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ABSTRACT: Design standards play a key role in the process of structural design and construction. The loading code often plays a
leading role in establishing design procedures, such as limit states design, in addition to the speciÀcation of minimum loads.
This is the case of the present South African Loading Code (SA LC) SABS 0160:1989. Following Eurocode practice of a separate
standard to establish the basis of structural design, the new SA LC SANS 10160 formally introduces such a head standard
for structural design (Part 1) in addition to updated provisions for the scope of loads treated in SABS 0160:1989 (self-weight,
imposed, wind, seismic and crane loads). It includes the introduction of new load types from Eurocode (geotechnical, ther-
mal actions and actions during execution). The paper provides an outline of SANS 10160, its relation to the previous SA LC,
reference to and compatibility with Eurocode, and the way in which local conditions and practice are taken into account.
1. INTRODUCTION
The current South African Loading Code SABS 0160:1989 survey conÀrmed the advances achieved by the development
(referred to subsequently as SABS 0160 for brevity) intro- of Eurocode through its various stages as a draft standard
duced a new generation of structural design standards to (1980’s), voluntary standard (1990’s), normative standard
the country and region. It is used together with various other (1998+) and now in the process of being implemented as
materials-based standards for the design of concrete (SANS national standard (2005+) by member states. The time scale
10100), steel (SANS 10162), timber (SANS 10163) and ma- of development is also indicative of the extensive scope of
sonry (SANS 10164) structures. Eurocode, difÀculties with harmonisation amongst the prac-
At the South African National Conference on Loading in 1998 tice of member states, and uniÀcation between the ten stan-
(SA-NCL) the need for an update of the SA LC was identiÀed dards consisting of 58 parts, with vital input to be provided
(Day & Kemp 1999). The SA Institution of Civil Engineering in the national annex for each part by each member state.
Working Group on the SA Loading Code was launched in 1999. The complexity of the Eurocode set of standards and the
The guiding principles derived from the 1998 conference were speciÀc needs for a South African loading code implied the
to update load provisions whilst maintaining compatibility need for a systematic process, based on clearly deÀned
with materials-based codes and enhancing harmonisation guidelines for the formulation of the SA LC, as opposed to
with international practice. The main effort went into a critical merely ‘adopting’ the Eurocode.
review of the various provisions for minimum loads.
The 1998 conference showed the inconsistencies between 2. DEVELOPMENT OF SANS 10160
SABS 0160 and the voluntary version of Eurocode ENV 1991,
which inhibited the use of ENV 1997 for geotechnical design The development of SANS 10160, within the context of the
in South Africa. In an effort to convert Eurocode into a nor- Eurocode, required a proper formulation of a reference base
mative European standard (EN 1990 – EN 1999) it became for the process. This was done in the context of the purpose
clear that South African practice for load combinations was and function of SANS 10160 and provision for local condi-
consistent with one of the options allowed in EN 1990, as tions and practice. It required an extensive assessment of the
so-called Nationally Determined Parameters. Eurocode in general, with speciÀc attention to the relevant
This Eurocode development removed a critical inconsis- standards and parts. The process can be considered as an
tency between a major programme for the development of optimisation of the scope of SANS 10160 within the wealth
structural design standards in Europe and South African prac- of advances captured in the Eurocode.
tice. The door was therefore opened, not only for geotechnical
design but also for accessing the wealth of information coming Attributes of Structural Design Standards
from the Eurocode programme in the revision of the SA LC.
Pilot investigations were Àrst performed to consider the Structural design standards usually develop through an itera-
application of the Eurocode standards and parts for imposed tive process of updating and improving a current standard, for
loads, wind and crane induced actions, with limited consid- which substantial experience has been gathered. When a new
eration of the basis of structural design. At the same time it generation of standards is introduced, however, it is necessary
provided an opportunity to perform an extensive assessment to consider the function of the standard, and consequently
of the characteristics and merit of Eurocode standards, par- the objective with its development. Such requirement applied
ticularly with reference to the scope of SABS 0160. The pilot to the formulation of SANS 10160. The following attributes
procedures are maintained. Range of loads: Provision for Principles for Reference to the Eurocode
self-weight; imposed loads for Áoors, roofs and partitions;
wind loads; seismic loads and design were maintained from The principles followed in referencing SANS 10160 to the
SABS 0160, with updates to incorporate recent development Eurocode consisted of the following:
Scope of procedures: The procedures are primarily directed Selection of Eurocode Parts: All the Eurocode Parts rel-
towards general design practice for standard structures. evant to the combination of the scope of buildings and SABS
Materials-based standards: Consistency with current 0160:1989 were considered. This implied the extension of the
materials-based standards has to be maintained. The onus SABS 0160 scope and consideration of nine Parts from EN
is placed on standards still using allowable stress design to 1990, EN 1991, EN 1997 & EN 1998. Only the sections and
make the necessary adaptations. procedures relevant to the scope of SANS 10160 were utilised.
Reference level of reliability: The present level of reliability Consistency with the Eurocode: Full consistency with the
is judged to be appropriate due to the absence of any evi- Eurocode is maintained, providing for incremental extension
dence that it is insufÀcient, (Milford 1988, 1998), and found of SANS 10160 or the introduction of other standards from
to be similar to American practice and provides the basis for the Eurocode.
maintaining consistency with materials-based standards. Format, layout and style: SANS 10160 is compiled into
A number of deÀciencies in SABS 0160 were identiÀed at the format of SA standards, including a compact layout (as
the 1998 conference, requiring particular attention during opposed to the elaborate Eurocode formulation to allow for
the revision process: NDP options with a separate National Annex).
Wind loads: The SABS 0160 procedures for wind loads Reliability levels: Due to the wide tolerances of reliability
are based on outdated models, which require a substantial allowed by the NDP options, the current reliability levels could
revision. Seismic actions and design: The seismic design pro- be maintained for SANS 10160 whilst achieving consistency
cedures had no credibility amongst designers in the seismic with the Eurocode within the restricted scope of application.
regions of the area, requiring critical re-evaluation. Standard level of practice: Advanced procedures from the
Geotechnical design: There is substantial inconsistency Eurocode were considered to be beyond the scope of SANS
between structural and geotechnical design practice in the 10160. In a few cases, procedures taken over from the Eu-
design of foundations. rocode were simpliÀed. SufÀcient consistency was however
Technology base: Although there is an extensive experience maintained to allow for the use of advanced Eurocode proce-
base for structural design, constraints on resources limit the dures locally by specialists (e.g. dynamic effects of wind loads).
systematic capturing of such experience. Similarly research Provision for local conditions: The general Eurocode proce-
capacity is limited to the investigation of speciÀc topics, dures were used for local environmental conditions to deter-
rather than the comprehensive development and calibration mine appropriate representative values for wind, temperatures
required for code development. and seismic ground movement.
Part 1 Basis of structural design: A separate Head Standard schematically in Figure 1. Part 1 applies not only to the actions
is introduced to establish the basis of structural design from on buildings, the geotechnical design of foundations and the
EN 1990. Procedures for the treatment of accidental design design for earthquake resistance, but also to the limit states
situations, including requirements for structural robustness, requirements for the materials-based design standards.
are extracted from EN 1991-1-7.
Part 2 Self-weight and imposed loads: Occupancy classes Background Report
speciÀed and new classes of imposed loads are introduced
from EN 1991-1-1. Characteristic values are established from Since SANS 10160 represents a substantial revision of SABS
independent surveys. 0160, proper substantiation of the changes and additions is
Part 3 Wind actions: Procedures for the calculation of required. A Background Report has thus been produced to
wind actions and the extensive set of pressure and force capture the main sources and references; considerations
coefÀcients are based on sections relevant to buildings from and assessments; decisions and motivations applied in the
EN 1991-1-4. Free Àeld wind velocities and proÀles, based on formulation of SANS 10160 (Retief & Dunaiski 2009). The
terrain roughness are modiÀed from SABS 0160 information. background information should primarily be considered
Part 4 Seismic design and actions: The format of EN 1998- when SANS 10160 is evaluated for acceptance into design
1 and some procedures form other international standards practice by the profession. The Background Report should
are used to modify SABS 0160 procedures. The map giving also serve as the point of departure for its inevitable future
ground acceleration across the country is updated. revision and updating.
Part 5 Geo technical basis of design and actions: A new Due to the close link between the Loading Code and the
standard is introduced from EN 1997-1, considering also respective materials-based standards for structural design,
requirements speciÀed in EN 1990 for geotechnical design viz. structural concrete, steel, timber and masonry, the
within the scope of SANS 10160. Background Report also serves to validate the use of SANS
Part 6 Actions induced by cranes and machinery: The SABS 10160, with the present materials standards through the
0160 procedures for crane induced actions are replaced by demonstration of how consistency between SANS 10160
that from EN 1991-3; new procedures for actions induced by and SABS 0160, has been maintained. Background on the
harmonically rotating machinery are introduced with modiÀca- basis of design also provides important information for the
tions from EN 1991-3. future revision of materials-based design standards or even
Part 7 Thermal actions: Provisions for thermal actions are the introduction of new standards, particularly for related
introduced from EN 1991-1-5, including maps for character- geotechnical design.
istic maximum and minimum temperatures extracted from
the TMH-7:1981 procedures for bridge design.
Part 8 Actions during execution: Procedures for this critical 4. OUTLINE OF SANS 10160
stage in the life of a structure are introduced from EN 1991-6,
incorporating only sections relevant to buildings. A brief outline of the main features of SANS 10160 and its
The special case of an accidental design situation, which various Parts are provided here, as extracted from the Back-
provides for actions on structures exposed to Àre, is treated ground to SANS 10160 (Retief & Dunaiski 2009).
in EN 1991-1-2. Such actions are however not included in
SANS 10160. Part 1 Basis of structural design
This important category of action requires the availability
of uniÀed provisions for materials-based design procedures, Part 1 serves as a general standard to specify procedures for
in the Eurocode. determining actions on structures and structural resistance
This topic is deemed to satisfy rules in the materials-based in accordance with the partial factor limit states design ap-
standards. Inclusion of provisions for actions due to Àre would proach. The requirements and procedures are formulated
require co-ordinated development with these standards. to achieve acceptable levels of safety, serviceability and
Although there are substantial differences between the durability of structures, within the scope of application of
Eurocode and SANS 10160 in layout and format, scope of SANS 10160.
application and procedures. Procedures for the basis of structural design include: re-
These differences are directly related to distinctions in quirements for the speciÀed minimum values for actions on
institutional, regulatory, environmental and technical condi- structures presented in SANS 10160-2 to SANS 10160-8; the
tions of the two regions. determination of design values for the effects of combined
Substantial harmonisation and consistency of SANS actions on the structure under a sufÀciently severe and varied
10160 with the Eurocode is being maintained, to the extent set of limit states; general requirements for sufÀcient struc-
that SANS 10160 can be considered as a speciÀc subset of tural resistance reliability to which the related materials-based
the Eurocode. design standards should comply.
Part 1 provides a proper reliability framework, which ap-
SANS 10160 Parts in Relation to the plies not only to actions and their combinations, but also
Design Process to the resistance as speciÀed by the materials-based stan-
dards. The reliability framework consists of extended limit
The relationship between the respective SANS 10160 Parts states and associated design situations, reliability classes for
and in relation to the materials-based standards is shown buildings, and guidelines for reliability management related
PART 1
Basis of Structural Design
PART 5
PART 4
Geotechnical basis of design and
Seismic actions and design
actions for buildings
Figure 1 Schematic view of the relationship of SANS 10160 parts and materials-based standards
Western Cape
T
he Western Cape Branch held a number of interesting and
REFERENCES continued successful events over the past eight months.
Bryan Perrie, Managing Director of the Cement & Con-
3. Dithinde M (2007). Characterisation of model uncertainties crete Institute, presented ‘Concrete – It is greener than you
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Stellenbosch University from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, presented
4. Dithinde M; Phoon KK; De Wet M & Retief JV (2009). ‘Concrete Developments & Trends in India’. Members were
Characterisation of Model Uncertainty in the Static Pile given an insight into trends and mega
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The Annual Concrete Cube Competi-
Vol 137, No 1 pp 70-85
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on October 21st at the University of
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Thesis, Stellenbosch University
the highest possible ratio of 28 day
6. Dymond JS, Dunaiski PE, Retief JV, De Lange JH (2006). The
cube strength divided by the cube mass
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squared. Students from UCT dominated
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Journal SAICE, Vol. 25, No 1, pp 15 – 20, 2005 ing of Durban Harbour. On November 10th at the University of
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SEMC. Millpress, Rotterdam The Annual Cocktail Party was held on November 11th at the
11. ISO 2394:1998. International Standards Organisation. CPUT Hotel School, in Granger Bay. The event was sponsored
General Principles on Reliability for Structures. International by PPC and David Grier, an inspirational speaker, celebrity chef
Standard. [Also issued as SANS 2394:2004] and extreme adventurer, shared his most recent fund-raising
12. Kruger A, Sekele S, Retief JV, Goliger AM (2008). Extreme adventure, the Àrst ever joint continuous run of the Great Wall
wind speeds in a mixed strong wind climate. SASAS 24th of China, some 4 000km in 98 days!
Annual Conference, UP, Pretoria, SA, p 100-101 The New Year started with the branch Annual General Meet-
13. Kruger AC, Goliger AM, Retief JV and Sekele S (2010) text ing on February 17th. Professor Viktor Mechtcherine, an interna-
Page 12, Part 3 Kruger et al 2010. Strong wind climatic tionally renowned researcher from the Technical University of
zones in South Africa. Wind and Structures Vol 13, No 1 pp Dresden in Germany, was the guest speaker. The presentation
37-55.C gave an overview of recent advances in concrete materials. At-
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South African National Conference on Loading 9 – 10
The 2011/2012 committee members are Chairman: Etienne
September 1998, Midrand, SA
van der Klashorst; Vice Chairman: Elsje Fraser; Past-chairman:
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Dr Billy Boshoff; Treasurer: Christo Adendorff: Secretary: Paul
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Student participants in the Cube Competition