1) Symmetrical about x-axis y 2  4ax

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2) a b x x a
lim log  
x 0 x b
3) Saddle Points rt-s2 < 0

4) Symmetrical about y-axis x 2  4ay

5) 2 
  1 
  2  
  
6) 2
2

 sin x dx 4
0
7) 1 1 
 , 
2 2
8) 2 2/3
3
 sin x dx
0
9) Clairaut’s Equation y  px  f p
10) Exact N M

x y
11) x 2
 
 5y dx  5x  y2 dy  0  Exact
12) dy Bernoulli’s equation
 py  Qyn
dx
13) Integrating factor e  pdx
14) P.I of (D 2  16) y  cos 4x x sin 8x
8

The degree of y' y  1  y'y'

15) 2 2 1
16) Cauchy’s linear Equation d2y dy
ax 2  bx  cy  f (x)
dx 2 dx
17) F   Irrotational
18)  r 3
19)  Gauss theorem
   F dv   F  n ds
V S
20) 
 F  dr     F    Stokes theorem
C S n ds