GEORGRAPHY

Section A – Coastal Environments

A) A

B) i) C

ii) They are built up entirely by living organisms

iii ) One factor which controls the distrubution of coral reef systems is the minimal temperature and
the optimum temperature they need to survive. Their minimal temperature to survive is 18 while
the optimum is 25 which explains why survive in the tropics only.

C) Destructive waves continuously hit the mainland

D) Industry can threaten the ecosystem most directly by fishing. Millions of different fishes are killed
each year by fishing. Furthermore when large companies try to fish specific species, say Tuna, there
is a huge amount of bycatch which are unintentional animals caught. These are normally left to die
on the net or killed and thrown back. This leads to vast population decline and completely disrupts
the ecosystem.

E)

F) To prevent flooding we could build flood defences, one effective type is Hard-Engineering Hard
engineering is when we build something normally from concrete which slows down erosion but also
fights the waves with sheer force, we could for example use Rip-Rap which are large boulders which
break up the waves as well as slow them down. Moreover we could also build Emergency centres
where people can be treated or can go to for help. The first strategy stops the event but it could still
happen so the second strategy lightens the negative effects of the event.

G) Firstly, the viewpoint of the tourist is understandable since any sort of coastal defence wouldn’t
look appealing especially when it is built out of concrete, and since they are just a tourist they only
care about going and having a good time for a small amount of the year. Furthermore the viewpoint
of the Local councillor is very balanced saying they have to protect biodiversity and beauty of the
coastline but they cannot just do nothing since he still wants to protect the residents from flooding.
He doesn’t want to ruin the beauty for tourist but still believes some measure should be taken to
protect the area from flooding. On the other hand the conservationist wants to take a complete
hands of approach and believes the species should be protected over everything, perhaps they
would support something like emergency centres but not direct flood defences. Lastly the business
owners opinion is to have all hard-engineering flood defences as he doesn’t want something
happening to his business or a flood ruining his town and attracting less tourists, of course he mostly
cares about his profits.

Section B -> Rural Environments

A) i) System which uses organic fertilizer (came from organic matter)

ii) C and F
B) They are allowing the customers to pick their own crop, here they are showing they also have
strawberries. This lets them save on transportation cost.

C) i) One factor in rural isolation is the lack of transport

ii) The growth of tourism is not evenly spread its centred into small places usually leading to a large
pressure on these areas, some effects are traffic congestion making life harder for the locals since
they don’t have other transportation.

Crowd congestion also effects the local negatively since they are usually old and not comfortable
with that many people.

D) i) 2017 ii) 1995

iii) There are more and better job opportunities in urban areas

E) Kenya

One of the problems facing Kenya is that most crops are grown on Lake . Since there has been a
large increase in population around this area some services havent kept up, a lot of the sewage
from these new people is going here as well as chemicals used in growing crops are going into the
lake, polluting It and lowering water levels. They are slowly killing the environment that allows them
to thrive.

Another problem is the carbon print left by transporting the goods towards Europe since they are
transported by air. This could mean they have to sell it to another big economic power but right now
selling it to Europe is their best option.

F) We clearly see that the natural production of rubber had a gradual increase the whole way
through. However the export value of rubber had a huge drop around 2011. Firstly this shows us
that when we damage a natural ecosystem the quality of its product goes down drastically which is
what has happened. Furthermore we see the time period where the ecosystem was exhausted as
the value had a spike from 2009 – 2011 but after that the quality went down badly even though the
amount of rubber in tonnes was still gradually increasing. Finally this shows us a natural ecosystem
isnt invincible and It is over exhausted it will have a huge effect.

SECTION C

A) i) D

ii) A long period of very small or none rainfall eventually leading to a shortage of water

iii) B

B) i) August
ii) The temperature profiles are pretty similar on the first 3 months however the 1991 – 2016 really
starts increasing from the 3rd month on until August whereas 1901-1930 doesn’t, the 1991-2016
then drops towards the end of the year.

iii) One of the biggest human causes of climate change is the use of all types of fuels in moving
vehicles. The incomplete combustion of these chemicals releases greenhouse gases mainly carbon
dioxide.

iv) The graphs do no take into count the possible natural increase of the Earth temperature which is
due to the amount of solar radiation it recieves over long periods of time, it shows it as if its all
human caused. This could therefore mean that natural global warming will slow down and the trend
wouldn’t be increasing so fast.

C) Flooding and contribution to Climate change as trees get rid of carbon dioxide

D)

E) One of the main reasons for desertification in LEDCs is the sudden population growth, this is
evident especially in the Sahel where there is a lot of dry land and they have a extensive dry season
as well as very high temperatures leading to droughts. This land starts to be used to build more
urbanised areas as well as the increasing pressure to provide wood which is used for fuel as well as
building materials, when this happens a lot of Deforestation occurs which further increases the
vulnerability of these places to Desertification, at this time people also tried to plant crops in the
same places which led to over-cultivation. This meant the soil couldn’t hold water. Places like the
eastern version of Brazil are in vulnerability because the Amazon forest has been getting deforested
increasingly quickly to fuel Brazils advancement. The Middle East is also in great vulnerability
because of its conflict as well as it having similar dry and hot seasons to Africa. Finally a contry like
China is in vulnerability because of its rapid advancement and hug population growth leading to
massive deforestation and over-cultivation of land.