safety regulations and guidelines for incident

investigation. The research can serve as a basis for shaping regulatory policies

that address specific challenges faced by the industry, resulting in a safer

working environment overall.

Thirdly, for workers and the entire workforce, the study's recommendations can

have a profound impact on their safety and well-being. By promoting better

accident and incident investigations, the likelihood of recurrent incidents

decreases, instilling greater confidence and morale among employees, leading

to a more engaged and productive workforce.

Lastly, local communities stand to gain from the study's significance. By

reducing the frequency and severity of accidents and incidents in the oil and gas

industry, the research contributes to minimizing environmental damages and

potential harm to nearby communities. This can foster better relations between

industry stakeholders and the communities in which they operate.

1.7 Definition of Terms

For the purpose of this research, the following terms are defined as follows:

Accident: An unplanned and unforeseen event that results in damage, injury, or

loss.

Incident: An unplanned event or series of events that could have led to an

accident but did not result in injury, damage, or loss.

Investigation: The systematic process of gathering information, analyzing

evidence, and determining the causes and contributing factors of an accident or

incident.

Oil and Gas Industry: The sector involved in the exploration, extraction,

refining, transportation, and distribution of petroleum and natural gas resources.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter is concerned with a review of literature relevant to the study. It was

organized under the following subheadings: conceptual framework of the study

and theoretical framework.

2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1.1 Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation

The "Swiss Cheese Model of Accident Causation," proposed by James Reason

in 1990. The Swiss Cheese Model suggests that accidents are the result of

multiple layers of defenses (represented by slices of Swiss cheese) with inherent

holes that, when aligned, allow an accident to occur. The model identifies four

layers of defense: organizational influences, unsafe supervision, preconditions

for unsafe acts, and the unsafe acts themselves. Each layer consists of individual

and organizational factors that can either prevent or contribute to an accident.

In relation to this study, the Swiss Cheese Model provides a valuable theoretical

framework to analyze and understand the complexities of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry. By examining each layer of defense,

investigators can identify weaknesses and gaps in safety protocols and practices

that lead to accidents. Understanding the interplay between organizational

influences, such as safety culture and management commitment, and individual

factors like human error, fatigue, and competency, allows for a comprehensive

analysis of incident causation. Applying this model helps in developing targeted

strategies to enhance safety measures, fill the holes in the defense layers, and

prevent future accidents and incidents in the oil and gas industry. Additionally,

the Swiss Cheese Model aligns with the concept of a multidisciplinary approach

to investigations, as it encourages the consideration of various factors and their

interactions in accident causation, which is essential in promoting safety and

improving safety outcomes in the industry (Reason, 1990).

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2.2.1 An Overview of Nigeria's Oil and Gas Industry

Mineral exploration in Nigeria began in the early 1900s, when a German

company, the Nigerian Bitumen Corporation, obtained a license to exploit

bitumen deposits in the country's western region. This was followed by the

grant of an exclusive concession right to Shell D‟Arcy to explore and prospect

for oil in 1937 (Ofoh, 1992). From 1955, exploration licenses were granted to

other companies to search for oil primarily in areas surrendered by Shell in the

former Northern and Western regions. The first oil field was eventually

discovered in 1956 in the Niger Delta field of Oloibiri in the South-South

geopolitical zone in the former Eastern Nigeria, where the first commercial oil

and gas extraction took place in 1958.

Nigeria ranks among the top 10 nations in proved oil and natural gas reserves,

worldwide. As of January 1, 2009, the estimated crude oil and natural gas

reserves are, respectively, 36.2 billion barrels and 181.9 trillion cubic feet (tcf)

(OPEC Bulletin, 2008). Crude oil production has also expanded significantly,

growing from its initial daily output of about 5,100 barrels in 1956 to as high as

2.5 million barrels per day in the late 1970s. The aggregate crude liquids

petroleum production (oil, condensates and NGL) was about 1.98 million

barrels per day in 2008. This represents about 10.7 percent decline from daily

production of 2.2 million in 2007 due to persistent disturbances and crisis in the

Niger Delta (CBN, 2008). Continual investments and economic and policy

incentives have been instituted by the Federal government in an attempt to

increase Nigeria's proved oil reserves to 40 billion barrels and expand its

production capacity from 2.5 million barrel per day to between 3 and 4 million

barrels per day by 2010 and beyond. Subsequent to the massive investment in

deepwater by international companies, Nigeria has increased its oil reserves by

200 percent of its production since 1980. At the extraction levels, Nigeria's

reserves would provide for about 30 years of oil production in comparison to a

global average of 45 years (Iledare, 2008).

The number of international petroleum companies operating in Nigeria has

increased from a single producer (Shell BP) in 1958 to more than 24 producers

in 2007. The top four companies--Shell Petroleum Development Company

(Shell), ExxonMobil, Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) and Total (formerly Elf

Petroleum Nigeria Limited or EPNL)—accounted for nearly 83 percent of

Nigeria's total petroleum production in 2008, an indication that the Nigeria

petroleum industry is dominated by few international firms. The new players to

emerge in recent years include the Korean National Oil Company, Addax

Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, China National Oil Company,

Express Petroleum, Cavendish, AENR, Consolidated Oil Limited (Conoil), and

AMNI International (AMNI) (Ariweokuma, 2008).

In 1971, the Nigerian National Oil Company (NNOC), was incorporated "in

direct response to Organization of Petroleum Countries' (OPEC) calls for

member countries to establish national oil companies (NOCs), which would be

vehicles for state participation in the oil industry" (Omoregbe, 2003). Since

then, Nigeria has remained a key member of OPEC, producing the

organization's longest-serving secretary-general, Dr. Rilwanu Lukman, from

1995-2000. In the aftermath of the 1973 oil embargo and the sudden

quadrupling of crude oil prices, Nigeria became a significant player in the

international crude oil market as a net exporter of crude oil and the conduct of

the oil and gas industry in Nigeria changed. That year, the Federal Government

of Nigeria (FGN) invoked the first participation agreement and acquired a 35

percent equity interest in all the oil and gas companies operating in Nigeria in

the form of joint venture agreements. The equity interest was increased to 55
percent in 1974 in the aftermath of OPEC resolutions mandating its member

countries to acquire majority participating interests in petroleum ventures in all

member countries. In 1977, NNOC was replaced with a new National Oil

Company called the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). NNPC

was formally restructured to facilitate the effective management of the oil and

gas industry in general and, more specifically, of the government's equity

interest in the joint ventures with international oil companies.

Over the years, the Nigerian oil and gas sector has dominated merchandise

exports. Oil revenue from exports grew from $718 million to $9.4 billion from

1970 to 1978 but declined dramatically from a high of $25 billion in 1980 to

$4.7 billion in 1986 as a result of the crude oil price collapse. The vulnerability

of the economy to oil price instability has also been costly in terms of revenue

fluctuation, income distortions, and fiscal indiscipline. In 2008 total oil export

receipts for Nigeria were about $75 billion dollars, which represents about 98.8

percent of total exports for the year. Yet, the oil and gas sectors share of GDP in

Nigeria declined from 47.7 percent in 2000 to just 25 percent in 2005 and 22

percent in 2006. A recent World Bank estimate shows that the contribution of

the oil sector to GDP is still low at 28.4 percent (Okonjo-Iweala, 2009).

The petroleum sector has also dominated governmental fiscal revenues. Of

Nigeria's 36 States, only nine are classified as oil and gas producers. The nine

States are located in the three southern geopolitical zones—Southwest, South-

South (Niger Delta), and the Southeast. The six producing States in the South-

South geopolitical zone and their adjacent offshore-Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers,

Akwa Ibom, Cross River, and Edo States—accounted for 91.5 percent of the

gross oil production but only 15 percent of the total population. Ondo State in

the Southwest zone and Imo and Abia States in the Southeast zone are the other

producing States and these three States accounted for about 8.5 percent of total

oil production in 2008. Rivers State accounted for about 36.9 percent of total oil

and gas production in Nigeria, followed by Akwa Ibom State, which accounted

for about 21.2 percent of production. In the late 1990s, the majority of oil and

gas production was from onshore and shallow water fields (Okonjo-Iweala,

2009).

2.2.2 Historical Overview of Accident Investigations in the Oil and Gas

Industry

The historical overview of accident investigations in the oil and gas industry

reveals a series of significant incidents that have shaped safety practices over

the years. One landmark event that had a profound impact on safety regulations

and industry standards was the Deepwater Horizon disaster in 2010. The

explosion and subsequent oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico resulted in the loss of

11 lives and massive environmental damage. The incident exposed critical

shortcomings in the industry's safety protocols and prompted a thorough

investigation by the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board

(CSB) to identify the root causes and contributing factors. Another pivotal

incident in the history of the industry was the Piper Alpha platform explosion in

the North Sea in 1988. This tragedy resulted in the loss of 167 lives and

highlighted the importance of robust safety management systems and

emergency response procedures in offshore operations. Similarly, the Texas

City Refinery explosion in 2005 demonstrated the consequences of

organizational culture, human errors, and inadequate maintenance practices.

These incidents and their subsequent investigations led to the implementation of

more stringent safety regulations, the introduction of safety management

systems, and a greater emphasis on the importance of proactive safety measures

in the oil and gas industry (CSB, 2011; UK Health and Safety Executive, 1990;

US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, 2007).

2.2.3 Best Practices in Accident and Incident Investigations

Best practices in accident and incident investigations are critical for improving

safety performance and preventing future occurrences in the oil and gas

industry. Several key strategies have emerged from successful investigations

that have demonstrated positive results:

Thorough Data Collection and Analysis: Conducting a comprehensive and

systematic collection of data is fundamental to any accident investigation.

Gathering information on equipment, procedures, human factors, and

environmental conditions allows investigators to understand the sequence of

events leading to the incident. Advanced data analysis techniques, such as root

cause analysis and barrier analysis, help identify the underlying causes and

potential gaps in safety protocols (Hopkins, 2009).

Multidisciplinary Approach: Adopting a multidisciplinary approach in

investigations brings together experts from various fields, including

engineering, safety, human factors, and operational disciplines. This diverse

expertise ensures a holistic understanding of the incident and prevents a narrow

focus on a single cause. Collaborative investigations provide valuable insights

and promote a more comprehensive set of preventive measures (European

Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2010).

Safety Culture and Communication: Establishing a strong safety culture is

essential for promoting open communication and reporting of incidents without

fear of reprisal. Organizations that prioritize safety and empower employees to

report hazards and incidents create an environment of continuous learning and

improvement. Transparent communication channels facilitate the dissemination

of lessons learned and best practices (Hudson, 2007).

Training and Competency Development: Investing in training programs that

enhance the skills and competencies of the workforce contributes to accident

prevention. Properly trained employees are better equipped to identify potential

risks, follow safety protocols, and respond effectively to emergencies. Ongoing

training ensures that workers stay updated with the latest safety procedures and

industry best practices (International Association of Oil & Gas Producers,

2018).

Integration of Technology: Leveraging technological advancements, such as

digital data management systems, IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, and real-

time monitoring, can significantly improve accident investigations. These

technologies enable rapid data capture, enhance situational awareness, and

provide valuable insights into operational processes and potential hazards.

Integrating technology supports timely and effective decision-making in critical

situations (Schmidt, 2012).

Incident Reporting and Learning: Encouraging a culture of reporting

incidents without blame allows organizations to learn from mistakes and adapt

preventive measures. Establishing an incident reporting system that focuses on

learning rather than punishment encourages employees to come forward with

valuable information. Capturing lessons learned from investigations and

disseminating them across the organization ensures continuous improvement

(HSE, 2001).

2.2.4 Challenges in Accident and Incident Investigations

Accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry encounter

several challenges that can impede their effectiveness. One critical challenge is

the issue of inadequate data collection and analysis. As emphasized by Ahmed

(2016), the complex and dynamic nature of the industry demands meticulous

data gathering to understand accident causation fully. However, incomplete or

inaccurate data can hinder investigators from identifying the root causes and

contributing factors of incidents, preventing them from developing

comprehensive preventive measures. Another significant challenge lies in

stakeholder cooperation and information sharing during investigations.

Ehiaguina (2022) highlights that conflicts of interest or concerns about

confidentiality may hinder the seamless exchange of critical information

between relevant parties, thus limiting the depth of investigation and potentially

obscuring vital insights. Moreover, learning from incidents remains a persistent

challenge in the industry. As underlined by Bensonch et al. (2022), it is crucial

to treat incidents as learning opportunities and implement necessary changes in

safety protocols to prevent recurrence. Failure to learn from past incidents can

lead to a repetitive cycle of accidents and incidents, perpetuating risks and

vulnerabilities. Addressing these challenges is paramount to enhancing accident

and incident investigations and ultimately fostering a safer working

environment within the oil and gas industry.

 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the methodology used to conduct the research on

enhancing and promoting accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas

industry. The research was carried out in Rivers State, Nigeria, and targeted oil

workers from four prominent oil companies, namely Shell Petroleum

Development Company of Nigeria Limited, BelemaOil Producing Ltd,

Chevron Texaco Nigeria Limited, and Dominos Oil and Gas Services.

3.2 Research Design

The research adopted a cross-sectional design to gather data from a diverse

group of oil workers representing different companies in the industry. The use

of a cross-sectional design allowed for a snapshot of the current state of

accident and incident investigations in the selected companies. This design is

particularly suitable for identifying patterns, trends, and relationships in the

data collected.

3.3 Study Population and Sampling

The target population for this research was oil workers employed in the four

selected oil companies in Rivers State, Nigeria. The accessible population

included all eligible oil workers within the selected companies. A total of 240

oil workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Sixty workers

were chosen from each company to ensure equal representation.

3.4 Sampling Technique

A random sampling technique was used to select the respondents from each oil

company. The random sampling method ensured that every eligible worker had

an equal chance of being selected. This approach helps to minimize bias and

increase the generalizability of the findings to the larger population of oil

workers in Rivers State.

3.4.1 Inclusion Criteria

To be eligible for participation, oil workers had to meet the following criteria:

 Currently employed by one of the four selected oil companies

 Willingness to participate in the study

3.5 Data Collection Procedure

The primary data collection method employed in this study was the use of

structured questionnaires. Questionnaires were designed to gather information

on accident and incident investigation practices, challenges faced, and potential

areas for improvement. The questionnaire was divided into sections, including

demographics, accident and incident reporting, investigation processes, safety

culture, and suggestions for enhancement.

The questionnaire was developed based on a comprehensive review of existing

literature, best practices, and industry standards related to accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas sector. It was designed to be clear, concise, and

easily understandable by the respondents. Pilot testing was conducted on a

small group of oil workers to ensure clarity and validity.

3.6 Method of Data Collection

The questionnaires were distributed to the selected oil workers by the research

team. Prior arrangements were made with the management of each oil

company to facilitate the data collection process. The research team provided

explanations of the study objectives, assured confidentiality, and obtained

informed consent from each participant.

The questionnaire was administered by the researcher to the respondents which

are the workers and was retrieved at the spot. This ensured 100% return rate of

the instrument.

3.7 Reliability of the Instrument

Cronchba Alpha Technique was utilized to establish the reliability co-efficient

of the instrument which stood at .81on the basis that the instrument was reliable

enough to measure the variable of the study.

3.8 Data Analysis

Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while

the null hypothesis were tested at .05 alpha level of significance using t-test.

3.9 Decision Rule for Research Questions

1-1.49- Strongly Disagree (SD)

1.50-2.49- Disagree (D)

2.50-3.49- Agree (A)

3.50-4.00- Strongly Agree (SA)

3.10 Decision Rule for Research Hypothesis Testing

Reject Ho if the calculated t value is greater than the table value otherwise the

Ho is retained.

3.11 Ethical Consideration

The researcher ensured that respondents participated voluntarily and received

the informed consent of participants to ensure ethical standards. Respondents

had the right to opt out at any point in time without giving the researcher

advance notice. To maintain anonymity, the respondents were not obliged to

write their names on the survey.

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

This chapter was dedicated to the presentation of the result from analysis based

on the field survey conducted. It was organized under the following sub-

headings: Demographic variable of respondent, presentation of results,

discussion of results and summary of findings.

4.1. Presentation of Results

4.1.1 Demographic Variable of Respondents

Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents based on Gender

Categories Frequency Percent

Male 120 50

Female 120 50

Total 240 100

Table 4.1 above presents the distribution of respondents based on gender.

It shows that out of the total of 240 respondents, 120 respondents (50%)are

male while female are 120 respondents (50%).

Table 4.2: Age of Respondents

Table 4.2: Distribution of Respondents based on Age

 Categories Frequency Percent

18-29 Years 104 43

30-44 Years 96 40

45 and above 40 17

Total 240 100

Table 4.2 presents the age distribution of the respondents. This table

suggests that the majority of respondents, comprising 43% of the total, fall

within the 18-29 age range. The next largest group is those aged 30-44,

representing 40% of the respondents. The smallest group is individuals aged 45

and above, accounting for 17% of the respondents.

4.2 Answering of Research Questions

4.2.1 Research Question 1

What is the current state of accident and incident investigations in the oil and

gas industry?

Table 4.3: Analysis of mean and standard deviation of the current state of

accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry?.

S/N Items

M F M F Male Female

1 The accident and incident 2.87 2.07 0.92 0.84 Agreed Disagreed

reporting process in my

company is well-

established and easy to

follow

2 The company promptly 2.75 2.56 0.94 0.96 Agreed Agreed

conducts thorough

investigations following

accidents and incidents to

identify root causes.

3 There is a strong safety 2.59 2.33 1.28 0.92 Agreed Disagreed

culture in my company,

which encourages
 employees to report

incidents without fear of

reprisals

4 My company emphasizes 2.46 3.20 0.96 1.04 Disagreed Agreed

learning from accidents

and incidents to

implement preventive

measures and improve

safety performance

5 The findings and 2.07 2.36 0.84 0.76 Disagreed Disagreed

recommendations from

accident and incident

investigations are

communicated effectively

to all relevant personnel in

my company

N= 240 Decision Rule = 2.50 Average mean = 2.55 2.50

Table 4.3 above presents a comparative analysis of male and female

respondents' opinions on the current state of accident and incident investigations

in the oil and gas industry. Several key aspects were evaluated. Male
respondents generally agreed that the accident and incident reporting process in

their companies is well-established and easy to follow, whereas female

respondents expressed disagreement with this statement. Both genders shared a

consensus that their companies promptly conduct thorough investigations

following accidents to identify root causes. However, there was a disparity in

perceptions regarding the existence of a strong safety culture; males agreed,

while females disagreed. Another significant difference emerged concerning the

emphasis on learning from accidents and incidents to improve safety

performance, with males disagreeing and females agreeing. Furthermore, both

male and female respondents disagreed on the effectiveness of communication

regarding investigation findings and recommendations to relevant personnel.

These findings highlight gender-based variations in perceptions and underscore

the need for targeted improvements to enhance accident and incident

investigation practices in the oil and gas industry.

4.2.2 Research Question 2

What are the major challenges and barriers that hinder effective accident and

incident investigations in the oil and gas industry?

Table 4.4: Analysis of Mean and Standard Deviation of the challenges and

barriers that hinder effective accident and incident investigations in the oil

and gas industry

Items

M F M F Male Female

1 External pressures, 3.44 2.33 0.89 0.92 Agreed Disagreed

such as legal

concerns and public

relations issues, often

influence the

objectivity of

accident and incident

investigations

2 The process for 3.20 2.19 1.04 0.83 Agreed Disagreed

sharing investigation

findings and

implementing

corrective actions is
 not efficient and

timely

3 There is a lack of 2.46 3.08 0.96 0.91 Disagreed Agreed

proper training and

expertise among the

investigation teams,

leading to incomplete

or inaccurate

investigations

4 The organizational 2.22 2.56 0.96 0.88 Disagreed Agreed

culture in my

company discourages

open communication

and learning from

accidents and

incidents

5 There is a reluctance 2.43 2.36 0.89 0.96 Disagreed Disagreed

among employees to

report incidents due

to fear of disciplinary

action or job
 insecurity.

N= 240 Decision Rule = 2.50 Average mean = M (2.75) & F

( 2.51)

Table 4.4 presents a comparative analysis of male and female respondents'

views on challenges and barriers hindering effective accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry. The findings reveal notable

differences in opinions between the two genders on various aspects. Male

respondents generally agreed that external pressures, such as legal concerns and

public relations issues, significantly influence the objectivity of accident and

incident investigations. They also expressed agreement with the inefficiency

and untimeliness of sharing investigation findings and the presence of

inadequate training and expertise among investigation teams. Conversely,

female respondents disagreed with the influence of external pressures and

perceived the process of sharing findings as inefficient and untimely. They also

concurred that a lack of proper training and expertise exists among investigation

teams. Both genders disagreed on the organizational culture discouraging open

communication and learning from accidents and incidents and the reluctance of

employees to report incidents due to fear of disciplinary action or job insecurity.

These findings highlight gender-based variations in perceptions and provide

valuable insights into specific areas that necessitate attention to enhance the

effectiveness of accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

4.2.3 Research Question 3:

What best practices and lessons can be learned from successful accident and

incident investigations in the oil and gas industry?

Table 4.5: Analysis of Mean and Standard Deviation on best practices and

lessons learned from successful accident and incident investigations in the

oil and gas industry

Items

M F M F Male Female

1 In successful 3.83 2.96 1.75 0.96 Agreed Agreed

accident and incident

investigations, a

strong emphasis is

placed on identifying

underlying root

causes rather than

focusing solely on

immediate factors

2 Timely 2.26 3.12 0.89 1.02 Disagreed Agreed

 communication of

investigation findings

to all relevant

stakeholders is a

crucial aspect of

successful accident

and incident

investigations.

3 Effective accident 3.17 2.07 0.96 0.91 Agreed Disagreed

and incident

investigations

involve a

multidisciplinary

team with diverse

expertise to

thoroughly examine

all aspects of the

event

4 Technology, such as 2.67 2.43 0.94 0.79 Agreed Disagreed

data analytics and

simulation tools,
 plays a significant

role in successful

accident and incident

investigations in the

oil and gas industry

5 A just and blame-free 2.38 2.75 0.88 0.93 Disagreed Agreed

safety culture is

cultivated in

companies with

successful accident

and incident

investigations,

encouraging

employees to report

incidents without fear

of reprisals.

N= 240 Decision Rule = 2.50 Average mean = M (2.86) & F

( 2.57)

Table 4.5 presents a comparative analysis of male and female respondents'

viewpoints on best practices and lessons learned from successful accident and
incident investigations in the oil and gas industry. Both genders agreed on the

significance of identifying underlying root causes rather than solely focusing on

immediate factors in successful investigations. However, disparities emerged in

perceptions regarding other aspects. Male respondents emphasized the

importance of timely communication of investigation findings, while female

respondents stressed the value of involving a multidisciplinary team with

diverse expertise. Moreover, male respondents recognized the role of

technology in successful investigations, whereas females saw a just and blame-

free safety culture as vital. These findings offer valuable insights into gender-

based variations in perceptions and provide guidance for enhancing accident

and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry. Attention to

communication strategies, team composition, technological integration, and

cultivating a supportive safety culture can contribute to improved investigation

practices for both genders.

4.3 Testing of Hypothesis

4.3.1 Hypotheses One

 Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between male and

female opinions regarding the current state of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between male

and female opinions regarding the current state of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Table 4.6: T-test analysis of Male and Female workers regarding the

current state of accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas

industry

Variable N x SD Df t-cal t-crit Decision

Male 120 11.93 4.92

Current state of 238 3.27 1.65 Rejected

accident and incident

investigations 120 10.01 4.08

Female

Here the calculated value of 3.37 is greater than the critical value of 1.65 at 0.05

level of significance of 238 degree of freedom, hence the null hypothesis is

rejected. This implies that there is a significant difference between male and
 female opinions regarding the current state of accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry.

4.3.2 Hypotheses Two

Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant difference between male and

female opinions on the major challenges and barriers hindering effective

accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a significant difference between male

and female opinions on the major challenges and barriers hindering effective

accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

Table 4.7: T-test Analysis of Male and Female workers regarding the

major challenges and barriers hindering effective accident and incident

investigations in the oil and gas industry

Variable N x SD Df t-cal t-crit Decision

Male 120 13.28 4.33

Major challenges and 238 5.92 1.65 Rejected

barriers hindering

effective accident and 120 10.42 3.05

incident investigations
Female

Here the calculated value of 5.92 is greater than the critical value of 1.65 at 0.05

level of significance of 238 degree of freedom, hence the null hypothesis is

rejected. This implies that there is a significance difference between male and

female opinions on the major challenges and barriers hindering effective

accident and incident investigations in the oil and gas industry.

4.4 Discussion of Results

This study examined Enhancing and Promoting accident and incident

investigations in oil and gas industry. From the distribution of respondents

based on gender (Table 4.1), it was evident that the sample size was evenly split

between male and female participants, ensuring a balanced representation of

both genders in the study.

The analysis of the responses to Research Question 1 (current state of accident

and incident investigations) presented in Table 4.3 highlighted notable

differences in perceptions between male and female respondents. Male

participants generally agreed that the accident and incident reporting process in

their companies was well-established and easy to follow. In contrast, female

respondents expressed disagreement with this statement, indicating a potential

need for streamlining and improving the reporting process to address gender-

specific concerns. Both genders shared a consensus that their companies

conduct thorough investigations following accidents, emphasizing the

importance of investigation practices within the industry.

However, significant gender-based differences emerged in perceptions related

to safety culture, learning from accidents, and communication of investigation

findings (Table 4.4). Male respondents agreed on the existence of a strong

safety culture, encouraging employees to report incidents without fear of

reprisals. In contrast, female respondents disagreed with this aspect, suggesting

that female employees may perceive certain barriers to open reporting.

Similarly, male and female respondents differed in their perceptions of learning

from accidents to implement preventive measures and improve safety

performance, with males disagreeing and females agreeing. Moreover, both

genders disagreed on the effectiveness of communicating investigation findings

and recommendations to relevant personnel, indicating potential communication

gaps within organizations.

Moving on to Research Question 2 (major challenges and barriers hindering

effective investigations), the comparative analysis of responses in Table 4.5

further underscored gender-based variations. Male respondents agreed that

external pressures, such as legal concerns and public relations issues, often

influenced the objectivity of investigations. Conversely, female respondents

disagreed, indicating a potential difference in how external influences are

perceived and managed based on gender. Both genders disagreed on the impact

of organizational culture discouraging open communication and the reluctance

of employees to report incidents, highlighting the need for fostering a more

inclusive and supportive culture to encourage reporting and learning from

incidents.

Addressing Research Question 3 (best practices and lessons learned from

successful investigations), Table 4.6 presented interesting insights into gender-

based perceptions. While both genders agreed on the importance of identifying

underlying root causes in successful investigations, they differed in other

aspects. Male respondents emphasized the significance of timely

communication of investigation findings to relevant stakeholders, while female

respondents stressed the value of involving a multidisciplinary team with

diverse expertise. Furthermore, male participants recognized the role of

technology, such as data analytics and simulation tools, in successful

investigations, while females identified the cultivation of a just and blame-free

safety culture as essential.

The observed variations indicate the need for gender-specific strategies to

enhance reporting processes, safety culture, communication, and team

composition. Understanding these differences can lead to more inclusive and

effective safety practices, fostering a safer and more secure work environment

for all employees in the industry. However, it is important to acknowledge the

limitations of the study, including the self-reported nature of responses and the

relatively small sample size, which may limit the generalizability of the
findings. Further research with larger and diverse samples is recommended to

validate and expand upon these results.

CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter was organized under the following sub-headings: conclusion,

implication of findings, recommendation, and suggestion for further study.

5.1 Conclusion

The study on Enhancing and Promoting accident and incident investigations in

oil and gas industry sheds light on critical areas that require attention to foster a

safer and more inclusive work environment. The findings highlight significant

differences in the way male and female employees perceive various aspects of

investigations, including the reporting process, safety culture, communication of

findings, and challenges hindering effective investigations. These variations

underscore the importance of recognizing and addressing gender-specific

concerns to enhance safety practices. To this end, companies should develop

targeted strategies that encompass gender-specific training and awareness

programs to promote a deeper understanding of safety protocols and incident

reporting.

Additionally, fostering diverse and inclusive investigation teams can lead to

more comprehensive and innovative investigations, as members from different

backgrounds contribute unique perspectives. By embracing gender diversity and

inclusivity in safety initiatives, the oil and gas industry can bridge gaps in

perceptions and create a workplace culture that encourages open

communication, learning from incidents, and continuous improvement.

Nevertheless, the study's limitations should be considered, and further research

with larger and more diverse samples is recommended to validate and extend

these conclusions, ultimately contributing to safer and more effective accident

and incident investigations in the industry.

5.2 Limitations of Study

 The study's findings are based on self-reported responses, which may be

subject to bias or inaccuracies.

 The sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings to a larger

population.

 Other factors beyond gender might also influence respondents'

perceptions and should be considered in future studies.

5.3 Implications of Findings

The implications of the study are of significant importance for enhancing safety

practices within the oil and gas sector. The identified gender-specific variations

in perceptions underscore the need for tailored strategies to address the distinct

concerns and preferences of male and female employees. By recognizing and

addressing these differences, companies can create more inclusive and effective

safety initiatives. Understanding that male respondents perceived a strong safety

culture more positively than females suggests the importance of fostering an

environment that encourages open reporting and learning from incidents for

both genders.
Moreover, the observed disparities in communication effectiveness and team

composition between males and females highlight the necessity of

implementing targeted improvements to ensure comprehensive and timely

dissemination of investigation findings and the involvement of diverse expertise

in investigations. Embracing diversity in safety practices can lead to better

safety outcomes, higher reporting rates, and a more supportive work

environment for all employees in the oil and gas industry. Nevertheless, it is

crucial to acknowledge the study's limitations, such as the reliance on self-

reported responses and the relatively small sample size, which call for further

research with larger and more diverse samples to corroborate and expand upon

these implications,

5.4 Recommendations

To bridge the gaps in perceptions identified between male and female

respondents regarding accident and incident investigations, companies in the oil

and gas industry should implement gender-specific training and awareness

programs. These programs can be designed to address gender-related concerns

and promote a better understanding of the importance of safety culture, incident

reporting, and effective communication within the organization. By tailoring the

training to cater to the specific needs and preferences of each gender, companies

can foster a more inclusive and supportive environment, encouraging active

participation from all employees in reporting incidents and learning from them.
Furthermore, to promote more comprehensive and well-rounded accident and

incident investigations, companies should focus on building diverse and

inclusive investigation teams. Diverse teams with members from various

backgrounds, experiences, and perspectives can bring fresh insights and

approaches to problem-solving. By including individuals from different

genders, ethnicities, and professional backgrounds, organizations can create a

dynamic environment that encourages innovative thinking and the thorough

examination of all aspects of incidents. Moreover, fostering an inclusive culture

within these teams, where all members' voices are heard and respected, can

contribute to a more open and effective communication process during

investigations.

By incorporating these recommendations, the oil and gas industry can strive

towards improving accident and incident investigations, enhancing safety

practices, and ultimately ensuring a safer working environment for everyone

involved.

5.5 Suggestions for Further Studies

 Conducting larger-scale studies with diverse samples to validate and

generalize the findings.

 Exploring the influence of other demographic factors on accident and

incident investigation perceptions.

 Investigating the impact of gender diversity within investigation teams on

the quality and effectiveness of accident investigations.

 Examining the correlation between gender-specific perceptions and safety

performance outcomes in the oil and gas industry.

REFERENCE

Ahmed, G. A. (2016). Development of a health safety and environment (HSE)

performance review. Methodology for the oil and gas industry in Libya

(Doctoral dissertation, University of Bradford).

Basil, Aand Vitus, C (2010) Distortions in the Nigerian Oil & Gas Industry: A

Theoretical Perspective; Paper presented at the 50th Annual Conference

of the Nigerian Economic Society, Abuja, Nigeria.

Bensonch, C., Argyropoulos, C. D., Dimopoulos, C., Mikellidou, C. V., &

Boustras, G. (2022). Analysis of safety climate factors and safety

compliance relationships in the oil and gas industry. Safety science, 151,

105744.

Ehiaguina, E. (2022). Development of Evidence Based Factors to Enhance

Safety Behaviour in Oil and Gas Industry in the Niger Delta Region of

Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Manchester Metropolitan University).

Garba,A.G (2000) Deregulation of the Petroleum Industry in the context of

globalization and Nigeria‘s external debt. Paper prepared for presentation

at One-Day Seminar of the Nigerian Economic Society (NES), held on

April 18, 2000 at the Federal Palace Hotel, Victoria Island, Lagos.

Odularu, G (2008). Crude oil and the Nigerian economy

performance.http://ogbus.ru/eng/. Oil and gas business 2008.Dept of

 Economics and Development Studies, covenant university, Ota Ogun

State Nigeria.

Ofoh, E(1992).Trends in Production -Sharing Contracts in Nigeria.Oil and Gas

Economics, Finance and Management Conference.London: SPE # 24242-

MS.

Omoregbe, Y.(2003). Oil and Gas Law in Nigeria. Lagos: Malthouse Press.

OPEC Bulletin. (2008). Retrieved from Origination of Petroleum Exporting

Countries: www.opec.org.

Wumi, I and Rotimi S (2010) The management of oil and oil and gas in federal

systems black auditorium the world bank, Washington,D.C. march 3rd

and 4th, 2010 organized by the world bank and the forum of federations,

with sponsorship from norad oil and gas resources in the federal republic

of Nigeria
QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

SECTION A: DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES

Gender: M[ ] F [ ]

Age: 18-29 [ ] 30-44 [ ] 45 Years and above [ ]

Instruction: This questionnaire is divided into three (3) sections for easy

understanding. Each section is structured to provide a conviction on enhancing

and promoting accident and incident investigations in oil and gas industry

You are requested to tick ( ) the option that best describe your opinion on

“enhancing and promoting accident and incident investigations in oil and gas

industry”

The level of requirement is represented as follows

Strongly Agreed - SA

Agreed - S

Disagreed - D

Strongly Disagreed - SD

CHOICE ITEMS
A SN A D SD

1 The accident and incident reporting process in my

company is well-established and easy to follow

2 The company promptly conducts thorough

investigations following accidents and incidents to

identify root causes.

3 There is a strong safety culture in my company,

which encourages employees to report incidents

without fear of reprisals

4 My company emphasizes learning from accidents

and incidents to implement preventive measures and

improve safety performance

5 The findings and recommendations from accident

and incident investigations are communicated

effectively to all relevant personnel in my company

1 External pressures, such as legal concerns and public

relations issues, often influence the objectivity of

accident and incident investigations

2 The process for sharing investigation findings and

implementing corrective actions is not efficient and

timely

3 There is a lack of proper training and expertise

among the investigation teams, leading to

incomplete or inaccurate investigations

4 The organizational culture in my company

discourages open communication and learning from

accidents and incidents

5 There is a reluctance among employees to report

incidents due to fear of disciplinary action or job

insecurity.

1 In successful accident and incident investigations, a

strong emphasis is placed on identifying underlying

root causes rather than focusing solely on immediate

factors

2 Timely communication of investigation findings to

all relevant stakeholders is a crucial aspect of

successful accident and incident investigations.

3 Effective accident and incident investigations

involve a multidisciplinary team with diverse

expertise to thoroughly examine all aspects of the

event

4 Technology, such as data analytics and simulation

tools, plays a significant role in successful accident

and incident investigations in the oil and gas

industry

5 A just and blame-free safety culture is cultivated in

companies with successful accident and incident

investigations, encouraging employees to report

incidents without fear of reprisals.