CHAPTER 7

MEASURES OF RELATIONSHIP/CORRELATION

Often we make statements of association/connection between two variables.

For instance, we sometimes assume that if an individual is good in English, then it is
most likely that he is also good in other subjects or vice versa. If we see a tall man,
we would infer that he is heavy, thereby assuming that height is associated with
weight. Nonetheless, these are simple guesses which need to be verified by
subjecting data to measures of relationship/correlation. This chapter presents a few
measures of relationship which are still classified under descriptive statistics.

At least four measures of relationship are presented in this chapter. These are
as follows:
a. Spearman's Formula or Rank-Difference Method
b. Product-Moment Method (using the mean deviation method)
c. Product-Moment Method (using the assumed mean method)
d. Pearson "r" Correlation

Spearman's Formula or Rank-Difference Method

As the name implies, this method of determining the degree of relationship

between two variables depends on ranks obtained by the cases in both variables.
This method is very much appropriate for small groups.

The formula for the Rank-Difference Method is as follows:

where p = rho (or r)

= sum of the squared differences in ranks
N = number of cases
Example: Below are scores of seven pupils in Math and Science. On the basis of
these scores, determine the relationship, if any, between the two variables.

Pupil A B C D E F G
Math Score 37 45 78 80 65 80 64
Science Score 49 67 75 75 35 78 55

Solution:
Scale of Interpretation for the "r":

As "r" of .00 -- + .20 denotes negligible relationship/correlation

+ .21 -- + .40 denotes low or slight relationship/correlation
+ .41-- + .70 denotes marked or substantial relationship p/correlation
+ .71-- + .84 denotes high relationship/correlation
+ .85 -- + .99 denotes very high relationship/correlation
+1.00 denotes perfect relationship/correlation

Product-Moment Method Using the Actual Mean Deviation

This measure of relationship is, likewise, good for small groups.

Formula:

Example: Determine the relationship between the two variables. X and Y.

Product-Moment Method Using the Assumed Mean Deviation

Formula:
Using the previous example, here is the solution for the product-moment method

applying the assumed mean deviation:

Name: Donna Kris Valdez Course: Med-English

Exercise A

Determine the relationship between the two variables, X and Y, using the
three methods---Spearman's Formu la, Product-Moment Method
(Actual Mean Deviation), Product-Moment Method (Assumed Mean
Deviation)

X (Ht.) Y(Wt)