Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Properties of Fluid
1 Properties of Fluid
!
"
# $ % &
' $ (
) %
( * )
&
* $+& &
Page 3 of 307
& .1 - & 0
*
$* + . 0
. 0 - &&
0 . -/
. .
; & 0 *
-. .
Page 4 of 307
- & 5 < 6 - 0 *0
* -. . *
& * & . 0 .
51 * 06 0 -
& 0 &
01 0 - -
-
, & 2 . -1 = < > ?1 . <
& ? 0 - 0
&
. @ ''1 & 0
A 0 -1 . 2 .
& . 5'' B B '61
. 5' B B '6
C . 5 @ '6
8 .*1 . 0 . ''
; . 2 * & -.
% - 0
& * 0
&& 1 & & 1 * 1
*1 & 1 - +& &
, .
*
&-
D * -
& & .
0
+0
-.
5E6
& &
% & & C *
Page 5 of 307
F . 1 GH
&1 * *
* 1 I
0 =
, 0 D. H .
τ∞
τ=μ
F = & & 2 . C
μ
*
, % * - 4
τ
μ=
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
& 0
) J ( D>
K) * ( = C>
; ( = ' (
>'' ( &
* . ' && += (
-. * -
7
μ
ν= =
ρ
) J >
K) J 2 = >
C
; 2 = ' >
Page 6 of 307
% * * * 1 1 -
01 2 *
1 - &
!"
% . D. H * 4
Page 7 of 307
( * *
A & 0&
* . -
) -. &
& -
% 0 4 . 0
-. . - 4 -* 2
-
Page 8 of 307
0 * . * &
⎛ ⎞
Δ =σ ⎜ + ⎟
⎝ ⎠
( . & 1
σ
Δ =
- ( & - -- 1
σ
Δ =
?4 /
σ
Δ =
, 0 & -* 4 C
4 - 1 0 & 4 . - F
&
& & & & &
4 . -
K 1
σ θ
=
ρ
. 0 M = ' 1
σ
=
ρ
0 M = " 1
σ
=−
ρ
5 0* & & 6
! 1 .0
0
Page 9 of 307
? 0 - σ σ
GH & - θ
* 4 1
. % 4 . - π
θ! "
- * * 4
?1 = &
-
= 0 &
= 0 .
θ
=
σ
0 # %& '
= 4
ρ
0 = 0*
4 - 1
&. 5 0 6 = .0 .
- 50* 6
π
π σ θ ρ
σ θ
=
ρ
1 . - 0*1 = &
θ> π θ °
&
Page 10 of 307
ω
τ=μ =μ =μ
) 0
= τ× = τ× π
% 4
∴ ω
= μ π
% 4 1 % =
∴
μ ω
∫ = ∫
× π
= = =
πμ ω
( )
πμ ω
πμ ω ×
∫
πμ ω
=
π
=
π
θ
Page 11 of 307
)
ω
τ=μ =μ =μ
%0 0
∴
= N 0
=
ω
μ π
θ
% 4
∴
πμ ω
θ
% 4
∴
πμ ω
∫ ∫
θ
πμ ω π μ ω
= × =
θ θ
Page 12 of 307
!"#$% &
9/&)# & 4' 2 $ % 59/&)#668
υ
56 > 5-6 20> C 56 > 56
>
9/&)# ' 2 6: -2 ; < 6#='>
4' 2 ?6: " 2 *' 59/&)#
@@@8
56 'C > 5-6 'C > 56 'C > 56 'C
× × × ×
>
9/&)# / $% - " - '
+'
9/&)#+ !" 59/&)#66;7 @@=8
56 ) & &
5-6 & &
56 ) & &
56 & &
9/&)#+ / $%
9/&)#A & ' 59/&)#@@;8
56 7?C 5-6 ?%C 56 7?C% 56 7%C
9/&)#A / $%
Page 13 of 307
' ()*+ %
)# / $/% 3 ' '
' ' $% /
' - *
5)#@@;8
56 A , * +&
,
5-6 A , * - +&
,
56 , -
56 , -
)# / $% A , +& ,
)#+ !" " 2 5)#@@C8
56 ) 5-6 ) 1 &
*
56 ) 56
)#+ /
D. P . *
$%
τ = .1 τ → )
→
Page 14 of 307
56 > 5-6 0 > 56 >
56 0 C >
)#A / $%
Page 15 of 307
+,+'
)#6 "
τ
* "
⎛ ⎞
τ = μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
* H 4" " "-F 5)#66?8
56 A0 ( 5-6
56 D. 56 ( &
)#6 / $ %
)# G# $& % " G# $ %
" 5)#668
G# G#
/ ) * .
, D. ) * .
D CD. + -* 2
- . +-
& -.
( A0 & A ) 3
/ , ( / , (
$% + A $ % A +
$% + A $% A +
)# / $%
)#+ G# $ - )1 % " G# $& %
" 5)#66+8
G# G#
/ 1 = A0 &
τ = μ "
Page 16 of 307
, 1 B
τ = μ "
/ , ( / , (
$%+ A $ % A +
$% + A $% A +
)#+ / $%
)#= G# " G# " 5)#@@=8
G# $ % G# $( > %
/ 0 .
, D. 3 *
+ *
μ"ρ
( 7 0 A & &
= *
; &
/ , ( / , (
$% A ; $ % + A
$% + ; $% = A
)#= / $%
)#; 5)#@@C8
$% $ %
$% / $%& " 2
2
)#; / $ % " 1
3 "
& 1
3 " 4
σ
F P P HH &
σ
)#? / $ % ( . & 1
σ
Δ
)#C "# 66?+ !>'3
- - '' ' " 5)#
@@@8
56 'D> 5-6 !D> 56 D> 56 #
D>
)#C / $% ( =
σ × !!$
= = # "
!!!
)#6 & 66 - '' '
- " *' 5)#668
56 5-6 ' 56 ' 56 '
)#6 / $%
σ × !!$
= = ≈ !
ρ !!!× #× !!!
Page 18 of 307
ρ
∴ =− ∴ =−
− ρ ρ
ρ
ρ
ρ ρ
=
ρ
Page 20 of 307
)#C D ' '
'F
56 80 5-6 D0 0- &
56 ? . *& ( 56 ? . &- 5)#66?8
)#C / $%
)#+6 G# " G# " -
-2 " 5)#66C8
G# $ % G# $('
)*%
/ 7 ? %C
, 7 7 ?C %C
( . + 7 ?C %C
( A 7 ? %C
= 7 ? %C
/ , ( / , (
$% A + $ % + =
$% = + $% + A
)#+6 / $ %
/# D "-
F 5/#@@A8
56 &- 5-6 D C* &-
56 D C* &- 56 &-
/# / $ %
Page 21 of 307
/# D 6 ' 2
+6 '>
66 ' ' " "
' 2 L 666 !>'3 1
5/#66A8
56 ' D 5-6 D 56 ' D
56 D
/# / $% K*1 R = ''' D> = 5 S '6 = ' > = ' >
56 = '' = ''''
% 1 ) 5 6 =
τ
⎛ & ⎞ ( ! " )
μ = ⎜ !!! ⎟ ' ( &"
⎝ ⎠ ( !!!! )
4 5 6 = N , = N ' = ' D
τ
+'
/#+ !" 3 ' " " " 3
$ % "
τ
-2
5/#@@=8
56 5-6 56 56
μ μ
μ ⎛ ⎞
μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎛ ⎞
μ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
/#+ / $ %
+,+'
/#= & " $ % 2 -
τ
3 !" #!" -2
" ' 5/#668
Page 22 of 307
56 ='L = 5 L = 5
τ τ μ τ μ
5-6 ='L = 5 L = 5
τ τ μ τ μ
56 = 5 L = 5 L = 5
τ μ τ μ τ μ
56 = 5 L = 5 L ='
τ μ τ μ τ
/#= / $ %
/#? / 1 - 3 5/#
@@@8
56 80 * & *+
5-6 80 *+ & *
56 $4 -
56 $4 * - * -
/#? / $%
/#C G# $ % " G#
$('>( % " 5/#
6668
G# G#
/ ,- * >
, * D. &
D. + (
( ) A )>)
= ) 2
/ , ( / , (
$%= + $ % + = A
$% = + A $% + =
/#C / $%
Page 23 of 307
/ ' = ' < = ' < ; '' 4 "-- @6 !
'" A '' - " " 2
& 9 " -2 6C=
' 2 +6!>' (' 1
" 2 6= '>
/ "'"D
= / O# ' " ' 6 '' =
'' 2 & O 4 2
" " 666?=4->' N -
2 '
= / '
Page 24 of 307
; 1 $ % 3
ρ ρ
2 ' 3 "
L
σθ
ρ − ρ
Page 25 of 307