1 - DGHandlingLearnerManual

Dangerous Goods Handling Course
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The information in this manual has been compiled as a guide only; and has been compiled from
resources believed to be reliable and to represent the best current opinion on the subject. No
warranty, guarantee or representation is made by SKILLS as to the absolute correctness or
sufficiency of any representation contained in this reference material, and SKILLS assumes no
responsibility in connection therewith; nor can it be assumed that all acceptable occupational health,
safety and environmental control measures are included herein, or that other measures may not be
required in particular or exceptional conditions or circumstances.
While SKILLS does not undertake to provide a revision service or guarantee accuracy, we shall be
pleased to respond to your individual requests for information at any time.
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© SKILLS MARCH 2010
All rights reserved. No unauthorised reproduction, dissemination or copying by any means whatsoever, without the written
permission and approval of SKILLS.
Dear Learner,
To learn, you must be willing to GROW, to EXPERIENCE!
Welcome to this learning event!
The learning process involves new skills and results in the development of new behaviours. Many of us
have attended various learning programmes and/or courses over the years that resulted in us collecting
books, manuals and sometimes a head full of data but little knowledge and wisdom. For this learning
process to have meaning, you as the learner must be willing to take risks – to embrace new information,
to share your ideas in our “classrooms of life” where you can design your own learning experience.
In order to make this learning experience a memorable one, it is important that you familiarise yourself
with the following:
1. In terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993), you are responsible not only for
your own safety but for those of the other learners with you. In this regard in the event of any
emergency you must follow the instruction/s of the facilitator. The facilitator will also familiarise you
with the Evacuation Procedures and I trust that you will pay due attention to this.
Growth requires Feedback
During this course the facilitator will be assessing your levels of learning and understanding against the
relevant unit standards for the applicable course. Assessment information will be communicated to you
by the facilitator prior to the commencement of training. If you are unclear about any information please
communicate with the facilitator so as to ensure that we are able to meet your expectations.
If you are in disagreement with the outcome of the assessment also communicate this to the facilitator
who will make available to you our Appeals Procedure (A copy is available for your perusal with the
facilitator)
Remember that this learning opportunity is yours exclusively – EMBRACE it! We trust that you will learn
and grow with us. If there is any other way that we can assist you to maximise your learning’s please let
us know.
Yours in the Pursuit of Sustainable Skills Development

SKILLS
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DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING COURSE
COURSE AIMS
At the end of the course the learner will be capable of handling and storing
hazardous/dangerous goods safely in accordance with national and international statutory
requirements in any freight handling environment.
SPECIFIC COURSE OUTCOMES
This course is aligned to the registered SAQA Unit Standard: Controlling hazardous/dangerous and
dangerous goods. Please refer the Unit Standard on the next page.
Unit Standard ID: 8020
NQF Level (New): 04
Credits: 4
At the end of the course, the learner will be able to:

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of and be able to implement the specific statutory
requirements relating to the handling of hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Identify and classify hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Handle and store hazardous/dangerous goods according to specified requirements; and
• Take the appropriate actions in the event of an accident or incident involving hazardous/dangerous
goods.
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All qualifications and unit standards registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public
property. Thus the only payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is
illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is reproduced or quoted, the South African
Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY

REGISTERED UNIT STANDARD:
Controlling hazardous/dangerous and dangerous goods

SAQA US UNIT STANDARD TITLE
ID
8020 Controlling hazardous/dangerous and dangerous goods
ORIGINATOR REGISTERING PROVIDER
SGB Transport and
Logistics Operations
QUALITY ASSURING BODY
-
FIELD SUBFIELD
Field 11 - Services Transport, Operations and Logistics
ABET UNIT OLD NQF LEVEL NEW NQF LEVEL CREDITS
BAND STANDARD
TYPE
Undefined Regular Level 4 NQF Level 04 4
REGISTRATION REGISTRATION REGISTRATION SAQA
STATUS START DATE END DATE DECISION
NUMBER
Reregistered 2009-10-06 2012-10-06 SAQA
0160/05
LAST DATE FOR LAST DATE FOR ACHIEVEMENT
ENROLMENT
2013-10-06 2016-10-06
In all of the tables in this document, both the old and the new NQF Levels are shown. In
the text (purpose statements, qualification rules, etc), any reference to NQF Levels are to
the old levels unless specifically stated otherwise.
This unit standard does not replace any other unit standard and is not replaced by any other
unit standard.
PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD

A learner accredited with this standard will now be capable of handing and storing
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hazardous/dangerous goods safely in accordance with national and international statutory

requirements in any freight handling environment.
LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR

LEARNING
• NQF 1 or General Education and Training Certificate;
• 'Occupational Health, Safety and General Housekeeping';
• 'Safe packing, Handling and Securing of Freight'.
UNIT STANDARD RANGE

This learning is aimed at individuals entering or currently employed in any capacity where
handling of hazardous/dangerous and dangerous freight occurs across a range of different
environments. The applied competence expressed in this standard covers largely familiar
scenarios requiring limited discretion and judgement, and the responsibility that is defined
in terms of relevant legislation.
Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria:
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 1
Identify and classify hazardous/dangerous goods.
OUTCOME NOTES
Identify and classify hazardous/dangerous goods in accordance with documentation
packaging and labelling.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
ASSESSMENT CRITERION 1
1. Generate and consider options and possibilities for the demarcation and safe handling
and storage of dangerous/hazardous/dangerous goods with due consideration for the
environment (this competency should be assessed by making use of classroom discussions
and a project).
2. Identify the most appropriate course of action in relation to:
a. Safe working practices and procedures in the handling and storage of specific dangerous
and hazardous/dangerous goods;
b. Potential hazards in the working environment.
3. Explain the choice of a particular method of handling and storage in relation to specific
hazardous/dangerous freight types, the precautions to take and the aspects of applicable
legislation taken into account.
4. Detail the handling/storage operation, and describe ways in which the process could be
compromised.
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SPECIFIC OUTCOME 2
Handle and store hazardous/dangerous goods.
OUTCOME NOTES
Handle and store hazardous/dangerous goods in accordance with laid down safety
standards, pollution and environmental requirements.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
and a project).
compromised.
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 3
Implement statutory requirements.
OUTCOME NOTES
Implement statutory requirements (e.g. waste disposal) and their application in different
work environments.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
and a project).
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compromised.
SPECIFIC OUTCOME 4
Take the appropriate actions in the event of accidents or incidents.
OUTCOME NOTES
Take the appropriate actions in the event of accidents or incidents in the handling of
hazardous/dangerous goods.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
and a project).
compromised.
UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS

1. Anyone assessing a learner against this unit standard must be registered as an assessor
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with the relevant ETQA.
2. Any institution offering learning that will enable achievement of this unit standard must
be accredited by the Freight Handling Chamber of the Transport SETA and/or relevant
ETQA.
3. Moderation of assessment will be done by the relevant ETQA at its discretion.
UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE

The learner can understand, explain and apply:
1. The categorisation of dangerous and hazardous/dangerous goods as it pertains to the

selection and utilization of handling equipment, storage facilities and securing techniques.
2. The relevant legislation (e.g. Occupational Health and Safety Act, Pollution Control Act)
and international standards pertaining to the dangerous and hazardous/dangerous goods
classification, handling environment, handling method and packaging and labelling
requirements.
3. Relevant information sources available to maintain awareness in the handling and

storage of dangerous and hazardous/dangerous goods (e.g. IMDG code - maritime
industry).
4. Protection of the environment and a basic understanding of urban waste disposal

systems (e.g. sewers, separators etc).
5. The range of personal protective equipment worn during handling and storage of
hazardous/dangerous freight.
6. Basic emergency care procedures, emergency support systems and services available.
7. The potential hazards of dangerous goods (e.g. toxic, corrosive, flammable/explosive

substances).
Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO):
UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING

Identify and solve problems in applying the most appropriate method of damage control in
the event of an accident or incident (e.g. relocating hazardous/dangerous freight).
UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING

Manage and organise oneself when demonstrating initiative in selecting and utilising
personal protective equipment suitable to the freight type and class.
UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING

Collect, analyse, organise and critically evaluate information in order to select and apply
the most efficient and safe method of handling different dangerous and
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UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING

Communicate information about the application of relevant legislation (e.g. Occupational
Health and Safety Act) to ensure meticulous compliance and to encourage all colleagues to
apply such legislation in accordance with national (and where applicable) international
safety and environmental standards.
QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD:

QUALIFICATION OLD NEW END
ID STATUS
TITLE LEVEL LEVEL DATE
Passed the End
NQF
14574 National Certificate: Date - 2006-
Core Level 3 Level
Freight Handling Status was 12-03
03
"Reregistered"
NQF
57831 National Certificate: 2012-
Elective Level 3 Level Reregistered
Freight Handling 10-06
03
All qualifications and unit standards registered on the National Qualifications Framework are public property. Thus the only
payment that can be made for them is for service and reproduction. It is illegal to sell this material for profit. If the material is
reproduced or quoted, the South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) should be acknowledged as the source.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
MODULE 1: The Legal Framework of Handling and Storing Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 9
MODULE 2: Identifying and Classifying Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 17
MODULE 3: Handling and Storing Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 29
MODULE 4: Emergency Response and Incident Management p. 47
MODULE 5: Hazardous/Dangerous Goods Terminology p. 58
References p. 62
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MODULE 1: The Legal Framework of Handling and Storing

Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
Upon completion of this module the learner will be able to:

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specific requirements and specifications of the Occupational Health
and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993) with reference to hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specific requirements and specifications of the Hazardous
Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973) with reference to hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specific requirements and specifications of the National
Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) with reference to hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specific requirements and specifications of the National Road
Traffic Act (No. 93 of 1996) with reference to hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specific requirements and specifications of the Hazardous Chemical
Regulations (GN1179 of 1995) with reference to hazardous chemical substances; and
• Identify the specific SABS Codes of Practice and SABS Specifications that speak on hazardous/dangerous goods.
1.1 Introduction
The handling, storing as well as the transportation of hazardous/dangerous substances or goods have become a subject of
worldwide importance. With the ever-increasing awareness of environmental protection and public safety manufacturers,
storers and carriers of dangerous substances have a social responsibility to protect the environment and those that live in
it.
In this module we turn our attention to the different kinds of legislation that governs the handling and storage of
hazardous/dangerous goods or substances.
1.2 The Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993)
According to Chapter 1 of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993) the primary purpose or objective of the
Act is to provide for the health and safety of employees at their workplace. In addition it also provides for the health and
safety of those people that make use of plant or machinery. In essence, the Act ensures that care is taken to promote the
health and safety of any person for example using a lift or any other equipment over which somebody else has control.
The Act also protects those individuals that are not at a specific workplace against any hazards to their health and safety
as a result of the activities of that specific workplace. Fourthly, it also provides for the establishment of an advisory council
who is responsible for advising the Minister on any health and safety related matters. Finally, the Act also makes provision
for any matters relating to the Act.
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1.2.1 The General Duties of the Employer

The OHS Act (No. 85 of 1993) furthermore answers the question what employers need to do to ensure that the work
environment is safe and without risk to the health and safety of his/her employees.
According to section 8 of the Act, an employer is required to provide and maintain all equipment within the workplace that
is necessary for the work to be done as well as all the systems according to which work need to be completed, in a
condition that will not impact on the health and safety of his/her employees. Before the employer resorts to Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE), he/she must first try to remove or reduce any dangers to the employees’ health and safety. If
the employer has done this, and there is no other way out, the employer can resort to PPE.
The employer must also put into place measures to protect his/her employees from hazards that may result from the
production, processing, use, handling, storage or transportation of articles or substances i.e. anything that employees may
come into contact with at the place of work.
In order to ensure that these duties are adhered to, the employer must:
• Identify potential hazards that may be present while work is being done, something is being produced, processed,
used, stored or transported, and any equipment is being used;
• Establish the precautionary measures that are required to protect employees against the identified hazards and
provide the means to implement these measures;
• Provide the necessary information, instructions, training and supervision while taking the extent of workers’
competence into consideration i.e. what they may and may not do;
• Not permit anyone to carry on with any task unless the necessary measures have been taken;
• Take steps to ensure that every person under his/her control complies with the requirements of the Act;
• Enforce the necessary control measures in the interest of health and safety;
• See to it that the work being done and the equipment used, is under the general supervision of a worker who has
been trained to understand the hazards associated with the work;
• See to it that such a worker ensures that the precautionary measures are implemented and maintained.
In addition to the above mentioned, the employer has a legal responsibility to ensure that all workers are kept informed.
The employer must ensure that all workers are knowledgeable and informed as to the health and safety hazards of any
work being done and anything being processed, produced, used, stored, handled or transported, and any equipment or
machinery being used. The employer is required to provide the information about the precautionary measures that needs
to be taken against these hazards. He/she must also keep occupational health, safety and environmental representatives
informed as to when an inspector has informed the employer that he/she will visit the workplace for inspections and
investigations to be conducted.
Accordingly, the employer must as soon as is reasonably possible inform the occupational health, safety and
environmental representative of any incident/accident that took place in the workplace. Keep in mind that an incident is an
event that occurs at the workplace where a person is killed, injured or becomes ill. It also includes the spillage of a
hazardous chemical substance or a machine running out of control without killing or injuring anyone.
1.2.2 The General Duties of Manufacturers and Others Regarding Articles and Substances for Use at Work
Section 10 of the OHS Act (No. 85 of 1993) speaks on the general duties of manufacturers and others regarding the use of
articles and/or substances for use at work. In terms of section 10(1) any person who designs, manufactures, imports, sells
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or supplies any article for use at work shall ensure, as far as is reasonably practicable, that the article is safe and without
risks to health when properly used and that it complies with all prescribed requirements. Subsection 3 furthermore states
that any person who manufactures, imports, sells or supplies any substance for use at work shall:
(a) ensure as far as is reasonably practicable, that the substance is safe ad without risks to health when properly
used; and
(b) take such steps as may be necessary to ensure that information is available with regard to the use of the
substances at work, the risks to health and safety associated with such substance, the conditions necessary to
ensure that the substance will be safe and without risks to health when properly used and the procedures to be
followed in the case of an incident involving such substance.
1.3 Hazardous Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973)
The purpose of the Hazardous Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973) is to provide for the control of substances which may
cause injury or ill-health to or death of human beings by reason of their toxic, corrosive, irritant, strongly sensitising or
flammable nature or the generation of pressure thereby in certain circumstances, and for the control of certain electronic
products; to provide for the division of such substances or products into groups in relation to the degree of danger; to
provide for the prohibition and control of the importation, manufacture, sale, use, operation, application, modification,
disposal or dumping of such substances and products; and to provide for matters connected therewith.
1.4 The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998)
Section 30 of the Act deals specifically with the control of emergency incidents and should therefore be adhered to. In
terms of section 30 (1)(a) an incident is defined as an unexpected sudden occurrence including a major emission, fire or
explosion leading to serious danger to the public or potentially serious pollution of or detriment to the environment
whether immediate or delayed.
The responsible person includes any person who is responsible for the incident, owns any hazardous substance involved in
the incident or was in control of any hazardous substance involved in the incident at the time of the incident.
In terms of subsection (3), the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of that person’s
employment, his/her employer must forthwith after knowledge of the incident, report through the most effective means
available –
• The nature of the incident;
• Any risks posed by the incident to public health, safety and property;
• The toxicity of substances or by-products released by the incident; and
• Any steps that should be taken in order to avoid or minimise the effects of the incident on public health and the
environment to the Director-General, SAPS, the relevant fire prevention service, the relevant provincial head of
department or municipality and all persons whose health may be affected by the incident.
Subsection (4) states that the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of the person’s
employment, his/her employer must as soon as reasonably practicable after knowledge of the incident:
• Take reasonable measures to contain or minimise the effects of the incident, including its effects on the environment
and any risks posed by the incident to the health, safety and property of persons;
• Undertake clean-up procedures;
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• Remedy the effects of the incident;

• Assess the immediate and long-term effects of the incident on the environment and public health.
Subsection (5) says that the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of that person’s employment,
his/her employer must within 14 days of the incident, report to the Director-General, provincial head of department and
municipality such information as is available to enable an initial evaluation of the incident.
1.5 Hazardous Chemicals Regulation (GN1179 of 1995)
The Hazardous Chemicals Regulation (GN1179 of 1995) as written under the Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85
of 1993) defines hazardous chemical substances as any toxic, corrosive, irritant or asphyxiant substance or mixture of
such substances which an occupational limit is prescribed or an occupational limit is not prescribed but which creates a
hazard to health.
In terms of Regulation 3 of the Hazardous Chemicals Regulation, an employer shall before any employee is exposed or
may be exposed, after consultation with the occupational health, safety and environmental committee for that section of
the workplace, ensure that the employee is adequately and comprehensively informed and trained, as well as thereafter
informed and trained at intervals recommended by that occupational health, safety and environmental committee with
regard to:
(a) The contents and scope of these regulations;
(b) The potential source of exposure;
(c) The potential risks to health caused by exposure;
(d) The potential detrimental effect of exposure on his/her reproductive ability;
(e) Measures to be taken by the employers to protect an employee against risk from exposure;
(f) Precautions to be taken by an employee to protect himself or herself against the health risks associated with
exposure, including wearing and use of protective clothing and respiratory protective equipment;
(g) The necessity, correct use, maintenance and potential of safety equipment, facilities and engineering control
measures provided;
(h) The necessity of personal air sampling and medical surveillance;
(i) The importance of good housekeeping at the workplace and personal hygiene;
(j) Safe working procedures regarding use, handling, storage and labelling of the hazardous chemical substance at the
workplace; and
(k) Procedures to be followed in the event of spillages, leakages or any similar emergency situation which could take
place by accident.
In addition, the employer has to ensure that he or any person who in any manner assists in carrying out or conducting his
business, has the necessary information and has undergone sufficient training in order to identify the potential risks and
the precautions which should be taken.
The Regulation also imposes certain duties on persons who may be exposed to hazardous chemical substances. In terms
of regulation 4, a person who is or may be exposed, shall obey a lawful instruction given by or on behalf of the employer
regarding:
(a) Prevention of a hazardous chemical substance from being released;
(b) Wearing of personal protective equipment;
(c) Wearing of monitoring equipment to measure personal exposure; 14
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(d) Reporting for health evaluations and biological tests as required by these regulations;
(e) Cleaning up and disposal of materials containing hazardous chemical substances;
(f) Housekeeping at the workplace, personal hygiene and environmental and health practices; and
(g) Information and training as contemplated in regulation 3.
Regulation 14 of the Hazardous Chemical Substances Regulation speaks specifically on the labelling, packing,
transportation and storage of hazardous chemical substances. It states that the employer shall in order to avoid the
spread of contamination of a hazardous chemical substance, take steps, as far as is reasonably practicable, to ensure:
(a) That the hazardous chemical substance in storage or distributed are properly identified, classified and handled in
accordance with SABS 072 and SABS 0228;
(b) That a container or a vehicle in which a hazardous chemical substance is transported, is clearly identified, classified
and packed in accordance with SABS 0228 and SABS 0229; and
(c) That any container into which a hazardous chemical substance is decanted is labelled clearly with regard to its
contents.
Finally, regulation 15 of the same regulations speaks on the disposal of hazardous chemical substances. It states that the
employer shall as far as is reasonable:
(a) Recycle all hazardous chemical substance waste;
(b) Ensure that all collected hazardous chemical substance waste is placed into containers that will prevent the likelihood
of exposure during handling;
(c) Ensure that all vehicles, re-usable containers and covers which have been in contact with hazardous chemical
substance waste are cleaned and decontaminated after use in such a way that the vehicles, containers or covers do
not cause a hazard inside or outside the premises concerned;
(d) Ensure that all hazardous chemical substance waste which can cause exposure, is disposed of only on sites specifically
designated for this purpose in terms of the Environmental Conservation Act (No. 73 of 1989) in such a manner that it
does not cause a hazard inside or outside the site concerned;
(e) Ensure that all employees occupied in the collection, transport and disposal of hazardous chemical substance waste,
who may be exposed to that waste, are provided with suitable personal protective equipment; and
(f) Ensure that if the services of a waste disposal contractor are used, a provision is incorporated into the contract stating
that the contractor shall also comply with the provisions of these regulations.
1.6 National Road Traffic Act (No. 93 of 1996)
Section 54 of the National Road Traffic Act (No. 93 of 1996) speaks specifically on the prohibition of the transportation of
certain dangerous goods. It states that no person shall, except as prescribed, offer for transportation in a vehicle, or
transport in a vehicle, or accept after transportation in, on or by a vehicle, any prescribed dangerous goods.
1.7 Codes of Practice and SABS Specifications
The following Codes of Practice and SABS Specifications also speak on the handling, transportation and storage of
dangerous goods (Information from these Codes and Specifications will be used throughout the manual):
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SABS Codes of Description SABS Specifications Description

Practice
SABS 0228 The identification and SABS 1398 Road tank vehicles for petroleum-
classification of dangerous based flammable liquids.
substances and goods.
SABS 0229 Packaging of Dangerous Goods SABS 1518 Transportation of dangerous goods
for road & rail transportation in – design requirements for road
South Africa. tankers.
SABS 0231 Transportation of dangerous
goods – operational
requirements for road vehicles.
SABS 0232-1 Transportation of dangerous
goods – emergency information
systems: Part 1 – Emergency
Information System for Road
Transportation
SABS 0232-3 Transportation of dangerous
goods – emergency information
systems: Part 3 – Emergency
Response Guides
SABS 0233 Intermediate bulk containers for
dangerous substances
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SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
1. What are the duties of your employer in terms of the Occupational Health and Safety Act
(No. 85 of 1993) with regard to the handling of hazardous/dangerous goods etc?
2. What are the requirements of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993)
with regard to the duties of manufacturers and any other persons regarding the use of
articles and substances for use at work?
3. What are the requirements of the Hazardous Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973) with
regards to hazardous/dangerous substances in the workplace?
4. What are the requirements of the National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of
1998) with regards to the control of emergency incidents?
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5. What does the Hazardous Chemical Regulations (GN 1179 of 1995) say about the duties
of the employer with regard to the use or control of hazardous/dangerous goods?
6. Identify the different Codes of Practices that speak on hazardous/dangerous goods and
indicate what practices they specifically address?
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MODULE 2: Identifying and Classifying Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
Upon completion of this module, the learner will be able to:

• Identify and differentiate between the different classes of hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Identify and differentiate between the different danger groups related to hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of Hazard Class Diamonds and Subsidiary Risk Diamonds;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of the compatibility of the different classes in terms of
the handling and storage of hazardous/dangerous goods; and
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding and is able to interpret the hazardous/dangerous goods compatibility
chart.
2.1 Introduction
In this module we will take a look at how hazardous/dangerous are identified and classified in terms of the “SABS 0228:
The identification and classification of dangerous substances and goods” Code of Practice.
2.2 SABS 0228 – The Identification and Classification of Dangerous Substances and
Goods
The SABS 0228 covers the identification of dangerous substances and goods that are capable of posing a significant risk to
health and safety or to property and the environment. Dangerous substances and goods are classified in nine (9) classes
and four (4) danger groups in line with internationally recognised classifications that have been changed to suit the
specific South African situation. The nine classes relate to the type of hazard whereas the four danger groups relate to the
degree of danger posed within the class.
The nine classes of dangerous substances and goods are:
Class Description
Class 1 Explosives
Class 2 Gases
Class 3 Flammable Liquids
Class 4 Flammable Solids; Substances liable to spontaneous combustion; Substances that on contact with water
emit flammable gases. Please note: This class includes substances (other than those classified as
explosives) that are readily combustible or can cause or contribute to a fire.
Class 5 Oxidising Substances or Organic Peroxides
Class 6 Toxic and Infectious Substances
Class 7 Radioactive Materials
Class 8 Corrosives
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Class 9 Miscellaneous dangerous substances and goods. Please Note: These are dangerous substances and
goods that cannot be classified into one of the other classes but are nevertheless of such dangerous
character that the provisions of this standard apply to them.
This includes the following substances:
1. other regulated substances, namely a liquid or a solid that has anaesthetic, noxious or other similar
properties that could cause extreme annoyance or discomfort to humans or animals;
2. magnetised material namely any material that when packed as for transportation has a magnetic
field strength of 0,159 A/m or more at a distance of 2,1m from any point on the surface of the
assembled package;
3. Miscellaneous substances i.e. asbestos, dry ice, environmentally hazardous substances, life-saving
appliances, internal combustion engines, polymeric beads, battery-powered vehicles, electric
wheelchairs and zinc dithionite; and
4. Substances at elevated temperature, namely liquids that are transported at a temperature of not
less than 100 degrees Celsius and solids that are transported at temperature of not less than 240
degrees Celsius
The specific danger groups are categorised in relation to their level of risk and are allocated as follows:
• Danger group I: substances and goods that present a very severe risk;
• Danger group II: substances and goods that present a serious risk;
• Danger group III: substances and goods that present a relatively low risk; and
• Danger group IV: substances and goods that present a very low risk;
In the following sections we will take a more in-depth look at each class of dangerous goods and substances.
2.2.1 Class 1 - Explosives

Explosives are described as goods or substances that can produce gas at such a temperature and at such a high speed
that it causes damage to its surroundings. Explosives contain both fuel and oxidant and can function independently in their
surroundings.
2.2.2 Class 2 - Gases

Class 2 dangerous goods and substances – gases – can be divided into three different subclasses according to their main
hazards during transportation. These classes are:
• Subclass 2.1 – Flammable Gases

These are gases that easily catches fire when exposed to a spark or a flame e.g. LP Gas.
• Subclass 2.2 – Compressed, Non-Flammable, Non Toxic Gases

Compressed Gases refer to gasses that are under pressure. They may dilute or replace the oxygen in the air as well as
intensify a fire by feeding it oxygen. Examples include carbon dioxide – this gas replaces the oxygen and another example
is helium that feeds oxygen.
• Subclass 2.3 – Gases that are toxic by inhalation

These are poisonous or corrosive gases and pose a definite health hazard to those that handle, store and transport it e.g.
chlorine and hydrogen chloride.
20
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Please Note: subclass 2.3 takes precedence over subclasses 2.1 and 2.2 while subclass 2.1 takes precedence over the
hazards associated with subclass 2.2.
The main hazards or dangers of this class of dangerous goods and substances include, but are not limited to:
• Normally carried under pressure and are therefore affected by temperature changes;
• May be poisonous or toxic;
• May have invisible vapours;
• May be explosive – the so-called Bleve-effect;
• Flashbacks may occur.
2.2.3 Class 3 – Flammable Liquids

This class consists of flammable liquids which can be liquids or mixtures that contain solids in solution or suspension.
Examples of these types of dangerous goods or substances include paints, varnishes and lacquers.
The hazards or dangers associated with class 3 type dangerous goods or substances include but are not limited to:
• Emits flammable vapour
• Vapour is invisible
• Vapour ignites easily; burns quickly and fiercely;
• Flashback will occur;
• Vapour may be explosive / Bleve effect;
• Vapour may be poisonous / toxic;
• Liquid may be miscible OR immiscible in water; and
• Liquid may be non-combustible.
2.2.4 Class 4 – Flammable Solids; Substances liable to Spontaneous Combustion; Substances that on
Contact Emit Flammable Gases
This class is also divided into three subclasses. These subclasses are:
• Subclass 4.1 – Readily combustible and self-reactive substances

These substances ignite easily by means of exposure to a spark or by friction. These substances also burn easily and may
give off toxic gases for example sulphur, cotton, hay/straw and matches.
• Subclass 4.2 – Substances liable to spontaneous combustion

These substances are solids or liquids that generate their own heat. Small quantities of these substances may self-ignite if
exposed to air for five minutes or less while large amounts (solids) heat up if exposed to air after a long time. Examples of
this subclass of substances are animal fibres, wet cotton and oily rags.
• Subclass 4.3 – Substances which in contact with water emit flammable gases
These types of substances may ignite spontaneously and emit flammable gases when they come into contact with
moisture. These subclass substances can burn for long periods of time and give off toxic gases. These substances include
calcium carbide and zinc dust.
2.2.5 Class 5 – Oxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides

Class 5 dangerous goods and substances can be divided into two subclasses. These subclasses are:
21
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• Subclass 5.1 – Oxidising Substances

This subclass produces large amounts of oxygen and may react with other materials. It causes combustible material to
burn fiercely and vapour that may be emitted can be poisonous and toxic. These types of substances become unstable
with age such as ammonium nitrate mixed fertiliser and lead dioxide.
• Subclass 5.2 – Organic Peroxides

These substances are unstable and sensitive to heat. This means that these substances may detonate easily. In addition,
these substances also generate heat as they decompose and mostly burn rapidly. Some of these substances are sensitive
to friction or impact such as acetyl benzoyl peroxide.
2.2.6 Class 6 – Toxic and Infectious Substances

This class can also be divided into two subclasses namely toxic substances and infectious substances.
• Subclass 6.1 – Toxic Substances

Toxic substances may cause death, injury or harm if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed. These substances could also emit
poisonous gases in a fire or when they decompose. Some of these substances are also flammable such as arsenic and lead
acetate.
• Subclass 6.2 – Infectious Substances

Infectious substances include toxins that may cause severe disabling or fatal diseases in humans and animals such as
hospital waste and vaccines.
2.2.7 Class 7 – Radioactive Materials

The transportation of radioactive material is subject to the Nuclear Energy Act and the Hazardous Substances Act.
Radioactive material can be defined as any substance that consists of or contains any radioactive nuclide whether natural
or artificial. The provisions of the Nuclear Energy Act are not applicable in respect of radioactive materials that are defined
as Danger Group IV hazardous substances.
In terms of section 1 of the Hazardous Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973), a Danger Group IV hazardous substance is
defined as:
Radioactive material outside a nuclear installation that conforms to the following – does not form part of, or is not used or
intended to be used in the nuclear fuel cycle, AND has an approved activity concentration, AND has been declared by the
Minister of Health as a Group IV substance and is used or intended for medical, scientific, agricultural, commercial or
industrial purposes and any radioactive waste arising from such material.
Radioactivity arises naturally from the decay of particular forms of some elements, called isotopes. Some isotopes are
radioactive, most are not, though in this manual we concentrate on the former. There are three kinds of radiation to
consider: alpha, beta and gamma. A fourth kind, neutron radiation, generally only occurs inside a nuclear reactor.
Different types of radiation require different forms of protection:

• Alpha radiation cannot penetrate the skin and can be blocked out by a sheet of paper, but is dangerous in the lung.
• Beta radiation can penetrate into the body but can be blocked out by a sheet of aluminium foil.
22
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• Gamma radiation can go right through the body and requires several centimetres of lead or concrete, or a metre or so
of water, to block it.
All of these kinds of radiation are, at low levels, naturally part of our environment. Any or all of them may be present in
any classification of waste.
Radioactive wastes comprise a variety of materials requiring different types of management to protect people and the
environment. They are normally classified as low-level, medium-level or high-level wastes, according to the amount and
types of radioactivity in them.
Another factor in managing wastes is the time that they are likely to remain hazardous. This depends on the kinds of
radioactive isotopes in them, and particularly the half lives characteristic of each of those isotopes. The half-life is the time
it takes for a given radioactive isotope to lose half of its radioactivity. After four half lives the level of radioactivity is 1/16th
of the original and after eight half-lives 1/256th.
2.2.8 Class 8 - Corrosives

Many substances in this class only become corrosive after having reacted with water or with moisture in the air. This
reaction is accompanied by the emission of irritating and corrosive gases that usually become visible as fumes in the air.
Examples include sodium hydroxide and mercury.
The characteristics of this class of dangerous goods and substances include:

• Solids or liquids;
• Attacks materials such as metals or textiles;
• May severely damage living tissue;
• Leaks will damage road surfaces and other cargo;
• May emit vapours that irritate the nose and eyes;
• May emit toxic gases; and
• Corrosion may give off flammable vapours that might ignite.
2.2.9 Class 9 – Miscellaneous Dangerous Substances and Goods

These class 9 substances are those dangerous substances that cannot be classified into one of the other classes and are
classified under class 9. This includes:
• Other Regulated Substances: This is liquids or solids that have anaesthetic, noxious or similar properties and
could cause extreme annoyance to humans or animals.
• Magnetised Material: These materials, when packaged, have a magnetic field at a distance of u to 2,1m from any
point on the surface of the package.
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• Miscellaneous / Other Substances: Examples include asbestos, dry ice, environmental hazardous substances, life-
saving appliances, internal combustion engines, polymeric beads, battery-powered vehicles, electric wheelchairs, and
zinc dithionite.
• Substances at Elevated Temperatures: This refers to liquids transported at temperatures of 100°C and solids that
are transported at temperatures of 240°C and higher.
Please refer Appendix A for an Alphabetical List of dangerous substances and goods and Appendix B for a Numerical list
of dangerous substances and goods.
2.3 Hazard Class Diamonds and Subsidiary Risk Diamonds
Each class and division is distinguished by its own warning diamond and subsidiary risk diamond that must appear on
packages offered for transport, as well as on the vehicles used for transportation.
CLASS 1 - EXPLOSIVES
1.5
1.4 1.6
1
See Notes 1 & 2 See Note 2 See Note 2 See Note 2
NOTE 1 Insert the subclass for explosives in the space marked * *, for example 1.1
NOTE 2 Insert the compatibility group in the space marked *, for example K
(The subclasses and compatibility groups can be found in paragraph 6.2 of SABS 0228)
CLASS 2 – GASES
Subclass 2.1 – Flammable Gases
Hazard Subsidiary
Class FLAMMABLE GAS
Risk FLAMMABLE GAS
Diamond Diamond
2 2
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Subclass 2.2 – Compressed, non-flammable, non-toxic gases
Hazard Subsidiary
Class Risk
NON-FLAMMIBLE
NON-FLAMMIBLE NON-TOXIC GAS
Diamond
NON-TOXIC GAS
Diamond
2
2
Subclass 2.3 – Gases. Toxic by inhalation
Hazard
Class TOXIC GAS
Diamond 2
CLASS 3 – FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS
Hazard Subsidiary
Class Risk
FLAMMABLE LIQUID FLAMMABLE LIQUID
Diamond Diamond
3 3
CLASS 4 – Flammable solids
Subclass 4.1 – Readily combustible Subclass 4.2 – Liable to spontaneous

& self-reactive combustion
Hazard Hazard
Class Class
FLAMMABLE SOLIDS SPONTANEOUSLY
COMBUSTABLE
Diamond Diamond
4 4
Subclass 4.3 – Emit flammable gases when in contact with water
Hazard Subsidiary
DANGEROUS
Class DANGEROUS Risk WHEN WET
WHEN WET
Diamond 4 Diamond 4
CLASS 5 – OXIDIZERS & ORGANIC PEROXIDES
Subclass 5.1 – Oxidizing substances Subclass 5.2 – Organic peroxides
Hazard Hazard
Class Class
ORGANIC PEROXIDE
Diamond OXIDIZER
Diamond
5.1
5.2
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CLASS 6 – TOXIC & INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES
Subclass 6.1 – Toxic substances Subclass 6.2 – Infectious substances
Hazard Hazard
Class Class INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCE
In case of damage or leakage
TOXIC GAS
immediately notify public
Diamond Diamond health authority.
6 6
CLASS 7 – RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL
Hazard
Class
RADIO ACTIVE RADIO ACTIVE RADIO ACTIVE
Diamond CONTENTS.................
ACTIVITY....................
CONTENTS.................
ACTIVITY.................... CONTENTS.................
ACTIVITY....................
TRANSPORT INDEX
TRANSPORT INDEX
7 7 7
CLASS 8 – CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES CLASS 9 – OTHER/MISCILLANEOUS
Hazard Hazard
Class
Class
SPONTANEOUSLY
CORROSIVE
Diamond COMBUSTABLE
Diamond
48 9
2.4 The Compatibility of Classes
Materials of one class may react with the materials of another class resulting in a greater hazard. These classes should be
kept apart during handling, storage and transportation.
When determining the combined hazard associated with classes, one needs to take into consideration both the hazard
class and any subsidiary risk.
Normally a load compatibility chart is used to determine whether substances may be loaded onto the same vehicle or even
stored and handled together. However, attention must be given to special provisions pertaining to each class and the
reactivity if individual substances with each other, even if the substances are allowed together in terms of the load
compatibility chart.
Special provisions according to hazard class
• All classes – Special Provisions

Unless otherwise specified, goods of different hazard classes must be kept at least 0,10m apart or be divided by an
approved segregation device.
• Class 1 – Special Provisions

Explosives may only be transported by prior permission form the Explosives Inspectorate unless specifically excluded in
terms of the Explosive Act and its regulations.
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Packages of class 2 must not be thrown or subjected to impact. They must be stowed so that they cannot roll, fall or be
subjected to impact. When transported in a closed vehicle, sufficient ventilation must be provided to prevent the build-up
of gases.

If the class 3 substance is nitromethane, UN No. 1261, it must not be transported or stored in the same load as a
substance of hazard class 6.1.

Class 4.1 self-reactive substance:
o Must be shielded from direct sunlight;
o If the vehicle is covered with sheets, these sheets must be made with a material that is impermeable and non-
combustible; and
o These substances must be stowed so that they are readily accessible during all stages of transport and may not be
stacked on top of other goods.
Class 4.2 flammable solids must be subdivided into stacks of not more than 5 000kg with an air space of at least 0,50m
between the stacks. These substances must be transported in closed vehicles with the containment space constructed of
metal.
With Class 4.3 substances, contact with water must be avoided at all times.

Class 5.1 substances must not be handled, stored or transported with class 6.1 substances that are capable of being
ignited.
Class 5.2 substances must be subdivided into stacks of not more than 5 000kg with an air space of at least 0,50m
between the stacks.

Class 6.1 substances must not be handled, stored or transported together with foodstuff or stockfeed.

The transportation of radioactive material shall be in accordance with the Nuclear Energy Act.

Concentration acids and bases in quantities that exceed the exempt quantities must not be handled, stored or transported
together. Class 8 substances must not be handled, stored and transported together with class 6.1 cyanides.
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2.5 Dangerous Goods Loads Compatibility Chart
Class Note 1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 5.1 5.2 6.1 6.2 7 8 8 9
s Liquid Soli
d
1
2.1 V A A A
2.2
2.3 V
3 A A
4.1 V A A A
4.2 A A
4.3 A A
5.1 T A A A A A
5.2 A A A A A
6.1 F A A
6.2 F A A
7 A
8 B A A A A A
Liquid
8 B
Solid
9
Keys:
A = May be loaded together only if kept apart in a manner that will prevent them from coming into contact in the event of
leakage from the packaging.
B = Concentrated acids and bases must not be loaded together.
E = Explosives must be loaded according to the Transport Groups and Compatibility of Explosives.
F = Do not load toxics or infectious substances with food.
R = Must be readily accessible and not stacked on top other goods.
T = Do not load with 6.1 toxic substances capable of being ignited and of burning.
V = There must be sufficient ventilation to prevent a build up of flammable or toxic gas.
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1. What SABS Code of Practice speaks on the identification and classification of dangerous
goods or substances?
2. There are 9 classes of dangerous goods or substances. Use your knowledge of these
classes to complete the table given below.
Class Description Example
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5
Class 6
Class 7
Class 8
Class 9
3. There are four different danger groups. Use your knowledge of these groups and
complete the table?
Danger Group Description Example
Group I
Group II
Group III
Group IV
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4. What are the hazards associated with hazardous/dangerous goods and substances?
5. In your own words please explain the purpose of a load compatibility chart.
30
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MODULE 3: Handling and Storing Hazardous/Dangerous Goods

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of access to specific information regarding
hazardous/dangerous goods with specific reference to material safety data sheets;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of labelling of hazardous/dangerous goods pertaining
to the handling and storage thereof;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of placarding of hazardous/dangerous goods pertaining
to the handling and storage thereof;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of wearing the required personal protective clothing or
equipment when handling and storing hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of the separation of hazardous/dangerous goods in
terms of the compatibility of the different classes and other possible hazards and risks involved;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of the segregation of hazardous/dangerous goods in
terms of compatibility of the different classes and other possible hazards and risks involved;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the stability of hazardous/dangerous goods in terms of handling and
storage;
• Identify and explain the importance of keeping hazardous/dangerous goods spills contained;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the importance of and is able to protect hazardous/dangerous goods
from potential impact from moving objects such as vehicles etc;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding as to how hazardous/dangerous goods should be transferred safely
during the handling and storage thereof;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of and is able to dispose of hazardous/dangerous goods safely;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the handling and storage of hazardous/dangerous goods in bulk
containers; and
• Identify and explain the different ignitions sources in hazardous areas where hazardous/dangerous goods are handled
and stored and is able to minimise or eliminate these sources.
3.1 Introduction
Hazardous/dangerous goods are widely used throughout the country under a variety of conditions by industry, commerce
and institutions and as well as in domestic residential situations. The methods of complying with national standards may
vary widely, depending on the nature and the scope of the operations, the extent of involvement with
hazardous/dangerous goods and whether or not there is contact with the general public.
In this module, we take a look at the specific requirements and specifications regarding the handling and storage of
hazardous/dangerous goods. This includes material safety data sheets, personal protective equipment, the physical
separation of hazardous/dangerous goods, the segregation of hazardous/dangerous goods; the stability of
31
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hazardous/dangerous goods; spills and containment as well as protecting hazardous/dangerous goods from impact and
the transfer of hazardous/dangerous goods.
3.2 Dangerous Goods Information - Material Safety Data Sheets
According to an amendment made to the Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993), in section 9(A) (1) it states
that every person who manufactures, imports, sells or supplies any hazardous chemical substance for use at work, shall,
as far as is reasonably practicable, provide the person receiving such substance, free of charge, with a material safety data
sheet containing all the information as contemplated in ISO 14001 with regard to:
(a) product and company identification
(b) composition/information on ingredients
(c) hazards identification
(d) first aid measures
(e) fire fighting measures
(f) handling and storage
(g) exposure control/personal protection
(h) physical and chemical properties
(i) stability and reactivity
(j) toxicological information
(k) ecological information
(l) disposal considerations
(m) transport information
(n) regulatory information
(o) other information
It furthermore states that where it is not reasonably practicable to provide a material safety data sheet, the manufacturer,
importer, seller or supplier shall provide the receiver of any hazardous chemical substance with sufficient information to
enable the user to make the necessary measures as regards the protection of health and safety.
Every employer who uses hazardous chemical substances at work must also according to subsection 2 have a copy of the
material safety data sheet or a copy of sufficient information in his/her possession. He/she is also required in terms of this
section to make this information available to any person who may require it.
For dangerous goods that may be unstable except under controlled conditions, it is essential that the material safety data
sheets (MSDS) provide full details of those conditions and specify the recommended proportion and safe limits for every
ingredient that stabilises the dangerous goods. These should include all phlegmatisers, diluents, solvents, wetting agents,
stabilisers, inhibitors, and/or adulterants that are necessary to maintain safety.
3.3 Labelling
All packaging must meets with the requirements of SABS 0229 which controls the type of outer packaging and labelling
required for the transportation and storage of dangerous goods.
Packaging varies according to the hazard class and takes into consideration the Packing/Danger Group that defines the
degree of danger attached to the goods. The type of packaging often indicates the presence of a particular hazard.
32
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E.g. Steel drums – used for flammable liquids and poisons

Plastic drums – often carries corrosive substances
Cylinders – indicate the probability of compressed gas
Outer packaging code

As proof that it is certified safe to contain the intended substances, the outer packing must bear a permanent, legible and
durable marking showing the UN packaging symbol and a packing code. Approved reconditioned packaging must also
bear an additional mark near to the original marking.
Compliance Marking 4G/Y140/S/96**

u ZA/CT7
n {Authorization country/Approval Reference No}
** The first and second digit of the packing code indicates the type of packaging:
First Digit Second Digit
1 - Drum A - Steel H - Plastic
2 - Wooden barrel B - Aluminium L - Textile
3 - Jerrican C - Natural wood M - Paper, multi-wall
4 - Box D - Plywood N - Metal (other than steel
5 - Bag F - Reconstructed wood or aluminium)
6 - Composite packaging G - Fibreboard P - Glass, porcelain or
7 - Pressure receptacle(cylinder) stoneware
The 3rd digit indicates the Packing Group:

• X-packing group I
• Y-packing group II
• Z-packing group III.
This is followed by the density of the liquid or the maximum gross mass of the solids in kilograms.
The following section denotes whether it is a solid (capital S), or the hydraulic test pressure if it is intended for liquids (in
kilopascals).
The last section shows the year of manufacture.
Package labels
The labels on the package are there to:
• Alert the carrier to the type of hazard and the careful handling required,
• Act as a guide to whether the goods may or may not be loaded with other goods,
• Act as a guide to the placarding to be used on the vehicle.
Each package or receptacle must be clearly marked with the following:

• UN identity number (SIN)
• Proper shipping name
• Class warning diamond
• Subsidiary risk warning diamonds (if applicable)
• Marine pollutant label (if applicable)
• Name and address of Consignor
33
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3.4 Placarding and Documentation
Placarding and documentation aids in the identification of the cargo and their corresponding hazards, as well as how to
respond in the event of an incident.
a) All vehicles (heavy and light) transporting dangerous goods in quantities that exceed the exempt quantity must
display the placarding and documentation that accurately reflect the cargo being transported.
b) All the placarding and documentation must remain in place until all the dangerous goods have been removed and, in
the case of tankers, the goods containment area has been certified clean.
c) All items must be removed once the vehicle no longer transports dangerous goods or, in the case of tankers, once it
has been certified clean.
d) Documentation to be kept in the designated space is:
- a TREMCARD for each dangerous goods item,
- one or more dangerous goods declaration(s) to cover all the goods in the load,
- a route plan, and
- a waste classification certificate, if relevant.
e) Types of placarding which may be fitted on vehicles:
- Dangerous goods placards
- Danger warning diamonds
- Split placarding
f) Each placard must be fitted so that it is clearly visibly from the roadside.
g) Transport units containing liquids exceeding 100°C or solids exceeding 240°C must have three elevated
temperature warning triangles (250mm per side) displayed on the cargo unit, one on
either side and one at the rear.
h) Road tankers and Bulk carriers

- In the case of these vehicles, all placarding and documentation must be kept in the vehicle until the vehicle has
been certified clean.
- Tankers and bulk carriers carrying flammable liquids must also display “No smoking” and “No naked flame” signs.
i) Packaged goods and Intermediate bulk containers (IBC’s)

- In the case of these vehicles, if no spillage has occurred, all placarding and documentation shall be removed
immediately after all the goods have been unloaded.
j) Freight containers
- Vehicles transporting freight containers need only carry a danger warning diamond in addition to the necessary
documentation.
- The danger warning diamond and the documentation shall remain on the vehicle until all the freight containers
have been removed.
- Freight containers to be transported by road as part of a journey that includes movement by sea, must carry 4
sets of split placards fitted to both sides and both ends of the container, as prescribed by the International
Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) regulations.
34
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- Freight containers not intended to be carried as sea freight must carry four of the normal dangerous goods
placards on either side and each ends of the container.
k) Mixed loads
- Vehicles that carry goods of a single hazard class and of the same emergency response guide (ERG)
must bear the UN number (S.I.N.) of the most hazardous substance and in the goods identification zone, and the
hazard class diamond relevant to it in the hazard class diamond zone of the placard. Mixed loads of this type
must be placarded as for a single load.
- Vehicles that carry goods of a single hazard class but of different ERG’s must bear the word “MULTILOAD”
in the goods identification zone and the relevant hazard class diamond in the hazard class diamond zone of the
placard.
- Vehicles that carry goods of more than one hazard class must bear the word “MULTILOAD” in the goods
identification zone and the multiload class diamond in the hazard class diamond zone of the placard.
l) Waste products classified as dangerous goods
- Vehicles transporting waste products classified as dangerous goods must comply with the above requirements.
- The word “WASTE” must precede the UN number in the goods identification zone of the dangerous goods
placard.
- A waste classification certificate must be carried together with a TREMCARD and a DGD in the designated space.
3.4.1 Placarding Requirements

A. Danger warning diamond: A diamond shall be fitted to the front of the self-propelled goods vehicle. Vehicles with
a GVM of less than 3500 kg may be fitted with reduced-size warning diamond where space does not permit the regular
sized warning diamond.
B. Dangerous goods placards: Three placards must be fitted to each cargo containment area of a rigid vehicle, semi-
trailer or trailer, one at the rear and one on either side of the vehicle. Vehicles with a GVM of less than 3500 kg may be
fitted with reduced-size placards where space does not permit the regular sized placards.
C. Split placards: This shall be fitted on freight containers intended for sea freight and consists of the appropriate goods
identification rectangle, hazard class risk diamond and subsidiary risk diamonds.
3.4.2 Danger Warning Diamond and Multiload Diamond
Please refer module 2 for the warning diamonds of each hazardous/dangerous goods class.
• The regular size danger warning diamond that must be displayed at the front of the placarded vehicle must be
250mm x 250mm and of Orange colour.
• The regular size multiload diamond must be 250mm x 250mm and of Orange colour.
• As with other placards for light motor vehicles and freight containers, their size may be reduced to 100mm x 100mm
if the space available does not allow for the regular size diamond.
• The material and construction requirements are the same as for the dangerous goods placarding.
DANGEROUS
35
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B. DANGEROUS GOODS PLACARDS
Construction and size of dangerous goods placards

Overall dimensions of dangerous goods placards: Regular size placards 700mmx400mm
Reduced size placards 350mmx200mm
All dangerous goods placards shall be constructed as follows:

• The colour of the zones, letters, numbers and graphics may be of silk-screened or painted metal plate; or rigid
plastics; or formed by the application of peel-and-stick plastic material or coated paper.
• The construction material as well as the means of attachment of the placard to the vehicle must be of sufficient
strength and rigidity to prevent distortion or disruption when exposed to the forces encountered during transportation
by the relevant mode of transport.
Dangerous goods placard zones

Dangerous goods placards are divided into four zones by black borders:
Goods Identification Zone

• Background in Orange
• Lettering in black
Displays the:
• SIN/UN number of the dangerous goods; OR
• SIN/UN number followed by the word “WASTE”; OR
• word “MULTILOAD”
Operator Telephonic Advice Number Zone

Displays the area code and telephone number of the operator at the premises from which the business is conducted,
where details can be obtained about the cargo and route of the vehicle. Two numbers may be displayed - one must be a
24 hour landline number.
Specialist Telephonic Advice Number Zone

Displays the area code and telephone number where specialist advice on the hazards of the cargo is available. Two
numbers may be displayed – one must be a 24 hour landline number.
Hazard Class Diamond Zone

• Background in White
• Hazard class diamond in relevant colour(s)
36
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Displays the appropriate hazard class diamond and where applicable, any subsidiary risk diamond(s); OR the multiload
diamond.
Design of dangerous goods placards
Single load OR Multiload - carrying single hazard class with the same ERG
A. Goods Identification Zone (50 mm high) 1067 WASTE
A
B. Operator Telephonic Advice Zone (50mm high)
E E
C. Specialist Telephonic Advice Zone (50mm high) B
D. Relevant Hazard Class Diamond (250mm x 250mm)
E. Subsidiary Risk Diamonds (Up to two 100 x 100mm) C
Multiload placard – carrying single hazard class but different ERG’s

MULTILOAD
A. Goods Identification Zone (50 mm high)
A
C. Specialist Telephonic Advice Zone (50mm high) B
D. Relevant Hazard Class Diamond (250mm x 250mm)
C
Multiload placard - carrying more than one hazard class

A. Goods Identification Zone (50 mm high)
MULTILOAD
A
C. Specialist Telephonic Advice Zone (50mm high)
DANGEROUS
B
D. The multiload hazard class diamond (250mm x 250mm)
C
C. SPLIT PLACARDING (Freight containers intended for sea freight)
Consists of the following:

• Goods identification rectangle
• Hazard class diamond or a multiload diamond
• Subsidiary risk diamond(s) if necessary
1067
Goods Identification Rectangle Hazard Class Diamond Subsidiary risk Diamond
(150mm x 290mm) (250mm x 250mm) (250mm x 250mm)
3.4.3 Use of Safety Signs & Demarcation

In addition to placarding and labelling requirements, symbolic safety signs should be used where the risk assessment
process identifies a need to provide prominent instructions or warnings. Safety signs may be used to highlight or reinforce
such matters as:
• The proximity of hazards; 37
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• The nature of hazards;

• The control of risk factors
• The protection of risk control mechanisms;
• Operating instructions and procedures;
• The location of emergency equipment and materials; and
• Emergency instructions and procedures.
A symbolic safety sign consists of the following criteria:

• Geometric shape.
• Pictogramme (picture or writing).
• Background colour.
Five different types of symbolic signs, each unique in colour and shape, are used for the various methods of recognition
(Refer Table 2).
TYPE OF SIGN GEOMETRIC SHAPE BACKGROUND COLOUR
Warning Yellow background and black

border/picture
Prohibition White background and red

border/picture
Mandatory Blue background and white picture
Informatory (General) Green background and white picture
Informatory (Fire Equipment) White background and red

border/picture
The SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) have these signs available and are normally used by all industries. You are
allowed to change these, but then the charts should be prominently displayed throughout the site and your employees
should be trained on the different signs. 38
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Demarcation of Hazardous Areas

The potential disasters that can occur from an incident or accident involving hazardous/dangerous goods or substances
can be avoided or mitigated through proper planning. The areas that are to be used for handling and storage as well as
transportation of hazardous/dangerous goods should be specified or demarcated to avoid handling, storage and
transportation in other areas as far as possible. These measures will help to minimise exposure to the risks and safeguard
people.
Disposal areas of hazardous/dangerous goods should also be demarcated. Disposal areas and storage areas for waste
products should be set aside. Sufficient space should be provided on site to prevent the presence of waste containers in
the normal process and storage areas.
3.4.4 The identification of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods in an Enclosed System

The employer or the authorised person should ensure that any hazardous/dangerous goods in an enclosed system such as
any storage container, spill containment system, pipework, fittings or plant are clearly identified to anyone who may be
affected.
Methods for identifying hazardous/dangerous goods in enclosed systems include:

• Special signs alerting people to specific hazards and responsibilities;
• Other forms of marking that serve the purpose, such as colour coding on pipework; or
• Schematic layouts displayed prominently.
3.5 Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment
Personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) consists of devices and clothing that provide individual employees with
some protection from hazards. It is essentially a last line of defence when all else fails. Examples of PPE include, but are
not limited to, full-length overalls, aprons, abrasion resistant or chemically resistant gloves, dust masks, respirators or
breathing apparatus, safety footwear or chemical- resistant boots, goggles or face shields, hard hats, hearing protection
and fully encapsulated suits.
TABLE 1: PPE Signs and Explanations
SIGN EXPLANATION
EYE PROTECTION
Goggles must be worn at all times.
FACE SHIELD
Full-face shield must be worn at all times.
FOOT PROTECTION
Approved foot protection must be worn at all times.
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GLOVES
Gloves must be worn at all times (Ensure that you are using the right glove for the right
task.)
HEAD PROTECTION
Approved hardhat must be worn at all times.
RESPIRATOR
A respirator with the correct cartridges must be worn at all times. All respirator users must
have appropriate training for proper fit and use before using.
SHOES REQUIRED
Proper shoes that cover the foot are required (no open toed shoes permitted in this area).
As a matter of principle, PPE should not be used as the sole control measure except where no other measures are
practicable. Its use with other control measures, however, provides additional confidence that risks are controlled, and the
required level of protection is provided.
Despite the use of other control measures, appropriate PPE should be provided and worn whenever there is any
foreseeable possibility of contamination or harm to employees arising from the storage or handling of
hazardous/dangerous goods. PPE should provide full protection as required for normal work activity, and adequate
defence against possible unplanned events and emergencies.
Situations where PPE may be necessary include:

• Where it is not technically feasible to achieve adequate control by other means;
• Where PPE is necessary to safeguard safety and health until such time as adequate control is achieved by other
means, for example, where urgent action is required because of plant failure;
• During routine maintenance operations where the infrequency and small number of people involved may make other
control measures impracticable; or
• Where, even though a safe working environment exists under normal conditions, protection may be required from
acute hazards in the event of sudden plant failure or other unexpected incidents.
An MSDS will normally contain recommendations on the selection and use of personal protective equipment for the
particular hazardous/dangerous goods. This advice should be followed unless the relevant individual determines, by
applying risk management processes, and in consultation with employees, that other protection measures would be more
appropriate.
An effective PPE system requires considerable effort by the employer to ensure that:
• Protective devices are selected which are suitable for the individual and give the required level of protection from the
risks associated with the particular task;
• Only clothing and equipment meeting the relevant standards or other recognised standards, is utilised;
• Use is enforced when required;
• Equipment that is provided is readily available, clean and function al, and employees are individually fitted;
• There is proper instruction on the need for, and correct use of PPE; and
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• An effective system of cleaning and maintenance is devised, including maintenance by appropriately trained staff in
accordance with maintenance and servicing program.
3.6 The Physical Separation of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
The principle method by which risks of hazardous/dangerous goods are minimised, is by means of physical separation
through isolating hazardous/dangerous goods from protected works, other dangerous goods storage and handling areas,
people and other property. This separation actually fulfils a dual purpose namely:
• Protecting people from hazardous/dangerous goods; and
• Protecting the hazardous/dangerous goods from people.
The isolation of hazardous/dangerous goods may be achieved by means of distance, the use of effective barriers or a
combination of both. As far as is reasonably practicable, separation distances should be determined and applied in such a
way that the resultant risk to the other occupancy, as determined through the risk assessment process would not require
the application of additional control measures.
The following factors should be considered when determining separation distances:

• The types of hazards exhibited by the hazardous/dangerous goods and the risks they pose;
• The quantity of hazardous/dangerous goods stored and handled in the work area;
• The type of installation and the processes applied to the hazardous/dangerous goods in the work area and their
associated hazards and risks;
• All other activities in the work area which may increase the risk; and
• Any control measures in place which will reduce the risk.
Where barriers are used together with distances to achieve the required separation, the protection they provide must be
effective with the particular hazardous/dangerous goods. Factors to consider include:
• The types of hazards exhibited by the hazardous/dangerous goods and the risks they pose to the barrier;
• The extent of vapour barrier required and its effectiveness in varied climatic conditions;
• Appropriate levels of fire resistance to be provided, depending on the potential heat load from internal or external
incidents; and
• Structural sufficiency to withstand weather and any overpressure resulting from internal or external incidents.
3.7 Segregation of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
In order to prevent dangerous interaction, hazardous/dangerous goods should be kept apart (segregated) from all other
goods with which they are not compatible. This can be achieved by storing and handling incompatible goods in separate
areas or by the use of physical barriers or distances within the same area.
As a general rule, hazardous/dangerous goods should not be stored above or below other goods with which they may
interact. When segregating incompatible goods, it may also be necessary to prevent mingling of spilled materials by the
use of separate compounds.
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Systems and procedures should be developed and enforced, and personnel involved in the storage and handling of
hazardous/dangerous goods should be trained and supervised to ensure segregation is maintained at all times.
3.8 Stability of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
Many hazardous/dangerous goods are highly reactive, unstable or self-reactive except under controlled conditions. In
order to ensure that controlled conditions are maintained, the responsible persons must ensure the following:
• Product specifications have been obtained from the manufacturer or supplier; and
• Hazardous/dangerous goods are kept and maintained in accordance with supplier specifications until they are ready to
be used.
3.9 Spills and Containment
It is important that all spills of hazardous/dangerous goods, other than gases, be contained on the site. The extent to
which spills are contained will require the installations of physical spill containment devices which in turn will depend on
the following factors:
• The nature of the hazardous/dangerous goods (whether liquid or solid);
o If liquid, whether it is mobile or viscous;
o If solid, whether or not it may become molten in a fire;
• The quantity of the hazardous/dangerous goods;
• The size of the largest container or reasonably foreseeable largest spill; and
• The potential impact should the hazardous/dangerous goods escape to the environment.
Spill containment for liquids, including molten solids may be accomplished by:
• Grading the surface so that all spills are contained by the contours;
• Bonding the area where hazardous/dangerous goods are stored or handled to form a compound;
• The provision of drains to an on-site secure catchment system such as a pit or pond; or
• A combination of any of the above.
A spill containment system should ensure that:

• Separate spill containment is provided for hazardous/dangerous goods that are not compatible;
• The capacity of the containment is sufficient for the volumes which may need to be contained in the worst possible
incident;
• All spills can be safely held until cleaned up;
• All the materials of which it is constructed, together with any materials used for absorption:
o Are compatible with the hazardous/dangerous goods and other materials in the vicinity; and
o Will prevent contamination of groundwater or soil;
• Movement of spilled material into, or within, the containment system will not increase the spread or magnitude of an
incident;
• System integrity will be maintained in any foreseeable incident;
• The system will not become ineffective due to stormwater, or to any other activities in the area; and
• If necessary in the event of an incident, contaminated water can be removed.
3.10 Impact Protection
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Vehicles and mobile plant are the most likely source of impact with hazardous/dangerous goods and the structures, plant,
containers in which they are stored and handled. In addition to vehicle impact, the threat of impact from external sources
such as adjacent railways, airports or construction activities must also be considered.
Impact protection measures are necessary for:

• Structures containing hazardous/dangerous goods;
• Plant and equipment including storage and process vessels, associated pipework, pumps and controls;
• Storage areas (including transit storage) for packages, and associated shelves and racks; and
• Exposed parts of the fire protection system.
The protection, which may be achieved by the installation of crash protection measures such as bollards and guard rails,
should be designed to:
• Absorb the energy of any reasonably foreseeable impact, having regard to the possible mass and velocity of the
object; and
• Minimise the likelihood of injury to drivers and/or passengers and damage to vehicles from the impact.
3.11 Transfer of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
The transfer of hazardous/dangerous goods generally poses far greater risk than static storage. The goods will frequently
be unconfined at some stage of the transfer process such as when pouring or pumping from one container to another.
The system used to transfer hazardous/dangerous goods should be designed in such a manner as to achieve safe transfer
by taking into consideration the following factors:
• The hazards associated with the hazardous/dangerous goods and the proposed methods of transfer;
• Required flow or transfer rates and quantities; and
• External hazards and adjacent activities.
When transferring hazardous/dangerous goods from one container to another for example, the following methods could
be used to prevent possible spills and overflow:
• Overflow protection equipment on receiving vessels;
• Flow and pressure regulators on pipework or pumps;
• Interlocking valves and switches; and
• Systems for detecting losses from pipework and fittings, such as static pressure loss detectors, measurement to
determine losses in transfer or external sensors.
Static electricity generation is of particular concern when transferring non-conductive flammable and combustible liquids,
finely divided combustible powders and any other hazardous/dangerous goods with a flammability hazard.
Vapour emissions resulting from transfer can be minimised by:

• The use of enclosed transfer systems;
• Keeping lids open only for the minimum period required for transfer;
• Minimising exposed surface areas;
• Avoidance of splashes;
• Minimising the temperature of liquids being transferred; and
• Providing extraction ventilation at all sources of vapour. 43
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Finally, when transferring hazardous/dangerous goods, it is essential that all components of the transfer system must be
compatible with, or suitably protected from the goods being transferred. Particular care is needed with all components of
pumps and valves used for the transfer of corrosive materials.
3.12 Disposal of Hazardous/Dangerous Goods – Waste Management
Prior to disposing of plant used for hazardous/dangerous goods, the employer or the authorised person should identify the
hazards, and assess and control the risks involved in the processes.
Used hazardous/dangerous goods containers such as drums should be cleaned and free of hazardous/dangerous goods
prior to disposal, unless they are:
• Intended to be refilled;
• Being sent for refurbishment; or
• Otherwise made safe by measures that will prevent adverse health effects to people and damage to property and the
environment.
Used packagings, which have not been made free of hazardous/dangerous goods, should retain labelling that properly
identifies the residual hazard. When they are free of hazardous/dangerous goods, the labelling must be removed.
Plant and equipment that have been made safe, but may present immediate or future residual or resultant hazards, need
to be subject to precautions, including:
• Identification of possible residual or resultant hazards;
• Provision of appropriate fire protection, where required;
• Ventilation to prevent build up of a hazardous atmosphere; and
• Containment of any effluent.
3.12.1 Waste Management

Waste is defined as any material that is no longer desired and has no current or substance that has been discarded or
otherwise designated as a waste material, or one that may become hazardous by interaction with other substances.
Hazardous waste, liquids and solids

The following categories of hazardous waste can be identified i.e. asbestos, chemicals (e.g. thinners and solvents),
fluorescent tubes, NiCad batteries and PCB’s (i.e. Polychlorinated Biphenyls found in some transformers etc.). All
hazardous and non-hazardous chemical liquid/solid waste must only be accepted and stored only if the appropriate
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), the name, telephone number and site organisation or group of the person leaving the
chemical is available. All chemicals must be placed in a chemical store under lock and key.
Fluorescent tubes and mercury globes must be stored in boxes and drums in a demarcated area in the Waste Holding Site.
Waste Classification Certificate

In cases where a vehicle transports waste that contains any material listed a dangerous substance, and where the total
quantity of the material, either by itself or in combination with other materials, exceeds the exempt quantity, that vehicle
shall carry a waste classification certificate based on an analysis by an accredited laboratory.
An accredited laboratory is a laboratory that has been registered with the Institute of Waste Management and that is
accredited as being suitably to analyse waste material.
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This waste classification certificate must be stored in the designated space in the driver’s cab, along with the DGD(s) and
the TREMCARD(s) – transport emergency card.
3.13 Containers for Bulk Hazardous/Dangerous Goods
Given the risks associated with leaks from bulk containers, particular care should be given to ensuring that the integrity of
the storage and its associated handling system is maintained in all normal, and foreseeable abnormal, operating
conditions. In addition the design, layout and location of pipework associated with bulk storage should be subjected to
rigorous risk assessment.
Bulk containers should be located so that the minimum separation from other persons is provided.
3.14 Ignition Sources in Hazardous Areas
Within a hazardous/dangerous goods storage and handling environment, flammable or combustible gases, vapours, dusts
and mists may be generated or evolve. An area where an explosive atmosphere may occur continuously intermittently,
presenting a risk to safety, is described as a “hazardous area”. Hazardous areas include all storage and handling areas for
hazardous/dangerous goods with a class or subsidiary risk and goods which may generate combustible dusts.
Examples of ignition sources that may present a risk in areas where dangerous goods are stored and handled include:
• Naked flames, such as those associated with blow torches, shrink wrapping equipment, stoves, gas or oil heaters,
pilot lights, driers, lighters and matches;
• Incandescent materials such as glowing coals or lighted cigarettes, cigars and pipes;
• Arcs from electric welding or arcing contacts on electric motors or switchgear;
• Static sparks;
• Mechanical sparks from grinding, or from objects striking together;
• Friction from moving parts, for example fan blades rubbing nearby surfaces;
• Heat from appliances or from chemical or biological reaction vessels;
• Internal combustion engines and vehicles;
• Radio transmitters and mobile phones; and
• All electrical fittings and equipment (including wiring, power points, switches, lighting, appliances and battery forklift
trucks) which is note rated for safe operation in a hazardous area.
Control of Potential Ignition Sources

Controls should be in place to ensure that ignition sources are not introduced into, or within 3m of a hazardous area
except under controlled conditions. Within those areas no one should smoke or have in their possession any substance or
article with the potential to be an ignition source.
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1. What is a Material Safety Data Sheet? In your answer refer to the types of information
provided on the sheet as well as the importance of having a MSDS in a workplace.
2. In your own words explain why hazardous/dangerous goods should be labelled.
3. In your own explain why placarding is important when handling and storing
4. Why should a person handling hazardous/dangerous goods use Personal Protective

Equipment? In your answer, please give examples of the types of Personal Protective
Equipment that can be used.
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5. In your own words explain why hazardous/dangerous goods should be separated. Also
indicate what actions can be taken to separate hazardous/dangerous goods.
6. In your own words explain why hazardous/dangerous goods should be segregated. Also
indicate what actions can be taken to segregate hazardous/dangerous goods.
7. In your own words explain what is meant with the stability of hazardous/dangerous
goods. Indicate in your answer ways in which you can promote stability.
8. How can hazardous/dangerous goods spills be contained?
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9. What requirements should be taken into consideration when storing hazardous /

dangerous goods in bulk containers?
10. What requirements should be taken into consideration when storing hazardous /
dangerous goods in bulk containers?
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MODULE 4: Emergency Response and Incident Management

• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the requirements and specifications of the National Environmental
Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) on the control of emergency incidents;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of emergency procedures and equipment;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of and is able to make use of Emergency Response Guides and the SABS
Emergency Response Handbook;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding as to how incidents involving hazardous/dangerous goods or substances
should be managed;
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of and is able to apply basic first aid in case of an emergency involving
hazardous/dangerous goods or substances; and
• Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of and is able to apply basic fire fighting procedures and equipment in
case of an emergency involving hazardous/dangerous goods or substances.
4.1 Introduction
It is the responsibility of everyone handling or storing hazardous/dangerous goods to be familiar with the necessary
emergency procedures and equipment to be used. The latter forms the core of this module which aims to familiarise the
learner with emergency procedures that need to be followed in case of an emergency involving hazardous/dangerous
goods. We also take a look at basic first aid as well as how to extinguish a fire.
4.2 NEMA on the Control of Emergency Incidents
The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998) speaks on the control of emergency incidents.
Section 30 of the Act deals specifically with the control of emergency incidents and should be taken into consideration
when an emergency arises. In terms of section 30 (1)(a) an incident is defined as an unexpected sudden occurrence
including a major emission, fire or explosion leading to serious danger to the public or potentially serious pollution of or
detriment to the environment whether immediate or delayed.
The responsible person includes any person who is responsible for the incident, owns any hazardous substance involved in
the incident or was in control of any hazardous substance involved in the incident at the time of the incident.
In terms of subsection (3), the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of that person’s
employment, his/her employer must forthwith after knowledge of the incident, report through the most effective means
available –
• The nature of the incident;
• Any risks posed by the incident to public health, safety and property;
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• The toxicity of substances or by-products released by the incident; and

• Any steps that should be taken in order to avoid or minimise the effects of the incident on public health and the
environment to the Director-General, SAPS, the relevant fire prevention service, the relevant provincial head of
department or municipality and all persons whose health may be affected by the incident.
Subsection (4) states that the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of the person’s
employment, his/her employer must as soon as reasonably practicable after knowledge of the incident:
• Take reasonable measures to contain or minimise the effects of the incident, including its effects on the environment
and any risks posed by the incident to the health, safety and property of persons;
• Undertake clean-up procedures;
• Remedy the effects of the incident;
• Assess the immediate and long-term effects of the incident on the environment and public health.
Subsection (5) says that the responsible person or where the incident occurred in the course of that person’s employment,
his/her employer must within 14 days of the incident, report to the Director-General, provincial head of department and
municipality such information as is available to enable an initial evaluation of the incident.
4.3 Emergency Procedures and Equipment
In terms of relevant legislation and other regulatory standards, emergency procedures and equipment for dealing with
emergencies are required for all premises where hazardous/dangerous goods are stored and/or handled. It is furthermore
a requirement that a formal emergency plan be developed where there are hazardous/dangerous goods on the site.
Emergency procedures should be in place for safely handling all foreseeable emergencies such as fire, spillage, vapour
release, uncontrolled reaction and external threats. It is the responsibility of the employer and the employees to ensure
that they are familiar with these procedures and the company’s emergency plan.
Emergency procedures normally vary from one company to the next in terms of the following:
• The means of arising the alarm;
• The method for summoning the primary emergency institutions for dealing with a hazardous/dangerous occurrence
(and the necessary contact details); and
• The actions to be taken by the employees in an emergency to ensure the safety and health of all employees and to
minimise damage to property and the environment.
Equipment required to contain and clean up incidents will vary with the types and quantities of the hazardous/dangerous
goods. Examples of emergency equipment include:
• Over-packs such as oversized drums for containing leaking containers;
• Absorbent material suitable for the substances likely to be spilled;
• Booms, plates and/or flexible sheeting for preventing spillage from entering drains and waterways;
• Neutralising agents such as lime or soda ash;
• Suitable pumps and hoses for removing spilled material;
• Hand tools such as mops, buckets and bins; and
• Suitable protective clothing and equipment to protect the safety and health of employees involved in the clean up.
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All emergency equipment should be located so that it can be readily available in an emergency for anyone who may need
it. The equipment should also be regularly checked and maintained to ensure it is effective and in a workable condition.
4.4 Emergency Response Guides
An Emergency Response Guide (ERG) is compiled for a group of materials that share the same emergency response and
facilitates the early assessment of the potential hazards and response to be taken. The Emergency Response Guide (ERG)
identifies the general hazards of the type of dangerous goods, and does not necessarily reflect the hazard classification on
the placard or Dangerous Goods Declaration.
The ERG lays out the standard procedure of the initial response upon arrival of an incident and by the Emergency Services
until more detailed information on the properties of each material and its treatment becomes available. The ERG is divided
into three sections:
A. POTENTIAL HAZARDS
This section describes the hazards of the dangerous goods in the event of fire or explosion, and also the health effects on
exposure. This section must be read in order to assess the risks to which any persons will be exposed in approaching the
incident.
B. PUBLIC SAFETY
This section outlines the immediate public safety measures to be taken in view of the nature of the incident. It suggests
evacuation distances and provides information on the immediate isolation of the incident site and the type of protective
clothing and respiratory equipment required.
This must be implemented before the Emergency Services arrive. The assistance of law enforcement agencies, if available,
must be sought to enforce the required isolation distance and to ensure easy access for the Emergency Services.
No other emergency response must be attempted without the approval of the Emergency Services and the presence of
backup personnel.
C. EMERGENCY RESPONSE
This section contains special precautions and emergency responses to be taken when incidents involve fire, a spill or
chemical exposure. This may only be attempted with approval of the Emergency Services and with backup personnel in
place.
This section also contains the first aid responses. The first responder must first read this section before lending assistance
to any person injured in the incident.
The emergency response details on the TREMCARD are based on the details found under the Emergency Response Guide
(UN) number. These ERG listings can be found in the Emergency Response Handbook available from the SABS. Either the
TREMCARD or the ERG details may be used to determine the emergency response required.
4.5 Emergency Response Handbook
The handbook is divided into the following sections:

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WHITE edged pages

• Summary of emergency information system and response required
• Hazard class diamonds with relevant ERG numbers
• How to use the initial isolation distances and protective action distances
• Dangerous water-reactive substances
• Protective actions
YELLOW edged pages

• ERG numbers indexed according to the UN number
BLUE edged pages

• ERG numbers indexed according to the shipping name
RED edged pages

• Emergency Response Guides (ERGs)
GREEN edged pages

• Initial isolation distances and protective action distances
How to look up the ERG in the Emergency Response Handbook:

For MULTILOADS – Turn immediately to ERG 111 in the RED pages
For EXPLOSIVES – Turn immediately to ERG 112 in the RED pages
1. Identify the UN number / shipping name on the placard, TREMCARD, DGD or packaging.
• If the UN number/shipping name cannot be identified, and the hazard class placard is visible look up the ERG number
on the Table of Placards (just before the YELLOW pages).
• If the substance cannot be identified by any means and you have reason to believe that the incident involves
dangerous goods use ERG 111 in the RED pages.
2. Look up the 3-digit ERG number in the YELLOW or BLUE pages

• If the entry is highlighted, find the initial isolation and protective action distances listed according to UN number in the
GREEN pages.
• If the ERG number is followed by the letter “P”, it means that the material might undergo violent polymerization if it is
subjected to heat or contamination.
3. Turn to the numbered ERG in the RED pages and read carefully.
4.6 Incident Management
The main hazards to be aware of are:
• Toxicity
• Fire explosion
• Pollution/damage to the environment 52
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4.6.1 FIRST RESPONSE PROCEDURES

No person shall attempt to approach a spill or suspected leakage unless equipped with the appropriate personal protective
clothing and respiratory equipment as listed on the appropriate TREMCARD or ERG.
1. OBSERVE ALL PRECAUTIONS (self-preservation)

• Resist the urge to rush in - it is not possible to help others until the potential hazards have been identified.
• Approach the scene from the upwind direction, where possible.
• Do not assume that gases or vapours are harmless because of a lack of smell; some odourless gases and vapours are
harmful - Avoid inhaling fumes, smoke or vapour.
• Do not come into contact with any spilt material.
• Be disciplined, don’t get injured unnecessarily. Remember the emergency services are the experts.
2. ASSESSMENT OF THE RISK INVOLVED (scene survey)

• Use the information from the placards, TREMCARDs, DGDs or packaging labels to identify the ERG/UN number and/or
shipping name.
• Be aware of fire, spillage, wind direction, etc.
• Take note of injuries, life threatening situations, etc.
3. ALERTING THE EMERGENCY SERVICES

• There must be minimum delay in calling the emergency services.
• Information given at the first alert will aid in the planning of their response therefore in is important to give as much
relevant information as possible:
i. Your name and call-back number
ii. Nature, location and time of incident
iii. ERG/UN number or shipping name of goods
iv. Initial Response telephone number
v. Specialist Advice telephone number
vi. Extent of spill or fire
vii. Container type(s), vehicle reg. no., or other identifying info
viii. Casualties or life-threatening situations
• Further information must be provided to the emergency services on an ongoing basis as it becomes available to you.
4. PROTECTIVE ACTIONS
Isolate and deny entry
• Set out warning triangles and flashing lights, if possible.
• Without entering immediate hazard area, do what you can to isolate the area and keep onlookers away.
• Evaluate the information gathered and consult the TREMCARD or ERG to establish the potential danger presented by
the goods. This will enable you to make decisions as to the safety of the situation and possible effects on all persons
in the vicinity of the incident.
• Adapt your response as more specific information becomes available.
• Allow sufficient space for access by the emergency services, and for escape routes in the event of an escalation of the
incident.
• Get assistance of law enforcement officers, if available, to enforce the required isolation distance and to ensure easy
access for the emergency services.
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Ensure public safety

• Place fire extinguishers in a safe place for easy access, only if possible.
• Assume command of the incident site until the first emergency service arrives.
• Follow the advice on the TREMCARD or ERG.
• Administer first aid only after consulting that section on the TEMCARD or ERG.
Attempt additional emergency response

• Before attempting to rescue persons, or to put out a fire, or to protect the environment, weigh up the odds of
becoming part of the problem yourself.
• Consult the TREMCARD or ERG on potential hazards and required protective gear, obtain backup and advise the
emergency services of your proposed response before approaching the incident site.
• Do not approach the vehicle in an attempt to control the fire, spillage or leak unless the emergency services have
given permission and back-up personnel are present.
5. SUCCESSION OF COMMAND
• Find out who the person in command is, of the first emergency service that arrives.
• Pass all relevant information and documentation to this person.
6. REPORTING THE INCIDENT

• Complete and sign a written report, in the required format, and forward to the DOT within 24hours of the incident. A
report is required in respect of any incident involving a vehicle that carries dangerous goods.
• A separate report must be completed for each vehicle carrying dangerous goods involved in the same incident.
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Example of a dangerous goods incident form
DANGEROUS GOODS INCIDENT REPORT

(A copy of this form must be forwarded to the Department of Transport as soon as possible)
Date and time of incident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Locality of incident: Road/street
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
.............................................
Town, or distance from nearest town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle registration number(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
UN number or MULTILOAD on the placard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Driver’s name/Licence No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PrDP-D Endorsement: Y/N . . . . . . .
(To be provided only if the information can be obtained without risk)
Nature of incident, or reason for delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................................................................
Action taken by first responder (attach separate page(s) if necessary)

EMERGENCY SERVICES
(Complete this section if emergency response was required and attach copies of any reports relating to
the incident)
Date and time of alert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Identify the base station if the alert was directed via a base station)
Fire brigade
Date and time of arrival at scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of person in command . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Medical assistance
Date and time of arrival at scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Name of person in command . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Name of first responder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signature . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(In block capitals)
Place . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7 Basic First Aid
In a dangerous goods incident always be aware of the presence of spillage and toxic vapours before approaching a
casualty.
55
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• Do not assume that gases or vapours are harmless because of a lack of smell, since some odourless gases and
vapours are highly toxic.
• Avoid inhaling fumes, smoke or vapours even if no dangerous materials are known to be involved. Approach a
casualty from an upwind direction if possible.
• Notify the Emergency Services of the casualties, they have the equipment and expertise.
• Always read the first aid section of the ERG before aiding an injured person at an incident.
WHAT TO DO
• Follow First Aid instructions on the TREMCARD / ERG
• Move casualty as little as possible
• ONLY move casualty if there is a risk of fire
• Place casualty in recovery position if possible (see Annexure E.)
• Put direct pressure on any severe bleeding
• Use emergency resuscitation if breathing has stopped
• Remove any clothing which is contaminated with chemicals
• Keep casualty warm
WHAT NOT TO DO
• DO NOT approach if there is a risk to yourself
• DO NOT become contaminated with chemicals if it can be avoided
• DO NOT allow people to crowd around casualty
• DO NOT move casualty if broken bones are obvious
• DO NOT give casualty anything to eat or drink before ambulance arrives
4.8 Basic Fire Fighting
A fire needs three elements for survival. Remove any one of these three and the fire will die. This is called a “FIRE
TRIANGLE”.
HEAT
OXYGEN FUEL
Actions In Case Of Fire

• Use correct fire extinguisher(s)
• Notify Emergency Services
• Keep upwind
• Isolate battery
• Water, sand or earth may be required to cool metals or tyres
• Have TREMCARD and DGD readily available for Emergency Services
• Keep public away
56
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Classification of Fires and Their Extinguishers
When hazardous/dangerous goods are handled or stored on a company’s premises, additional fire protection will usually
be required to provide protection from their particular hazards and associated fire loads. Where appropriate, especially for
large or high risk premises, fire protection requirements should be implemented in consultation with the relevant
emergency services institutions or authorities.
The fire load of hazardous/dangerous goods will depend on the particular hazards of the hazardous/dangerous goods and
combustible liquids, and on the quantities being stored and handled in the particular work area. Other factors that may
influence the fire load and the amount and type of protection required include:
• The storage configuration, height and density of the hazardous/dangerous goods;
• The location, design, type of construction and total floor area of the building or working area;
• The nature, including materials of construction, of any structures, plant and equipment; and
• They type of operations in the building r work area, with particular attention to:
o Whether the goods are bulk, or in open or closed packages; and
o What type, if any, of processing takes place.
It is important that all fire fighting equipment should comply with the relevant standards as well as any regulatory
requirements.
All fire fighting equipment should be located so that:

• All hazardous/dangerous goods and other items being protected can be directly reached by the fire fighting medium
(attention must especially be given to high rack storage);
• It is readily accessible in the event of an incident, preferably being site adjacent to exit doors or on exit routes;
• It is in a conspicuous position; and
• It is convenient to, and readily accessible from, the risk being protected.
Suitable and sufficient portable fire extinguishers should be provided, located and identified in accordance with regulatory
requirements and standards. Extinguishers should be:
• Clearly visible, readily available, unobstructed, convenient to the relevant risk; and
• Not adversely affected by hazardous or climatic conditions.
CLASSES EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

A. COMBUSTIBLES DRY AGENT
Fires involving combustible materials Cool with water
(E.g. wood, paper, grass, rubber and many plastics)
B. FLAMMABLES FOAM
Fires involving flammable or combustible D.C.P. – CO2
liquids and / or greases
(E.g. petrol, oil, grease)
C. ELECTRICAL CO2
Fires involving live electrical equipment (Carbon Dioxide Gas)
57
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Where powder-type and foam extinguishers are likely to be used together in an emergency, they should be compatible.
Particular care needs to be taken where there are special risks. The following examples may be helpful in the selection of
fire extinguishers for special risks:
• Foam extinguishers must be suitable for the hazardous/dangerous goods. In particular, alcohol-compatible foam
should be used for alcohols and other polar (water miscible) solvents.
• Carbon dioxide extinguishers may be effective for the protection of electrical equipment and will minimise clean up
and damage to the system, but have a poor “knock-down”, short discharge range and may be ineffective where there
is significant air movement. Dry powder or vapourising liquid may give more reliable extinguishment.
• Carbon dioxide and acidic extinguishers such as those based on ammonium phosphate should not be used where
there are cyanides present.
• Carbon dioxide extinguishers should not be used on fires involving magnesium or titanium metals.
58
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1. Is it important for companies that handle or store hazardous/dangerous goods and

substances to have emergency procedures and equipment in place? Please explain your
answer.
2. In a dangerous goods incident a person must always be aware of the presence of

spillage and toxic vapours before approaching a casualty. When doing first aid in the
case of an incident, what aspects/issues must you take into consideration?
3. Identify and explain the different classes of fires.
4. What aspects will you take into consideration when choosing a fire extinguisher for the
purpose of extinguishing a fire in an incident involving hazardous/dangerous goods or
substances?
59
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MODULE 5: Hazardous/Dangerous Goods Terminology

• Define and explain what is meant with the most often used terms in the field of dangerous goods handling, storing
and transportation.
5.1 Introduction
In handling, storing or transporting hazardous/dangerous goods, certain basic words should become familiar to you. In
this module we take a look at these words/concepts.
5.2 Definitions
Accident: Unplanned event where injury to persons, damage to vehicles, property or the environment occurs.
Certified Clean: This is when the containment area of the vehicle has been cleansed/purged and is free from
contamination by the cargo and has been certified a
Dangerous Goods Containment Area: The portion of the road vehicle, including a tanker shell, which is designed and
used for the containment of dangerous goods for the purpose of transportation.
Dangerous Goods Declaration (DGD): Document that identifies each material being transported by its shipping name,
UN number, hazard class and packing group as well as description of packaging and the quantity (by mass) and where
applicable the volume.
Dangerous Goods Inspectors: Inspectors appointed under the Act for certain classes of dangerous goods. They will be
issued with a certificate of appointment showing their designation, the classes of dangerous goods applicable and the
powers to be exercised by them.
Dangerous Goods: Goods/substances which are capable of posing a significant threat to health and safety or to property
or environment, and that are listed in the SABS codes of practice.
Designated Space: A special holder, of Orange colour, marked with the word “DOCUMENTS” in black, permanently
mounted in a clearly visible space near the center of the cab so that it is easily reachable from either door or a broken
front window. Intended to hold the relevant TREMCARD(s), Dangerous Goods Declaration(s), route plans and, when
necessary, a waste classification.
Emergency Information System: A system to enable emergency personnel who arrive at the scene of an incident to
determine the identity of the cargo, the nature of the hazard(s) and the emergency action to be taken to neutralize the
60
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danger, using the information from the available placarding on the vehicle, the TREMCARD and/or the Dangerous Goods
Declaration.
Emergency Response Guide (ERG): An internationally recognised list of potential hazards and appropriate emergency
responses associated with dangerous goods.
Emergency Services: Services that might be required at the scene of an incident such as police, traffic police,
ambulance, medical and fire teams.
Exempt Quantities: The quantity of dangerous goods that may be transported without conforming to the Emergency
Information System.
First Responder: The first person to arrive at the scene of an incident who can correctly identify the goods and hazards,
and can communicate with an emergency service, either direct or through a base station.
Incident: Unplanned event involving the leakage or spillage, or the risk thereof, of dangerous goods during
transportation and/or storage.
In-place Protection: Moving people into buildings and keeping them inside until the danger has passed. Used when
evacuation is impossible or when it would cause greater risk than staying in-place.
Large Spill: Leakage from a package of capacity exceeding 200kg, or multiple spills from several small packages.
Multiload (mixed load): When more than one hazard class of dangerous goods is carried together, and also goods of
the same class but with different ERG’s.
Notionally Empty: Empty but not clean. E.g. when a tanker is empty but it has not been cleaned. It must be washed
with a neutralizing agent so that the product that was transported in the tanker is removed.
Onlooker: Person at or near the scene of an incident who is not directly involved with the emergency response.
Placard: Signage on all vehicles transporting dangerous goods that gives the information required by the Emergency
Response Action System.
Protective Action: The isolation of the scene of the incident and the evacuation or in-place protection that is needed to
protect the public, the first responder and the emergency services from the dangers of spilled dangerous goods.
Protective Clothing: Special clothing required for protection against the direct or indirect effects of the dangerous
material(s) at the scene of an incident.
Protective Gear: Equipment required for protection against the direct or indirect effects of the dangerous goods at the
scene of an incident.
Qualified Person(s): A Qualified Person or Persons are specifically trained to perform a task or tasks involving the
transportation of dangerous goods and can include loading/unloading, transfer of substances, or the maintenance of
dangerous goods vehicles.
61
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Self Contained Breathing Apparatus: A full-face mask attached to an air supply tank.
Single load: Dangerous goods cargo of a single substance, or of multiple goods that have the same UN number.
Small Spill: Leakage from a single package of capacity not exceeding 200kg; or from a small cylinder; or a small leakage
from a package exceeding 200kg.
Split Placard: Signage used for freight containers in accordance with the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
(IMDG).
TREMCARD: The Transport Emergency Card lists all the hazards and emergency information for the goods being
transported.
Unplanned Event: Any circumstance that causes a vehicle carrying dangerous goods to deviate from its planned route,
and/or causes a stoppage or delay in the vehicle reaching its destination.
Vapour Plume: A cloud of material, visible or invisible, that emerges from a spill and begins dispersing into the
atmosphere. (Before being dispersed to a stage where it is no longer a threat to health or the environment.)
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1. In your own words please explain what is a placard and what it is used for.
2. What is an incident?
3. What is the Emergency Response Guide (ERG) and what is it used for?
4. In you own words explain what is meant with the term “dangerous goods”?
63
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References
Hazardous Substances Act, 1973 (No. 15 of 1973). Government Gazette No. 24 (26 March 1973).
National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (No. 107 of 1998). Government Gazette Vol. 401, No. 19519 (27
November 1998), Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
National Occupational Health & Safety Commission (NOHSC) (2001). Storage and Handling of Workplace Dangerous
Goods – National Code of Practice (NOHSC:2017(2001)), Australia.
National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (No. 93 of 1996). Government Gazette, No. 1892 (22 November 1996), Department
of Transport.
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (No. 85 of 1993). Government Gazette Vol. 337, No 14918 (2 July
1993), Department of Labour.
(a) Hazardous Chemical Regulations (GN1179 of 1995)
SABS (2002). The Classification and Labelling of Dangerous Substances and Preparation for Sale and
Handling. South African Bureau of Standards, Pretoria.
SABS 0229 (undated). The identification and classification of dangerous substances and goods. South African
Bureau of Standards, Pretoria.
SABS 0232-3 (undated). The Emergency Response Handbook – A Guidebook for First Responders during the
Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods Incident. South African Bureau of Standards, Pretoria.
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Dangerous Goods Handling Course

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To learn, you must be willing to GROW, to EXPERIENCE!

Welcome to this learning event!

Growth requires Feedback

Yours in the Pursuit of Sustainable Skills Development

DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING COURSE

SPECIFIC COURSE OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, the learner will be able to:

SOUTH AFRICAN QUALIFICATIONS AUTHORITY

Controlling hazardous/dangerous and dangerous goods

PURPOSE OF THE UNIT STANDARD

hazardous/dangerous goods safely in accordance with national and international statutory

LEARNING ASSUMED TO BE IN PLACE AND RECOGNITION OF PRIOR

UNIT STANDARD RANGE

Specific Outcomes and Assessment Criteria:

2. Identify the most appropriate course of action in relation to:

UNIT STANDARD ACCREDITATION AND MODERATION OPTIONS

with the relevant ETQA.

3. Moderation of assessment will be done by the relevant ETQA at its discretion.

UNIT STANDARD ESSENTIAL EMBEDDED KNOWLEDGE

1. The categorisation of dangerous and hazardous/dangerous goods as it pertains to the

3. Relevant information sources available to maintain awareness in the handling and

4. Protection of the environment and a basic understanding of urban waste disposal

7. The potential hazards of dangerous goods (e.g. toxic, corrosive, flammable/explosive

Critical Cross-field Outcomes (CCFO):

UNIT STANDARD CCFO IDENTIFYING

UNIT STANDARD CCFO ORGANISING

UNIT STANDARD CCFO COLLECTING

UNIT STANDARD CCFO COMMUNICATING

QUALIFICATIONS UTILISING THIS UNIT STANDARD:

DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING COURSE

MODULE 1: The Legal Framework of Handling and Storing Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 9

MODULE 2: Identifying and Classifying Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 17

MODULE 3: Handling and Storing Hazardous/Dangerous Goods p. 29

MODULE 4: Emergency Response and Incident Management p. 47

MODULE 5: Hazardous/Dangerous Goods Terminology p. 58

DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING COURSE

MODULE 1: The Legal Framework of Handling and Storing

Upon completion of this module the learner will be able to:

1.2 The Occupational Health and Safety Act (No. 85 of 1993)

1.2.1 The General Duties of the Employer

1.3 Hazardous Substances Act (No. 15 of 1973)

1.4 The National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998)

• Remedy the effects of the incident;

1.5 Hazardous Chemicals Regulation (GN1179 of 1995)

1.6 National Road Traffic Act (No. 93 of 1996)

1.7 Codes of Practice and SABS Specifications

SABS Codes of Description SABS Specifications Description

SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

DANGEROUS GOODS HANDLING COURSE

MODULE 2: Identifying and Classifying Hazardous/Dangerous Goods

Upon completion of this module, the learner will be able to:

The nine classes of dangerous substances and goods are:

2.2.1 Class 1 - Explosives

2.2.2 Class 2 - Gases

• Subclass 2.1 – Flammable Gases

• Subclass 2.2 – Compressed, Non-Flammable, Non Toxic Gases

• Subclass 2.3 – Gases that are toxic by inhalation

2.2.3 Class 3 – Flammable Liquids

• Subclass 4.1 – Readily combustible and self-reactive substances

• Subclass 4.2 – Substances liable to spontaneous combustion

2.2.5 Class 5 – Oxidising Substances and Organic Peroxides

• Subclass 5.1 – Oxidising Substances