Materials Research Express

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Elimination of Global Warming Gas Emissions by Utilizing High Reactive

Metakaolin in High Strength Concrete for Eco-friendly Protection.
To cite this article before publication: K. Naveen Kumar et al 2023 Mater. Res. Express in press https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/acead8

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Page 1 of 12 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2

1
2
Elimination of Global Warming Gas Emissions by
3
4 Utilizing High Reactive Metakaolin in High Strength
5
6
7
Concrete for Eco-friendly Protection
Received xxxxxx
8 Accepted for publication xxxxxx

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9 Published xxxxxx
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11
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K.Naveen Kumar1, R.Divahar2, Mohit Gupta3, P.S.Aravind Raj2, S.P.Sangeetha2 and P.S.Joanna4
13 1
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation, Salem, Tamilnadu, India.

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14 2
Department of Civil Engineering, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, India.
15 4
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, India.
16 Correspondence should be addressed to K.Naveeen Kumar; naveen.civil@avit.ac.in
17 Abstract
18
19
20 The manufacturing process of cement emits one metric ton of carbon dioxide greenhouse gas. Considering the situation reducing

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the gas emission without affecting cement production, industrial wastes like metakaolin (MK) can be partially replaced with cement
21
due to high pozzolanic reactivity to arrive the high-strength concrete. This present examination attentions on the obtaining optimum
22
percentage of metakaolin to be substituted for cement proportion and aims to determine the concrete sample's mechanical
23
characteristics, equivalent CO2 emissions, and energy factor for environmental advantages through comparison with metakaolin
24 varied from 0% to 20% at 5% incremental rate was determined and compared with the conventional control mix. Concrete samples
25 are tested at the periodical interval of 7, 14, and 28 days in addition results, 5% of metakaolin is the optimum percentage to be
26
27
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replaced for cement in concrete. The negative sign implies that replacing binder with MK gradually decreases energy requirements
(-2.16 % to -7.74 %) as well as carbon dioxide emissions (-4.17 % to -15.41 %). The use of mineral admixture like high reactive
metakaolin additional cementitious elements has a considerable effect and may have an impact on the creation of environmentally
friendly, sustainable concrete. In conclusion, effective utilization of high reactive metakaolin in high-strength concrete leads to
30 substantial cost, and reducing global gas emissions eventually reduces energy consumption and a notable decrease in environmental
31 pollution.
32
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33 Keywords: CO2 emissions, Energy factor, Industrial wastes, Metakaolin, Environmental pollution.
34
35
36 1. Introduction
37
38 Advancement in solid waste management leads to the usage of alternate construction resources as an auxiliary to conventional
39 resources like aggregates, cement, bricks, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, ceramics, and timber. For protection, the ecological
40 effects are being made for reprocessing dissimilar mineral wastes and effective utilization to produce resources that satisfy the basic
41 requirement without affecting the environment.
42
The disposal of industrial waste has become a global challenge as a result of urbanization and technological advancements. In India,
43
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the country generates 160038.9 tons of solid waste trash per day (TPD), of which is handled. Totally, 29427.2 (18.4%) TPD is
44 dumped in landfills, and 50655.4 (31.7%) TPD remains unaccounted. Consequently, the identification of cement substitutes had a
45 significant impact on the construction industry working on sustainable construction practices and an approach to production to
46 address environmental issues (Alonso et al, 2011; Kaza S, et al, 2018; Rajesh P et al, 2019; Sana Shahab et al, 2022).
47
48 To achieve this high strength the water/cement ratio must be as low as possible without comprising the workability of concrete but
49 lowering the water/cement ratio will consequence in less workable concrete. Adding superplasticizers can also be camouflaged to
50 increase the workability for anticipated water content or decrease the proportioning of water for the required flowability of concrete
51 in a fresh state. Mineral admixtures are utilized in high-grade concrete to increase mechanical strength. Dimension of structural
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52 components like beams and columns are compacted subsequently reduced units are sufficient to transfer high loads. Since the
53 dimension of members is compacted the charge for formworks is less as well as reduced cost of maintenance and repair. In bridge
54 construction application of high-strength concrete develops unavoidable since longer simply supported spans with the least supports
55 can be constructed and the construction of slabs and floors with compact sections is made likely conceivable (Annadurai et al, 2014;
Caldarone et al, 2009).
56
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57
In this context, cement manufacturers and researchers have considered using natural pozzolan or pozzolanic industrial waste and
58
byproducts as cement replacement materials, such as fly ash, silica fume, powdered slag, rice husk, and metakaolin, as a significant
59 method in sustainable and green concrete production technology to reduce the carbon footprint of Portland cement. Metakaolin is
60 an amorphous, structured alumina-silicate with significant pozzolanic characteristics that is produced by calcining pure kaolinite
clay at temperatures between 500°C and 800°C. According to the published literature, using metakaolin as a cement substitute in
concrete at the right dosage enhances the material's mechanical properties, lowers its permeability and capillary water absorption
value, and increases its durability (Obada Kayali et al. 2008; Yu Wang et al. 2016; Shamir Sakir et al, 2020).
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2 Page 2 of 12

1 Metakaolin is a clay-based mineral that is greater in appearance that is obligatory for treating amorphous alumino-silicate that makes
2 it responsive to concrete (Jaydeep et al. 2016, Rajesh Kumar et al. 2016, Naik and Moriconi. 2005). Additional binder through
3 various percentages of fly-ash and metakaolin in the mix proportion by experimentation leads to low-cost concrete production and
4 global gas discharges extermination (Satyendra et al. 2015; Anantha Lakshmi et al. 2016; Surendra & Rajendra 2016; Venu
5 Malagavelli et al. 2018).
6
7 Experimental investigations remained accomplished through numerous proportions of metakaolin substituted with a binder in
8 various mix grades and it was experiential that the mechanical properties of concrete were optimal at 15% additional by weight of

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9 cement. As the outcomes originate reassuring the consumption of metakaolin it can be pragmatic in bulky gage construction to
10 reimburse the ecological and cost-effective improvements in the cement production and cement utilization (Nova John 2013,
11 Krishna Rao et al. 2016). The workability was abridged while the inclusion of metakaolin was remedied with the usage of a
12 superplasticizer (Narmatha et al. 2016, Jagtap et al. 2017, Hemanth et al. 2017).
13

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14 The addition of metakaolin by various percentages by weight of cement in mix designed as per IS 10262:2009 found that the basic
15 characteristics of the concrete are determined at 15%, which provides an obligatory guarantee to use the metakaolin as a notable
binder material having high pozzolanic properties replacement for cement in high-grade concrete. Thus, this alternative cementitious
16
binder material will afford resolution for the ecological problems raised by the conservative cement utilization and manufacture
17
(Vivek Sood et al. 2014, Nivin Philip & Neeraja 2015).
18
19 The impartial of the study is to determine the optimal replacement proportion of MK in the case of binder in mix proportion and
20 determine the load-bearing characteristics of concrete mixed with MK by its various mechanical properties, equivalent CO2

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21 emission, energy factor and economic feasibility for environmental benefits were investigated experimentally.
22
23
24 2 MATERIALS
25
26 2.1 Binder
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In the present experimental investigation, the binder utilized in the mix is 53-grade OPC (IS 12269:1987). Initial examinations are
done with the binder used for this experimental investigation and the characteristic tabulated in Table 1.

Table 1: Physical characteristics of binder

30
31
Properties Obtained
32
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Values
33
34 Soundness 1.3 mm
35 IST 50 minutes
36
37 FST 5.5 Hours
38
39
Specific gravity 3.15
40
Consistency 32%
41
42 Compressive 30.8 at 3 days
strength (MPa) 46.6 at 7 days
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57.2 at 28 days
44
45
46
2.2 Fine Aggregate (FA)
47
48 FA used in the present investigation as per Indian Standards: 383:1970 possess specific gravity of 2.65 and water absorption of 1%.
49 The physical characteristics are assessed for FA utilized for this experimental investigation and the features are given in Table 2.
50
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Table 2: Physical characteristics of FA

52
53 Characteristics Obtained Standards
54
55 Fineness 6.85
56 Modulus
Bulk Density 1.67
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57 (g/m3)
58 Specific gravity 2.65
59
60 Water 1%
Absorption
Page 3 of 12 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2

2.3 Coarse Aggregate (CA)

1
2 CA utilized in this experimental investigation is of 20mm angular aggregate as per Indian Standards: 383:1970 having a specific gravity
3 of 2.82 and water absorption of 1.14%. The physical possessions are assessed for the CA used for investigation and the characteristic
4 listed in Table 3.
5
6 Table 3: Physical characteristics of CA
7
8 Characteristics Obtained Standards

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9 Fineness modulus 2.10
10
Bulk Density (g/m3) 1.45
11
12 Impact value 14.50
13 Specific gravity 2.82

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14
Water Absorption 1.14%
15
16
17 2.4 Water
18
19 Potable tap water with a PH level of 6.5 to 7.5 is utilized for the concrete sample mix and curing of concrete sample.
20

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21 2.5 Admixture
22 Superplasticizer-modified polycarboxylate ether was utilized for this present investigation .
23
24 2.6 Metakaolin
25
26 It is a clay-based mineral that is superior in physical and chemical characteristics that are mandatory for giving amorphous alumino-
27
28
29
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silicate that brands receptive to concrete. The metakaolin will react with the calcium hydroxide of the concrete component along
the progression of hydration like the other conformist substitutes for pozzolanic materials. Figure 1 shows the sample of metakaolin
mineral admixture. Based on life cycle analysis compared to conventional concrete when metakaolin used in concrete emits 445.9
kg of CO2 eq. Reduction in CO2 emission reduces energy consumption.
30
31 Metakaolin (MK), Al2Si2O7 is a highly amorphous dehydration product of kaolinite, Al 2(OH)4Si2O5, which exhibits strong
32 pozzolanic activity are given in equation 1 (Franck Cassagnabere et al, 2010).
dM
33 𝐴𝑙2 𝑆𝑖2 𝑂7 +2𝐻2 O → 𝐴𝑙2 (OH)4𝑆𝑖2 𝑂5 (1)
34
35 Metakaolin was procured from Tamil Nadu Minerals Limited (TAMIN) at Ennore, Chennai, India. The Chemical and Physical
36 Configuration of Metakaolin is given in Table 4.
37 Metakaolin (MK) is so fine, using it limits the concrete's workability, making the use of water reducers or air-entraining admixtures
38 necessary to obtain the appropriate workability. In order to keep the desired qualities, quality control must be increased. High-
39 quality control must be constant to be effective (Jamal M. Khatiba and Roger M. Clay 2003, P. Dinakar et al. 2013, Nabil
40 Abdelmelek et al. 2009, S. Bright Singh et al. 2022, Yashar Asghari et al. 2023, and Ana Cuesta et al. 2023).
41
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49
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52
53
54 Figure 1: Sample of Metakaolin mineral admixture
55
Table 4: Chemical and Physical Configuration of Metakaolin
56
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57 Chemical Characteristics Physical Characteristics

58 Standing Mineral Composition Physical Possessions Outcomes
59 (%)
60 SiO2 52.5 Residue on Sieve (%)
MgO 0.25 90 µm 1.00
Al2O3 41.65 45 µm 12.80
Fe2O3 5.24 Loss on ignition 0.50
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2 Page 4 of 12

Pozzolanic Activities based on 25

SO3 0.01
1 CaO Absorption (mg/g)
2 CaO 0.3 Specific Gravity 2.65
3 K2O + Na2O 0.05 Bulk Density (kg/m3) 350
4 Specific Surface Area (cm2/gm) 18000
5 Insoluble residue (%) HCl/Na2CO3 63.45
6
7 Soundness 1.3 mm
8 IST 50 minutes

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9
10 FST 5.5 Hours
11
Consistency 32%
12
13 Compressive strength (MPa) 30.8 at 3 days

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14 46.6 at 7 days
15 57.2 at 28 days
16
17 3. INVESTIGATIONAL METHODOLOGY
18
19 3.1 Mix Design
20

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As per the code of practice IS 10262 mix proportion for M50 concrete grade is prepared. Preparation of trail mix is done to
21
appropriate the optimum percentage of modified polycarboxylate quantity to be added in concrete cubes to determine the
22
compressive strength of concrete. The percentage of chemical admixture varies as 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% by weight of
23
cementitious materials. From the results, it was observed that without modified polycarboxylate the compressive strength was
24 obtained at 52 N/mm2. Similarly, 0.25 % of modified polycarboxylate was increased by 12 % and the other 0.5 %, 0.75 %, and 1 %
25 of modified polycarboxylate was decreased by 10 %, 19 %, and 24%. The maximum compressive strength is obtained from 0.25
26
27
28
29
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% of modified polycarboxylate when compare with other percentage variations of chemical admixtures. Hence the optimum
percentage of 0.25 % of modified polycarboxylate by weight of cementitious materials was added during the mixing of high-strength
concrete specimens (Adegboyega O et al 2020). Figure 2 shows the execution for the present research program.

30
31 Determination of Materials Properties
32
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33
34
35 Development of Concrete Mix Using
36 Metakaolin
37
38
39
40
Sample Casting and Curing up to 28 Days
41
42
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44 Destructive Testing
45
46
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47
48
49
50 Compression Split Tensile Flexural
51 Strength
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Strength Strength
52
53
54
55
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57 Recapitulation of Results
58
59
60 Figure 2: Research Program Outline
Page 5 of 12 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2

3.2 Preparation of Concrete Mix

1 Materials such as cement, Fine aggregate, and Coarse aggregate are batched by their weight and utilized in the concrete.
2 Individual volume of materials to be mixed is as per concrete mix design. The chosen material is subjected to dry state mix
3 meticulously for 30 seconds. After completion of the dry mix phase, water, and super plasticizer were added to obtain the concrete
4 with appropriate workability as per mix design. Mix proportion of the binary blended system of MK given in Table 5.
5
6 3.3 Process of Concrete
7
8 The process of concrete sample includes the selection of materials as per Indian standard specifications and the casting and curing

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of concrete samples for testing.
9
10 3.4 Sample Casting and Curing
11
12 The casting of 135 concrete samples was carried out as per IS code provision. Concrete cubes (45 nos) of dimensions 150 x 150 x
13 150 mm for testing compressive strength, cylindrical specimens (45 nos) of diameter 150 mm and length 300 mm for tensile

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14 strength, and prisms (45 nos) of dimensions 100 x 100 x 500 mm for testing flexural strength were prepared. The experimental
15 studies for finding the concrete mechanical properties in the system of typical concrete samples conforming to the standards of
Indian Standards 456:2000 proportion of concrete mix. The concrete cubes are cured at the stature ambient temperature of
16
27±2º C. Cube samples are tested at various curing periods of 7,14 and 28 days. The failure mode of the tested sample is given in
17
Figure 3. The failure mode of concrete cubes under compression loads and diagonally tested (Split tensile), possesses a satisfactory
18
non-explosive mode of failure and formation of secondary crack with rupture. Similarly, rectangular plain cement concrete beam
19 fails by flexural brittle failure at the ultimate load (Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski 2022; Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski 2023).
20

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22
23
24
25
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30
31
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33 Figure 3: Failure mode of tested specimens
34
35 4 OUTCOMES AND ITS INFERENCE
36
37 4.1 Workability
38 Workability is the vital proper of concrete which is defined as the ability of concrete to flow that delivers privileged
39 circumstances of concrete flow in the fresh state before its initial setting time. Table 5 gives the slump value of concrete cubes
40 and the mix ratio of concrete highly influences the workability property of concrete. Concrete having the true slump-type
41 workability stimulus concrete stability due to its ideal consistency. (Mohit Gupta et al., 2023)
42 Table 5: Mix Percentage of Metakaolin in BBS kg for 1-m3 concrete
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44 Mix ID MK FA CA Water Cement Workability

% (kg/m3) (mm)
45
MK0 0 695 1254 157.6 435.00 74
46 MK5 5 695 1254 157.6 413.25 88
47 MK10 10 695 1254 157.6 391.50 65
48 MK15 15 695 1254 157.6 369.75 62
49 MK20 20 695 1254 157.6 348.00 60
50 4.2 Compressive Load Bearing Characteristics
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Compressive strength outcomes of the concrete cubical are exposed in Table 6. In concrete mix with replacement of metakaolin for
52 cement, at 28 days 5%, 10%, and 15% of metakaolin replacement (MK 5) contribute compressive strength 19.8% greater than the
53 control mix (MK 0) correspondingly. But 10%,15%, and 20% additional metakaolin mix (MK 10, MK 15, MK 20) gave
54 12.3%,20.9%, and 31.5% reduced compressive strength than the conventional proportion of concrete (MK 0). Tables 6 to 8 shows
55 the regular mechanical properties of concrete samples that are tested subsequently curative for 7, 14, and 28 days of time interval
56 existences.
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57
58 Table 6: Compressive Load Bearing Characteristics of Concrete Samples
59 Average Compressive Strength (MPa) % of variation
60 Mix ID
7 14 28
(Days)
MK0 32.50 45.00 52.31 -
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MK5 45.94 57.39 62.68 +19.8

1 MK10 30.07 41.62 46.60 -12.3
2
MK15 28.30 39.27 43.31 -20.9
3
MK20 25.65 30.33 39.75 -31.5
4
5
6 The compression load-bearing characteristics outcomes of concrete trials given in Table 6 illustrate that all the concrete samples
7 prepared in these experiments are high strength 50Mpa. In that case, even the 7th compressive strength varied between a minimum
8 of 25.65 N/mm2 and maximum compression strength of 45.94 N/mm 2 for a 5% replacement of metakaolin. The 20% additional

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9 MK mix had revealed lower strength competitively than other MK replacement percentages. This states the addition of 5% MK
10 was the optimal inclusion considering the progressive compressive strength concrete sample. The decrease in the compressive
11 strength for other additional proportions of MK is due to the dilution effect of the clinker. The outcome of substituting a portion of
12 the binder with the corresponding quantity of metakaolin. In metakaolin concrete due to filler impact, the pozzolanic response of
13 metakaolin with Ca (OH)2 and combination effect react opposite of dilution effect. For that purpose, the optimum percentage of

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14 MK replacements in Metakaolin concrete mix proportions. The due effect is due to all cementitious pozzolanic reactions being at
15 the closing stage or stopped. Due to inverse proportionality between the time interval and binder-MK reaction (H. Abdul Razak et
16 al, 2005).
17 4.3 Split tensile Load Carrying Properties
18 The split tensile load-carrying properties of concrete mix samples are shown in Table 7. At 28 days binary blended cementitious
19 system, under split tensile testing load bearing characteristics of sample cubes with 5%, 10%, and 15% of metakaolin additional
20 (MK 5) furnished compressive strength 2 % greater than the conventional mix (MK 0) correspondingly. But 10%,15%, and 20%

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21 replacement of metakaolin mix (MK 10, MK 15, MK 20) displays 1.20%,2.10%, and 3.15% smaller compressive strength than
22 the conventional mix (MK 0).
23
24 Table 7: Split Tensile Load Bearing Characteristics of Concrete Samples
25 Average Split-tensile load bearing characteristics (Mpa) % of variation
Mix ID
26
27
28
29
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14
(Days)
28

30 MK0 3.35 4.7 5.25 -

31
MK5 4.59 5.8 6.35 +1.99
32
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33 MK10 2.90 4.40 4.65 -1.20
34 MK15 2.80 4.00 4.50 -2.10
35
MK20 2.65 3.50 4.00 -3.15
36
37
38
The tensile load-bearing characteristics outcomes of the MK sample with a variable quantity of MK are displayed in Table 7. The
39
concrete sample is prepared as a binary blended cementitious structure. The average value of the 28th days split tensile load-bearing
40
characteristics for the concrete made was about 4.95Mpa. Mechanical strength test results imply that the higher strength was
41 achieved at MK 5 mixture. Analysis of results between the compression strength value with the split tensile value it is detected that
42 the compression strength and splitting tensile strength of all mixture has direct proportionality with respect to strength bearing
43
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capacity. Thermal contraction and shrinkage cause early age cracking. Specimen failure when tensile stress in concrete is greater
44 than the tensile load applied (Rafat Siddique et al. 2008).
45
46 4.4 Flexural Load Carrying Properties
47
48 Flexural load-carrying properties test results of concrete mix are displayed in Table 8. At 28 days cementitious system
49 replacement with metakaolin varied between 5%,10%,15%, and 20%. Considering all the mix metakaolin 5% addition in concrete
mix (MK5) displays compressive strength 1.99% greater than the conventional mix (MK 0) respectively. But 10%,15%, and 20%
50
additional of metakaolin mix (MK 10, MK 15, MK 20) furnished 1.20%,2.10%, and 3.15% slightly lesser compressive strength
51
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than the conventional mix (MK 0).

52
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54 Table 8: Flexural Load Bearing Characteristics of Concrete Samples
55 % of variation in strength
Average Flexural Load Bearing Characteristics
56 Mix ID with control mix at 28
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57 (MPa) days.
58 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
59
60 (Days)
MK0 3.55 4.50 5.58 -
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MK5 5.50 6.50 6.65 +20.50%

1
2 MK10 3.65 5.25 6.00 +11.50%
3 MK15 4.75 5.50 6.35 +15.25%
4
MK20 3.00 3.95 4.15 -12.50%
5
6
7 Table 8 shows the stimulus of variable additional MK % with esteem to the flexural strength of concrete. The observation from the
8 test results implies that the rate of strength amplified with curing periods at all MK substitutes. In the first 7 th days of curing the

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9 extreme strength improvement is 5.5 N/mm 2 for MK 5 concrete mix. It imitates at 28 days with extreme strength improvement of
10 6.65 N/mm2 with the same mix proportion of 5% additional. From the test results, it is experiential that there is an effect of curing
11 days on flexural load bearing characteristics of concrete. These explanations recommend that the proportion of strength
12 improvement was at 5% metakaolin additional. Growth of strength at initial and future curing periods of MK substitutions. The
13 outcomes propose MK replacement with a 5% optimum percentage is beneficial for a long-term rate of strength increase. This can

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14 be accredited to the accessibility of MK for the pozzolanic bustle of MK with calcium hydroxide of ordinary Portland cement
15 throughout protracted curing ages (R. Abiraami et al. 2020).
16
17 4.5 Relationships Between Mechanical Properties of Concrete
18
19 Metakaolin is additional for binary blended cementitious systems compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths were
20 determined empirically, as illustrated in Figures. 4 and 5.

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21
22 7 8
23
Tensile Strength (Mpa)

6 y = 0.7038x0.5 Flexural Strength (Mpa) y = 0.822x0.5

24 5 R² = 0.99 6 R² = 0.8764
25 4
26 4
27
28
29
3
2
1
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0
0
30 30 40 50 60 70 30 40 50 60 70
31 Compressive Characteristics (Mpa) Compressive Characteristics (Mpa)
32
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33
34 Figure 4: Association between Compressive vs Tensile Strength Figure 5: Association between Compressive vs Tensile Strength
35
36 From the above Figures 4 & 5, the relationship between compressive vs tensile load-bearing parameters of binary and ternary
37
blended cementitious systems with MK (V B Reddy Suda 2022; A. Althoey et al. 2023) was obtained as
38 𝑓𝑡 = 0.704 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5 (28 days) (2)
39 Where, ft represents split tensile load-bearing characteristics in N/mm2 and fck represents compressive load bearing characteristics
40 in N/mm2
41 This equation is comparable with ACI Committee 363, 1993 which state that, f t = 0.59 fck0.55 for concrete with
42 compressive strength ranging from 21 to 83 N/mm 2. Ahmad & Shah (1985) found the relationship as ft = 0.462 fck0.55 for concrete
43
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compressive strength less than 84 N/mm2. From the above equations, it can be stated that the research results of this study coincide
44 with the previous researches (V B Reddy Suda 2022).
45 The relationship between compressive vs flexural strength of binary blended cementitious system with Mk was obtained as
46 𝑓𝑐𝑟 = 0.82 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5 (28 days) (3)
47 Where,
48 fcr= Flexural Strength in N/mm2 and fc = Compressive Strength in N/mm2
49 The equations relating the flexural strength and the compressive properties of concrete are suggested by the following
50 researchers.
51 𝑓𝑟 = 1.03 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5 (28 days)
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Burg and Ost (1992),

52 IS: 456 -2000, 𝑓𝑟 = 0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.5 (28 days)
53
54 The equations obtained from MK mixes in this study are found to be within the range of previous researchers.
55
56 4.6 Equivalent CO2 Gas Emission and Energy Factor
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57 Associated to cement manufacture, MK manufacture emits less CO2 into the environment. The CO2 releases from the
58 manufacturing of MK (175 kg of Carbon dioxide for each ton of MK manufactured) are caused by the abstraction of unprocessed
59 ingredients and the kiln, not by a chemical response (de-hydroxylation). However, the decarboxylation of calcium carbonate
throughout cement production results in the emission of CO2 (1 ton of binder production emits 520 kgs of CO2), and the process of
60
1 ton of binder production emits 478.5 kg of CO2; Additionally, MK demands a lesser amount of thermal energy throughout
production than the cement (1 ton of MK production needs 2.95 GJ, intended from an environmental impact evaluation, and 1 ton
of cement produced = 4.69 GJ) (Kelechi et al. 2022; Cassagnabere et al. 2010).
Without considering the transference of raw materials, carbon dioxide (CO2) release is intended founded on chemical
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2 Page 8 of 12

responses and energy consumption to manufacture 1 ton of cement and MK, which was premeditated as stated by (Cassagnabere et
1 al. 2010; sekaran prakash chandar et al. 2022; Mukherjee K 2008; Srivastava, L 1997).
2 On the one hand, MK manufacture emits less CO2 into the atmosphere than cement manufacturing does. The global kaolin
3 dehydroxylation reaction does not produce CO2.
4 𝐴𝑙2 2Si𝑂2 , 2𝐻2 O → 𝐴𝑙2 2Si𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 O (4)
5 The value of energy consumption and CO2 emission are measured as per the guidelines of the CIPEC, Canadian Industry
6 Program for Energy Conservation, Energy Consumption benchmark guide: cement clinker production. natural resource.
7 Emission of CO2 and Energy saved stayed intended as follows in the Equations (5) & (6):
8 Energy saved (%) =
𝑬𝒊−𝑬𝒐
𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (5)

pt
𝑬𝒐
9
Where,
10 Eo = Energy Consumption in control mix (MK0)
11 Ei = Energy Consumption in binary cementitious systems.
12 𝐂𝐢−𝐂𝐨
CO2 Emission (%) = 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (6)
13 𝐂𝐨

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14 Where,
15 Co = CO2 Emission by control mix (MK0)
16 Ci = CO2 Emission by binary cementitious systems.
17 The release of CO2 and Energy saved was determined for all binary cementitious systems and control mix using Equations
5 & 6. Figure 6 grants the values of energy ingestion and Carbon dioxide release into the atmosphere (N.A. Madlool et al. 2011;
18
N.A. Madlool, 2020). The Eco-friendly equilibrium for the binders (cement + MK) based on the Carbon dioxide emission and
19
energy condition is also presented in Table 9.
20

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21 Table 9: Environmental equilibrium of binary cementitious systems constructed on the emission of CO2 and energy saved for 1m3 of
22 concrete
23
24 CO2 Emission (kg) Environmental
25 benefit regarding
26 Mix ID Energy (GJ)
27
28
29
OPC MK Total OPC
an
Extraction & Kiln

MK
Chemical reaction

OPC MK
Total Energy
(%)
CO2
emission
(%)
MK0 2.35 0 2.35 240.3 0 261 0 501.3 - -
30
MK5 2.23 0.75 2.98 228.3 4.36 248 0 480.66 -2.16 -4.17
31
MK10 2.12 1.49 3.61 216.3 8.76 235 0 460.06 -3.43 -8.29
32
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MK15 1.98 2.23 4.21 204.4 13.14 228 0 445.54 -5.58 -11.24
33
MK20 1.89 2.97 4.86 192.1 17.52 221 0 430.62 -7.74 -15.41
34
35
36
37 600
38 Mix ID
39 500
0
Co2 Emission (kg)

40 -1 MK5 MK10 MK15 MK20

400
41
Co2 Emission (kg)

-2
42 300
-3
43
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44 200 -4
45 -5
100
46 -6
47 0 -7
48 MK0 MK5 MK10 MK15 MK20 -8
49 Mix ID -9
50
51
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Figure 6: Comparison of Equivalent CO2 emission of Binary Blended System

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Page 9 of 12 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2

1
2
3
4 The negative sign implies that replacing binders with metakaolin decreases energy utilization (-2.16 % to -
5 7.74 %) and carbon dioxide emissions (-4.17 % to -15.41 %). The outcome shows that the determined
6 replacement of MK provides an optimistic eco-friendly effect and saves raw materials consumption
(Niranjan Sahoo, et al. 2022).
7
8

pt
9 4.7 Economic Feasibility of Metakaolin
10 Tables 10 and 11 shows the cost comparison between conventional concrete and metakaolin partially
11 replaced concrete at its optimum percentage. The difference in the cost of conventional concrete and partially
12 replaced metakaolin concrete is Rs.66. Hence, using partially replaced metakaolin concrete was found to be
13 economically beneficial.

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14
Table 10: Material Cost of Conventional Concrete per m3
15
16 Description Quantity (Kg/m3) Cost (Rs.) Cost of Materials
(Rs.)
17
Cement 435 8 3480
18
Metakaolin - 5.5 Rs. Per Kg -
19
Fine 695 1060 per m3 1136
20

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Aggregate
21 Course 1254 883 per m3 992
22 Aggregate
23 Total 5608
24
25 Table 11: Material Cost of 5% optimum Metakaolin partially Replaced Concrete per m3
26
27
28
29
Description

Cement
Quantity (Kg/m3)

413.25
an 8
Cost (Rs.) Cost of Materials

3360
(Rs.)

Metakaolin 21.57 2.5 Rs. Per Kg 54

30 Fine 695 1060 per m3 1136
31 Aggregate
32 Course 1254 883 per m3 992
dM
33 Aggregate
34 Total 5542
35
36
37
5. CONCLUSION
38 To conclude this present study, obtained the following test results:
39 • Mechanical characteristics such as compression, split tensile, and flexural load bearing
40 characteristics imply that mix proportion which includes 5% metakaolin replacement by weight of
41 cementitious materials holds good test results compared to another concrete mix with varied
42 percentages of replacement varies between 10% to 20%.
43
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• Development of early age strength with esteem to compression, split tensile, and flexural load-
44 bearing characters of concrete with metakaolin replacement is due to the collective consequence of
45 alkali-aggregate and augment pozzolanic response.
46 • A decline in strength on an accumulation of metakaolin yonder above 10% is due to the presence of
47 excessive lime quantity throughout the progression of hydration which consequences to decline in
48 the strength of hardened cubical samples.
49 • Metakaolin has a good specific surface area with initial strength acquisition distinguishing
50 constituents combined to progress the workability, strength, and augmented chemical attack.
51
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• Equivalent CO2 emission and energy factor with a negative sign imply that replacing binder with
52 MK decreases energy utilization (-2.16 % to -7.74 %) and CO2 emissions (-4.17 % to -15.41 %).
53 • The result demonstrates that maximum replacement of MK provides a positive environmental
54 effect and saves raw materials consumption.
55 • Regression analysis was used to build two correlation models between split tensile and compressive
56 strength as well as for flexural and compressive strength. These models were tested by the
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57 predicted errors, which showed an acceptable range of prediction.

58 • As experimental outcomes found valid reasons for utilizing metakaolin it can be practical in
59 awkward measure construction to recompense the development of eco-friendly and cost-effective
60 material levied by the conformist binder manufacturer and convention.
 AUTHOR SUBMITTED MANUSCRIPT - MRX-127501.R2 Page 10 of 12

1
2
3 • To conclude, the binary blended scheme gives rise to a substantial lessening of the price of concrete
4 and complete eradication of carbon dioxide emissions.
5 The following recommendations can be considered for future studies:
6
7 • Superplasticizers and water reducers can be added to concrete mix designs to increase workability and
8 maintain a constant w/b ratio throughout all mixtures.

pt
9 • This will improve the results obtained and make it possible to compare the results for the different sam
10 ples more precisely.
11
12 Data Availability: The data used to support the findings is itself available in this research article and it is the
13 author's own experimental work.

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14 Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal
15 relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
16 Funding Information: This research is not funded by any organization, but it is supported by AVIT College.
17 Ethical Statement: This research is not submitted anywhere nor it is considered for publication in any other
18 journal.
19 Acknowledgement: We would like to appreciate the efforts of the lab staff of AVIT College for all the
20 experimentation work.

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21
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