VIBRATION

OBJECTIVE
The objective of performing a simple harmonic motion experiment is to understand and analyze
the behavior of this system that exhibits harmonic motion and to study the fundamental
principles and properties underlying this type of periodic motion. Below are some specific
objective benefits of performing an (SHM) experiment.
1.Understand fundamental physics. By investigating simple harmonic motion, we can gain
fundamental physics principles such as the relationship between force, displacement, and
restoring force as well as frequency and phase.
2.Validating of theoretical concepts: one can verify and validate theoretical equations and
principles that govern simple harmonic motion.
3. Measurement and analysis: SHM experiments often involve making precise measurements of
the amplitude, frequency, and period of motion.
4.Exploration of real-world application: many physical systems exhibit behaviors analogous to
simple harmonic motion such as pendulums, vibrating strings, and string-mass systems.
5. Development of practical skills: developing practical skills in the laboratory such as using
precision instruments conducting controlled experiments and learning about error analysis and
uncertainty in measurements.
6. Introduction advanced concept: simple harmonic motion serves as a fundamental for
understanding more complex oscillatory behaviors seen in systems like coupled oscillators,
resonance phenomena, and mechanics.
SKETCHES AND DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS
THEORY
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a type of periodic motion that occurs when the restoring force
acts on an object directly proportional to the object's displacement from its equilibrium position
and is directly towards the equilibrium position.
The fundamental theory behind simple harmonic motion can be understood through key
concepts.
1. Restoring Force: In a system undergoing SHM, the restoring force is the force that acts to
bring the object back towards its equilibrium position when it is displaced. The restoring force is
directly proportional to the displacement, and it acts in the opposite direction to the
displacement.
2. Hooke's Law: One of the foundational principles of simple harmonic motion is Hooke's Law,
which states that the force exerted by a spring is directly proportional to the displacement from
its equilibrium position. Mathematically, this is expressed as F = -kx, where F is the force, k is
the spring constant, and x is the displacement.
3. Equation of Motion: The motion of an object undergoing simple harmonic motion can be
described by a second-order differential equation
4. Period and Frequency: Simple harmonic motion is characterized by a period, the time it takes
for
S/N W ms mh Time for 20 osc. Average Period T
2
( one
(N) (kg) (kg) t(sec) time ‘T’/20 Sec 2 ¿
T1 T2 T3 ¿) SEC
1 5 0.07 0.5 8.805 8.83 8.695 8.78 0.439 0.193
2 10 0.07 1 11.345 11.215 11.86 11.48 0.574 0.329
3 15 0.07 1.5 13.9 13.82 13.83 13.85 0.693 0.480
4 20 0.07 2 15.815 14.975 13.83 15.45 0.773 0.598
5 25 0.07 2.5 17.37 17.415 17.715 17.50 0.875 0.766
6 30 0.07 3 19.45 19.04 18.69 19.06 0.953 0.908
complete oscillation, and a frequency, which is the number of oscillations per unit of time.
5. Energy Considerations: In SHM, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic and potential
energy) of the system remains constant if no external forces, such as friction, are acting. As the
object oscillates, the energy oscillates between kinetic and potential forms, reaching a maximum
at the amplitude and a minimum at the equilibrium position.
6. Mathematical Representation: Mathematically, the displacement of an object undergoing SHM
can be expressed as a sinusoidal function, such as x(t) = A * cos (ωt + φ), where x(t) is the
displacement at time t, A is the amplitude, ω is the angular frequency, t is time, and φ is the phase
angle.

By understanding these fundamental principles and mathematical representations, one can grasp
the essence of simple harmonic motion and its significance in various physical systems,
including pendulums, vibrating strings, electric circuits, and more. To mention a few. Overall, a
simple harmonic motion experiment ratio reinforces theoretical knowledge developing practical
skills and fostering A deeper understanding of the behaviors and principles governing oscillatory
systems.

Observed table for free vibration

Sample Calculation

T ¿ 8.805+8.83+8.695 26.33
Average time = 1+¿
T 2+¿ T
¿ = = = 8.78
3 3
3

T 8.78
Period = = = 0.439
20 20
2 2
T = 0.439 = 0.193

Derived table for free vibration

S/N W ms mh Period 2
T ( Mass(m)
(N) (kg) (kg) ‘T’/20 2
Sec ¿ mh +1/3 ms
SEC
1 5 0.07 0.5 0.439 0.193 0.523
2 10 0.07 1 0.574 0.329 1.023
3 15 0.07 1.5 0.693 0.480 1.523
4 20 0.07 2.0 0.773 0.598 2.023
5 25 0.07 2.5 0.875 0.766 2.5233
6 30 0.07 3 0.953 0.908 3.0233

Sample Calculation

T 8.78
Period = = = 0.439
20 20
2 2
T = 0.439 = 0.193

Mass(m) = mh +¿13∗ms ¿ =0.5+¿ 13∗0.07 ¿ = 0.523

RECOMMENDATION
Due to the number of students who need to take their experiment at the given period, there is a
need to have more than available apparatus to give the students the flexibility to do their
experiment devoid of pressure.