Manual for the STATE-TRAIT ANXIETY INVENTORY (FORM Y) (’Self-Evaluation Questionnaire”) c Director, C es D. Spielberger, Ph.D. rch in Community Psychology ¢h Florida, Tampa University of in collaboration with R.L. Gorsuch, R. Lushene, PR. Vagg, and G.A. Jacobs Consulting Psychologists Press, Inc. 3803 E. Bayshore Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303.1953 by Consulting Faychologists Press, Ine, Allright reserved ‘oper ofthis Manuel may be reproduced without written permis ston ofthe Pblisher “The flowing publishers have penerousl given permission tore: produce tables from copyrighted works Table 6-4 from Spicer ral: 1960) by permision from Hemisphere Pubhing Corpor on Table 2m Vagetal by perminin om Peano res LiContents Acknowledgments 1. Introduction State and Trait Anxiety Description and Applications of the STAT I. Administration, Scoring, and Norms Administration Scoring [Norms forthe STAI ML, Development, Rei Test C Reliability: Stability and Internal Consistency ty, and Validity struction and Development Validity Contrasted Groups Corlations between the S-Anxiety and ‘TAnsety Scales Correlations of the T-Ansiety Scale with Other ‘rat Anxiety Measures Correlations of the STAI with Other Personality Tests Correlations of the STAI with Academie Aptitude and Achievement fects of Stress on State Anxiety AV. Research with the STAT V. References VE Appendices A. Machine Scoring the STAL B. Test Development Procedures C. Factor Structure ofthe STAI D, Data on the Internal Consistency and Validity of Individual STAI Items . Foreign-Language Forms of the STAL B 18 “ 4 8 15 13 18 18 20 22 26 28 3 seAcknowledgments 1 am greatly indebted to Dr. Peter R. Vagg, Dr rard A. Jacobs, and Lester R. Barker for their con tons 10 the research and statistical analyses on which revision of the State-Trait Anatety Inventory (Form Y) based, and to Cynthia H. Pollans for her invaluable teibutions in the preparation of the revised test Manual ‘Comprehensive Bibliography. In the development of STAI Form Y, very special oks are also due to the late Dr. Roger C. Smith and the of the FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute in Oklahoma ‘for collecting the normative data for working adults. 1 1 aly like to express my appreciation to Lt. Col. Sms P. O'Hear, Major E- Roger Willams, De, Wallace my. and personnel ansacated with the USAF Basie Mil ‘Training School, San Antonio, Texas, and to Dr. AF. de, Director, Navy Training Analysis and Evaluation up (TAEG) and his staf, and to Capt. E.C. Grafam, snmanding Office, andthe personnel associated with the 7 Recruit Training Command, Orlando, Florida, who ‘Sted usin obtaining the normative data for large samples ubtary recruits Many eolleagues and students contributed tothe con tion and validation of earlier forms ofthe STAL at Var. Silt and Florida State University. The initial conceptual ‘empirical work would not have been possible without expert knowledge and dedicated efor of Dr. Richard L. ‘Such, who has continued to make important scientific ‘methodological contributions to the field of psy lopial assessment and personality research, Most ofthe ‘sve statistical analyses, on which the Manual for STAT ss X was bused, were carried out at Florida State Uni site under the eapable supervision of Dr. Robert thene, sho also contributed several important val ‘ional studies. For their contributions to the early validation studies Vanderbilt Univesity, Lam especially grateful to Dr liam F. Hodges and Dr. Dale T-Johson, and to my ‘per colleagues and students at Florida State University Drs. Duncan N. Hansen, Steven M. Auerbach, Douglas DeGood, Paul. Deitchinan,} Kenneth Kling, Douglas Lamb, Wn. George MacAdoo, Harold F. Nel, Roger Patterson, Michael K. Petronko, Edward Rappaport, est. Rugel, Jerome M. Rosenberg, and David A. Sacks — who worked with me on the further development and ‘aldation ofthe STAL Drs. C. Drew Edwards, Robert Tisshene, Joseph Montuor, and Denna Flatzek were major contributors t0 the construction and development of the ‘State-Trait Ansiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and Professor Rogelio Diaz-Guerrero, Drs. Ferrando Gonzales FReigosa and Angel Martinez Urrutia, and Professors Lulz tnd Diana Natalico were instrumental in developing the Inventario de Ansedad. Rasgo y Estado (IDARE), the Spane Jsh adaptation of the STAT, which was th frst reign lan- guage form ‘would also ike to express my gait tothe fllow- Ing psychologists for their assistance in obtsningthe norma tive data for the original STAT (Form X) fr prison inmates tnd psychiatric and medical patients, which re reported fn this Manual: Drs. A. Cooper Price and Jerome S. Stump: hhauzer ofthe Tallahassee Federal Correctional Institution, Dis. Victor B. Elkin and David 8. Steraber Besch, New York, School System Dr. Harn and Dr, Robert C: Reardon of the Florida State University ‘Counseling Center; Drs, Eat §. Taulbee and H. Wilkes Wright of the Bay Pines, Flosda, V-A. Hospital; Drs Richard W. Thomas, Malcolm Kusbner, and Thomas E. Foonton ofthe Miami, Florida, V.A. Hospital, Dr. Arthur B, Bryant and Mrs. Suzanne F. Bryant of the Clarksburg, West Virginia, V.A, Hospital; Drs. Donald R. Bidus and Donald R. Gannon of the Augusta, Georg, V.A. Hospital Des. Jack Basham, L- Charles Ward Je, and Henry V. Leon of the Gulfport, Mississippi, V.A. Hospital, Drs. J. Harry FFeamster and Wilma}. Knox ofthe Blo, Misisspp, V.A Hospital, and Dr. C.A, Schoper of the Charleston, $.C VAs Hospital, Finally, Tould like to acknowledge my appreciation to Virginia L. Berch and Diane L. Gregg for their expert clerical and editorial assistance in the preparation of the ‘manscript for this Manuel, and to Cynthia H. Pollan, Lynn Westberry, Risa A. Gardner, Susin P. Kelley, Lar. N. Pasman, and Richard G. Schulman for their dedicated efforts in locating and checking references in compiling the Com- prekensive Bibliography. ‘Tampa, Florida Jane, 1983 Chatles D. SpielbergerI. Introduction The twentieth century has been called the Age of Anxiety, but concerns about fear and anviety are as eld as, humanity itself Although fear has been of interest since ancient times, anxiety was not fully recognized as a distinct and pervasive human condition unt shortly before the be- sinning of the present century, It was Freud who fist pro- [posed a ertial role for anxiety in personality theory and in the etiology of paychoneurotic and psychosomatic disorders, ‘Analy was the fundamental phenomenon and the central problem of neurosis" (Freud, 1936, p. 83) For Freud, ani ty was “something felt" —a specific unpleasant emotional State or condition of the human organism that included ‘experiential, physiological, and behavioral components ‘Over the past fifty yeas, cliical studies of human anxiety have appeared in the pryehistri and psychoanaly Iiterature with increasing regularity, but prior to 1950 there ‘was relatively ite research on human anuiety Spelberse 1966). The complexity ofaniety phenomena, the ambigui and vagueness in theoretial conceptions of anxiety, the ack ‘SFapproprote measuringinsruments, ad thi problere ‘Sed with inducing snaety fe labuatry settings, all omribted tothe pasty of esearch Since 188, research on human aney has been tatedontwofrons, Conceptual advances have caida Gry a theoretical const, nd «number of sales bave BEE Sted or measuring ancy. The term ancy teeta ured to refer toa Tet fo relate, set lope ult diferent, contracts. Empiially, nse i peraps ntofen used to desebe an unpessnt moto! ste or TGacion, Anat slg wed fo drsrbe relatively sable ‘Siivdaal dtereacesinaiety:proneness aa pesorals tat STATE AND TRAIT ANXIETY “The concepts of state and trait anxiety were fist in- troduced by Cate (1966, Cattell & Seer, 1961, 1969)en2 have been elaborated by Spiclberger (1956, 1972, 1876, 1979) In general, personality states may be regarded ss temporal cross sections in the streamotfe of a person (Thorne, 1966), and emotional reactions as expressions of personality states (Spielberger, 1972). An emotional site {Exists at given moment in ime and ata particular level of Intensy. Ansety sates are characterized by subjective feel. {ngs of tension, apprehension, nervousnes, and worry and ‘iy activation or arousal ofthe autonomic nervous system, Although personality states are often transitory, they ‘canrecur when evoked by appropristestimull,and they mas endure overtime when the evoking conditions persis In ‘Sntrstto the transitory natre of ential state pr sonality traits canbe conceptualized as relatively enduring, “ferences arnong people in specfable tendencies to per «ceive the wold ina certain way andi dispositions toreact oF Fehave in a specified manner with predictable regularity Personality traits have the characteristics ofa class of constrocts that Atkinson (1964) calls “motives” and that Clmpbell (1969) refers to as “acquired behavioral dis positions.” Atkinson defines motives as dispositional Feadences acquired in childhood that are latent until the oes ofa situation activate them. Acquired dispositional Concepts according t9 Campbell, involve residues of past ‘Xperience that dispose an individual both to view the wor! inva particular way and to manifest “objectconsistent”re- sponte tendencies “rat anniety (T-Anwity) refers to relatively stable i dividual ferences in antety-proneness, that i, to éif fevences betscen people in the tendency to perceive stress- fu situstions as dangerous or threatening and to respond to Sch situations sith elevations i the intensity of their stat ovety (SAnuety) reactions. T-Ansiety may also ref ‘udsideal differences in the frequency and intensity cthichanaety’states have been manifested inthe past, and in the probability that S-Anxiety will be experienced in the future. The stionger the anxiety tralt, the more probable that the individual will experience more intense elevations ) in S-Anxety in threatening situation 2 ‘State and trait anxiety are analogous in certain respects to kinetic and potential energy. S-Aasiety, like kinetic ery refs papal ection a proses aig place ata given time and level of intensity: T-Ansiets, like poten tial eneegy, refers to individual diferences in reactions. Potential energy refers todiflerencesin the amount ofkinet- sc energy asoriated with a particular physical object, which may be released if triggered by an appropriate force. Trait fnsity implies dfereners between people nthe dipost tion to respond to stressfl situations with varying amounts of S-Amsiely. But whether of not people who difler in T- Anxiety will show corresponding diferences in S-Anxiety ‘depends on the extent to which each of them perceives a speciic situation as psychologically dangerous or threaten- ‘ng, and this is greatly influenced by each individual's past experience. Persons with high T-Anaiety exhibit S-Anxiety eles Nos mare quent thn ow T-Ansety indie be ‘cause they tend to interpeet a wider range of situations as ‘Gangerous or threatening. High T-Anxiety persons are also. ‘more ikely to respond with greater increases inthe intensity ‘of S-Ansiety in situations that involve interpersonal rela- tionships and threaten selfesteem. In such situations. S~ ‘Anxiety may vary in intensity and fluctuate over time as a fanetion of the amount of stress that impinges upon the ‘person; but the individuals pereéption of threat may have reaterimpacton the level of'S-Ansity than the real danger |seclated with the situationCircumstances in which failure is experienced or an individual's personal adequacy is evaluated (e §. aking an intelligence test) are generally more threstening to persons with high T-Anxity Spence & Spence, 1956, Spilberger, 1968; Spielberger& Smith, 1966). However, persons high ‘T-Anxiety do.not appear to respond to physkal dangers 8 threat of electric shock (Hedges & Spelberger, 1966) or {imminent surgery (Averbach, 1973, Martinez Urrti, 1975 Spielberger, Averbach, Wadsworth, Dunn, & Taulbee, 1573) — dierent from persons with low T- Ansel. DESCRIPTION AND APPLICATION: OF THE STAL The Stole rat Ansty Incentory (STAD has bee used extensively in research and cine practice Tt com rises separate ellveprtuclsformenurmgatsc and tat fnviety The S-Anety sele GTA Fonn El) const of twenty statements that cesta espondens fel nght nove, a this moment TheT Avnet Sele STAT Form consist hat stress how peopl gener. aly feel. The STAL S-Amiety and Tamaya are Brinton opposite sides oa sngepage tot forme Consistent with the dfnton of state anety sven earlier, the essential qeaiies ealeated by the STAT 8 Annie) scale reels ofspprhenson, tension, nervous nest, and wory. In addon to asesing how people fel "Tht now, the STA S:Aasety sale msy aso be aed o cleat how they felts partcuas tine inthe recat ps nd ow they ania hey wl fe ether spect Station tht sey tobe encountered nthe fetuses ‘ety of hypothetical stuntnns, Scores an the Sanus Seale increaie in response to psi danger and ps. ‘ological sress nd cress aves feat ing. The S-Arsety sel hasbeen found tobe sent indicator of ehange ntraniton anes experienced by chents and patients in counseling, psychotherapy. and behavior modification propams. Te Sale hs ska been used extensively toss tic level ome induced by stressful experimental procedures and by wnat rest life stressors such as dminent super. dental est job interior important sud tes, ‘The STAI T-Anvety scale has been widely used in “assessing clinical anxietin medical, surgical, psychosomas tevand phat pets Fpchnewotcaet ep Folens gure ave hgh sores n ths tale he ast Sai ho wad‘br scecnng hg it Colge stdets nd ory sera brane robles tide eva tc inechaendlongian eat iprchoerap, snug, teh posi a Srgteedt prope Kc end ees nt store the STAI Tami sede ha poten ctl fy seen pers wiih bf ec yd tcletng sleds pyclepel apenas ae Stitt ar ln aku the STA ws dvloped fr se wh i schol and elge dudents ol sh ita bot Shur hi schol siden Asha ee Sita any Icy fo chide STAN $215 ase enn Yolen nd ie ‘teri ome er ie anf ee (Spieberger, 1973). The STAIC has ato been sucesfly eraplyed to measure anvils level childvenlaaden 3 + Uapay, etal 1975, Sikes, 19%) “The STAI has been adapted in move than tht law guages for cross-cultural research and lina prctce Spielbergerd Dianc 1876, 1989) The STAIC has ‘been adapted in Dutch, German, Grech, Hebrew, Porte svete, Russian, Spanish and Turkish. See ‘On the hast of insights gained over ti fiom extensive research with the STAT (Form 8), & major revision of the scale was begun in 1979, There were three taj reasons for underlain this veviion 1 Tadevelop a porer” measure of ansiety that would providea firmer bss for discriminating between feelings of Snuety and depresion, and forthe diferent diagnoses of patients suffering fom amicty Gsosders and depressive Feactions” Consistent withthe goa, several tem included in Form X that appeared to be more dose telaied to depression than anviety (ep, “I feel blues “I feel Tie ‘xying) were replaced. 2. Toreplice several items for which the psychometric properties were found to be relatively weak for unger, Feredocated persons and indus fo lower socioeconomic status groups. For example, “1 fel anxious tad very poor psychometric properties fora sample of tenth sade high school students; manyafwhom interpreted “ana. fous" to mean “eager and "fel ‘high tung contained an idiom whose meaning had shied over the past decade, possbiy asa consequence of the expanded usc of droge by Mblescents and young adults 3. "Toimprove the factor structure othe T-Anvityseale byachicvingabetterbalncebetween sxicty-present (ek, feel nervous and estes) andansiety absent e-g. tel pleasant") tems. In Form X there were 13 anche present dud only 7anuityabsent items, In Form Y, 30 percent of the Form X items were replaced, resulting in improved psychometric properties for both the S-Anaiety and T-Aniety scales. The uamber of nsiety-present and anaiety-absent tems forthe Forms Ys better balanced, andthe factor structure s more consistent aud replicable (see Appendix C). Further research will be required to demonstrate tht replacing items that had bvious depressive contentimproved the power ofthe Ferm ¥ to discriminate between patients sling fem ansity and depression. ‘The normative data reported in this Manuel are based primarily on Form ¥ Spiclbergr etal, 1980) Sine Forms Nand Y ae highly correlated, and it was not practicable to repeat all ofthe previous reliability and vali studies some tables based on research with Form X have been retained (and are clearly labeled ws such) in this edition More than 2.000 studies wsngthe STAT have appeared fn the research literature since the STAI Test Manual was published (Spiclberger et al. 197, including studies in medicine, dentistry, education, psychology and other social sciences. An annotated bibliography of studies with the STAL was published én 1974 (Smith & Lay). Examples of current research ae deseribed in Section IV ofthis ena Th Stee Tra asey Ingato Competes Bibliography (Spielberger, 1983, which lite ove studies and reviews, 8 now avaible fom Consulting Po hologsts Pres.II. Administration, Scoring, and Norms ADMINISTRATION ‘The STAI was designed to he self administering and may be given either individually orto groups The inventory has no time limits, College students generall: require abou! six minutes to complete either the S-Anscty or the T Anxiety scale and approximately ten minutes to complete both. Less educated or emotionally disturbed persons may require ten minutes to complete one of the scales and approsimatels twenty minutes to complete both. Repeated ‘administrations ofthe S-Ansiety scale typically require fixe minutes or less ‘Athough many ofthe items have fae validity as mea sures of "ansiety,” the examiner should not use this term in Administering the inventory. Rather, the STALand it sub: scales should be consistently referred to as the Self Evaluation Questionnaire, the tite printed on the test form Examiners should establish rapport with respondents before administering the STAI. Approximately half ofthe items inquire about negative characteristics, (e-, feling “tense,” “frightened,” or "upset", and some people are reluctant to admit having these characteristics because they them as signs of weakness. Moreover, persons who Aesire tolook good in the eyes ofthe examine®inay respo ‘more positively to amsety-absent items (c.g, “I feel cal”) than they actually feel. To deal with such test-tahingatti> tudes in individual elinial applications the examiner needs tocstablish a trusting relationship with clients or patients by sincerely communicating that their honest and candid re ses will enable the therapist or agency to be more bhelpfl and effective. Similarly, in research settings, sub jects generally respond more objectively and accurately if they are informed that their responses will he kept con- Sidential, and especially they are promised feednackabout their test results. Clinial and research findings suggest that thedistorting effects ofadverse test-taking attitudes are nota serious problem if sufiient care is taken to obtain the ayo] a fs] ae] so] so] & as as] Gl a] 6] oe] a] al s Ble] a] e] 2 Gl ole S| S| a] «| » el alo 2) 4) 3) 6] = @| a] @ S) a] a] a) 2 a] o] a 2] a] 37 a] % BLS] Sl] se] ale] @] ay 2 eo) Rls] ew] my ol el x Ry x] el | sl] 2] Bl 2 BV SB) ol x] wl ode] el 2 Z| ef ed | 2] S12] SLB EL SSL al ef xi wl ste 1 aguits in Three Age Groupsones rercentite marks for Seadeste ang iLitasy Recruit aoe | 200 | a8 | 200 Zee | ico | toe | 100 300 | tee | tee | 200 360 | 200 | 190 eo | 100 | 33 oa | tec | 33 ao0 | “ss | 33 soo] $3] 38 joo | 33] 37 doo | 33] 37 roo | 36 | 37 ss | se | se 53 | se | serae 6 ceandaxé Gooree for Students and MAnitary Recrale igh shes Saeee wea | TE Fares “nates —Fensles— _meorite = et salen — Sects Sees essie Seweey SeaTe| Beate] eave | Seave] elyhool and college students. The resulting correlations, re orted in Table 7, were uniformly high, ranging from .96 to 5. Thus, although Form ¥ his superior psyehometric prop ‘es, reearch bated on Form X canbe readily generalized Form Y, For most clinical and research applications, the so forms may be considered essentially equivalent for the Sessment of ansiety. In differentiating between anxiet depression, however, Form ¥ should be wsed. (See ‘tion IV: Research with the STAL) Correlation between Form X and ecm Y ‘STA fr 5 Tanity ee Ste w a 2s males a se 6 ih Schaal dies 20 6 nies a a Additional normative data fur Form X are available for ‘eril populations of interest. neuropsychiatric (NP) pa: nts, general medical and surgical (GMS) patients, and prison inmates. Form Xwas administered to male NP “JCMS patients, either individually orn small groups, at ‘folowing Veterans Administration Hospital: Augusta ‘orgia Bay Pines and Mia, Florids Biloxiand Gulfport, ‘ssssippi Charleston, South Carolina; Clarksburg, West ‘nia, and Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The mean ages for the Prand GMS patients were 43 and 55, respectively: the ‘an educational level was tenth grade for both groups. Age 1d edocational level sere uncorrelated with STAT scores the NP patients, but there was a significant negative Srrelaton t= ~-22) between T-Ansiety scores and educa ‘ral vel for the GMS patents. A similar trend between, ‘Snaety scores and educational level for Form Y may be sted in Table I: high school males also had higher T- fivety scores than college males in the normative simples sr Form X (Spielberger et sl, 1970) “The means and standard deviations for Form X $- sviety and T-Anwiety scores of the patents are reported in Table 8, percentile rns and normalize T-score fr these groups are reported in Table 8. Diaguostic information was Srailable for approximately two thitds ofthe XP sample. Slightly more than 30 percent of these patients were di agroned a Shoprene, and apron 15 pet were diagnosed as neurotic. In the GMS sample, secondary Sagnoses indicated that the medical or surgical condition of 50 pereent of the patients was complicated by psychiatric factors: Table 8 reports the means and standard deviations for the subgroups of NP and GMS patients for whom di erential diagnostic information was available sates Means and Standard Dessous for Sale Nearopye hati (NP Tae alt nd Surpch (EMG) Hates Prison Tats! Same Teme — N Mean Men SD ToatAPPatets 46127 62RD ‘Devvenivefeacion “28 SLig 302 Sa) 128 iso kescion 60 os 1085 Schisopheenis 161 Ge is Brats Desage 3 tie 1120) Chnsecter Daordee BE 02 1305 “otal GMSPatients. 161 asi 1270 at ith pei Tiriccomplcanns 34 4235 156544621412 Patents wlboat pych “terceomgivatons 10 4268 197641331255 Peon Tomates a2 4595 lo e104 ed on Form & Focm X was administered to small groups ofinmatesat the Federal Correctional Institution, Tallahassee, Florida, ‘as part ofthe institution’ classification and testing pro- fram. Normative data based on these inmates are also r= ported in Tables 8 and 9. The mean age ofthe prisoners wos, BI years; their mean educational level was tenth grade. Asin the GMS patient sample, there was a significant negative correlation (r = —.25) between T-Anxiety scores and level Of educational achievement forthe prison inmatesPercentite panke and standard feoree for Male Neuropeychtatele 7) Tatienta, Cceneral nedica! and surgtesl GHS) 1 Percraet sa | 10000 | 100] 100 = 34 | 100 ]00 | 00] 00 i 3 | 00 J 100 | tea] 100 % 3 [00 J100 | 100} 100 34 | t00 J100 | 100] 100 te 3 | "9s Jio0 | "S8| too 2 a 5 3 | $8 Jt00 | Se} to 0 0 m a | $7 "59 | 52] 100 Bln | @ 2 | 36] se | 57] fe fn | cea | 2 | 35] se] se] 3e G [i | ea | on n re | os] 37 | se] 3 ee | lio | on % G& | 3a] si | Se) 9 ts | eles | 20 & | [ss] Se] 56 ele | ole | s oo G |S] ss] ss] ss s]e] ele] ala | o « [se | se] 95 els | ele] @| m | 6s |e [2 | 93] 9 & Ble] ele | e cf me] so] a2] a ee fee | asf a | ee jo pele] aye a ele | ele | 3 e [a 33] 54 eo ale ;ele| @ jer | 5i| 94 © Sle] a] ] a Jeo |e 3] 9 s ele | ols] @ et B| 9 3 ale]; ealal s = | 9 Es ffa | ale] je mi as | as] sz se ela | sie] x m9 | ay st 3 eof] sf ee | 36 8/33 | 8] & sb sla] ala] ss | 2] ef] a ss sla] sr] ] x 3 | ela] ef es Es sie | a] ss] 3 2 | S/S] ole 3 si | se] a] & 5 | elec] a] is 3 S/S] Ss] se] x | sefe] a] 2 Sl sr| sf se so & | 8s] do] i Fa S13] sf] & a false] ala 3 aise} a] a] a & [ala] al a % Sls | sf se] a & | alae] eo] es s Sls] se] so] S fafa] s}e os als| elo] ¢ 2 | sla] ss] ss a aja] ole] « a | a] 3 | si] 3 a ale] ela] 3 @ |u| de | ae] 3 a als] ola] @ a | Bf as | a] 50 Pa Blo] «| a] a we |x] | a] @ a alae] a} we] o 3 |x| o]s a ala] ays} = 3 | as | 36 | 38] co % nfo] | so] a py | Bla | |» 3 wa} ala] x x | apa | x] a Spa] a} a] 3 fiefs | as] a a wpa] ola] x & fasfar | nl a Bla] wl wo] x B fac] | as] s fla] elo] s eB fale | a) 2s a LPG] se] os] 2 a Jule | x] 2 u Bla] a] se} he x |wfu | | i a ala] x] a] » in| 6 y ala] x] a] 2» is] x a] | x{ as] 8 | 2 s fof ae | 33) 33 | 2 io x elo} x] a] 3B Bl as] afc] 2 elas] Bl] ow 3 xix | ds] a] 2 | 2 2 36 | a 35 25 »IIL. Development, Reliability, and Validity ‘TEST CONSTRUCTION AND. DEVELOPMENT “The construction of the STAI began in 1964 with the goalofdevelopinga single st ofitens thatcould be adminis: tered with different instructions to provide objective mea sures cf state and trait anaiety. Subsequent research findings changed our theoretical conception of annety and, e¥ 1 T-Anaiety. Test constr. pecially, our aomptions sb thn goss und procedures weve thereare mediied. Stumed to be most sellin constructing an inventory 10 ineasue both S-Annit and T-Amsiet, When est constve {ian was begun, soos all asety wales mesured rat ety (Splelberger, 1966) Thetfore, Heme with content felted tothe met widely used Tame sles were te Sten to be used as a measre of bth S-Amsety and FEA The rest war's sage sae, Form A, which couldbe administered with iferentinsrctons tomessure ther 8-Amity or Fao Imatudyng the validity of Form A, we dscovered that the connotation okey words In some ems terre the use of those ems 3 messuee ofboth Sansieiy and Transety. Furthermore, some ofthe bet ems of both clases had been eluded becaute altering the instrvctons foreseen could ot overcome thelr strong sao rat connotations. For example, the fem “T worry too mu Seemed to connotea relatively sable personaly tra nd thistem corelated highly with otber Feanuety items. Un der stresdul experimental condition, however, scores for thisitem did ntineresse as would expects measure tf Smits, nor dd they decreas expected under re insedconditions Likewise, “Heelupset esa hihly ses thee SAraety lem but reltvely poor measure of T: [Anviey. Scores on thistem varied afction ofitetonal dtress when sas given with sate instructions, but they sere unstable when st was sen th tat istctone On the basis of ovr tem-validation tterpt, we sb sequently modified our text-consructionstatgy. For Form X tee selected items withthe best pychometi properties for measuring ether stat o tat rast Only ve ems tet the abdationeiteriafor both scaestzee ofthese were retained serbatim, and fo were rewniten but kept thet Signal ke terms, The remaining fiten SeAnstty and fcr ety tern werent tren cont er eonnotaion to be regarded as uigpe to one ype of Srey measure and independent ofthe other More than 6,000 high school and elle stodents, ppcoinatly 609 newopsscitni sd edi and su fal patients, and 200 priton mates were tested inthe development, standardization, and validation of Form Xand tailier versions of the iwentory. The early test construction nd validation procedires, careied out primarily vith us Aergraduste college students at Vanderbit University, were esenibed in detal by Spielberger and Gorsuch (1966, pp 415.68), The principal steps and procedures in the eonsirue- tion, standardization, and validation of Form X, which were described in the original Test Menua! (Spiclberger et al, 1970), are summarized in Appendiy B of this Monuat. ‘Over the past decade, the STAL has been used more ‘estensicle in prychological research than any other ansiety measure (Boros, 1975), and, in most applications, STA ‘cores have been interpreted as unidimensional measures of ate dod tat ansity. The unidimensionalty ofthe STAI Sales has been questioned on the bass of several studies ng the Inventory’s factor structure (e., Barker et iider & Magnussen, 1976; Endler etl. 1976). However, datinetive state and trait ansiety factors were found in four studies that simultaneously factored all forty STAT tems (Barker et al, 1977; Caudry & Poole, 19 Gaadry et al, 1975; Kendall et al., 1870), and individual S-Ansisty and T-Ansiety items consistently leaded on dif ferent facts in these studies. Anxiety-present and -absent factors were also found, suggesting that the anviety-present and anvety-absent items may be tapping diferent sources of \ariance Spielberger etal, 1950) Tn general, the factor structure for the Form X $= Ansety seal, which had equal numbers of anuiete-present suid ansetyabseat items, had been more stable and con- sistent than the structure forthe T-Ansiety seal, which had thirteen anaiety-present items and only seven anxiety absent itenis. The imbalance in the T-Ansiety scale apparently contibuted to the instability of the results in dies offictor structure “To evamine the factor structure, Spiclberger et al. (1950) administered Form X with twelve potential replace: rent stems (six S-Anulty, six T-Anxicty)toalarge sample of highscheol stedents. The content ofthe replacement items, which was consistent with theoretical renements in ovr concept of anviety(Spielberger, 1976, 1979; Spelberger et a, 1980), gave greater emphasis tothe cognitive er worry” fspects of amiety than the original tems. The potential Teplacement stems also included several T-Ansiety items ‘nth anniety-absent content in an effort to achieve a better balance between the ansiety-present and anxiety-absent stems in this scale The fio analyses untied sate and tlt met absent and anxioty-present factors for both sexes. Several items contained key words, e.8., “I feel ansions,” whose ambiguity for high school students was reflected in smaller factor loadings and item-remainder correlations. rationalanalysis of iter content aso sugested that depression was move closely related than anne to several Heme ihe eriginal scale (eg. "Va reget fel Hike crying "1 feel blue. Other tems seemed to refit mania elation (e.g, "Teeloxerexited Teel ofl )rther than mete the absence of anaes Tn revising Form X. the weaker orginal stems were replaced by items with equal or better psychometric prop ties and content that was more consatent with ou con ep of tate ad trait nats the tems are shown iTable 101 The improved balance of anniets-present and aie aheent heme (Rom I3and 7 respectively, sn Form Xto IL {nd in Form Y rdued the influence ofan acquiescence Sel, The procedure for selecting items for Ferm Ys de- scribed in detalbs Spieberpe eta. (1580, and the annct: Ssent iter are Hentied in the Scoring section of ths Manual nthe construction and standardization of For snore thar 5,000 subjects were tested Studies of Form Vs factor structure have sekded clearest distinctions betwee stateand stnsits so, alot ente ase -presen nd anniet-absent acters were fund fr both sexes: More ver, each factor was defined almost exclosvely by $ SNnvets or TeAnuietyieme. Reseach on orn Y's factor Strctine, deseribed nda by Spelberger etl (1980) and is summarized in Appendix C of ths Aiferent groups of undergraduate collese students. The Students retested after one hour were expoed to the flaw ing eyperimental contons hetween test administrations bret period of rlaction training a deat 1Q test and file depicting several scidonts tht rested in serious jury: No special conditions were imposed onthe other el Tege groups, who were retested in thsroom settings Tae esl! Realy or he STA Sees Ten farat baer High Seat Stes ‘le Fem Smet stice Female Cotge Stade! agg et al. 1980) ‘vice wom ow Manual Females wo om Tette10 Sean Ferm X tens Replaced io Rein the Seale andthe Relsemest Nae ss sos 8 ies a oom ¥ Femi. 1 BR oe "ed on Frm X Origa tems Keplcenert ae amie Sele 4 tam eset “Cel trained Stel ted $8 tet ies 2 Tels el righted Me Hea indecie 1 Leal“ srg 1 el eerented ad raed 1. eal jot edb eonfined 19.1 est stead 25 Te guy 2 Heel ners and estes 5 Heel iie ening 3. Heel sated with msl Blam lng ut on hing because 25. elie» fare {ant makeup my mind een cous 2. Lam nine take things bard HA Ly tat ing = sor ‘ean 28. Heal oe ‘a1. hae during haves 2H. Lake dechion eal 238. fel nadeuate RELIABILITY: STABILITY AND INTERNAL. CONSISTENCY Reliability data for Forms X and ¥ are presented in ‘Table II. The stability oeficients for Form ¥ were bused on {so groups of high school students tested in classrnna se tings. The stability eoeficents for Form are based 8 The testretest correlations or the Teansity seule sore reasonable high forthe college students raging trom [3 to 86 forthe sis subgroups, but some hut lowe fr the igh school student, ranging from 65 0.75. The median relillitycoeficient forthe T-Anuete scale for allege and Iyigh school students were 765 and 95, respectively. For the S-Anucty scale, the staibts evecient fo elle and high school students were relatives los. rangingfeons 1640 162, with a median reliability coeficient of only 33. Rel atively low stability coefficients were expected forthe 8: Ansty seal hecaus a valid measure oftateansiety slim rellec the influence of unique stutionl factors that exstat the time of testing Given the transitory nature of anvety states. measures ofintennal consstoncy suchas the aphaeoeticent provide ‘more mesningfulindes of the reliabty ef S-Aniety scales than test-retest correlations. Alpha coefcieats forthe Fost Y'S-Ansiely and T-ansiety scales. computed by Formult KB20 ae mosfied by Cronbach ISI are reported in Tables Land 2 forthe nonnative samples. Ieean he noted in andar recruits, alps eet Cents forthe T-Anviety sale were alo unify high. with {media coefficient of 90. Lo adit, a» may be noted‘Table 2, the S-Anuiety and T-Ansiety alpha coefficients for the working adults remained high over the entire age range. ‘Alpha reliabilty coeficients are typically higher for the STATS-Ansictscale when itis ven under conditions of piyehological stress. For example, the alpha reliability ofthe Form X S-Anuity scale was 92 when it was administered to 8 group of college males immediately after a dificult in telligence test, and 94 when it was given immediately fter Astressng fin, For the same subjects, the alpha reality ‘vas 89 when it as given following a brief period ofrlaxe tion training. Additonal information on the internal con sistency forthe S-Anxietyscile under varying degrees nd Kinds of tres are reported ithe following section Further evidence of the internal consistency ofthe STAI scales b provided by item-remainder correlations com pated for the normative samples. The median S-Anvicty Tem-renuinder correlation 3s .63 forthe working adults, ‘59 forthe college students, 55for the high school students and--61 for the military recreits. The corresponding 7. ‘niet item-remainder correlations were 56,_57, 54, and Sb respectively. The item-remainder correlations were 50 "higher for more than half of the tens on both scales al of ihe T-Anaietsitens, and nineteen ofthe twenty S-Ansiety items, had itern-remainder correlations of 30.r above in all ff the normative samples for both seves. These data are reported in Tables 25 and 26 of Appendix D. “The itenyremainder correlation coefficients are higher for individual items when the S-Anaety sale isgiven under stressful conditions. This particularly true for items with the lowest item-remainder coefficients under relaxed cir ‘matances, The median itemn-remainder correlation forthe Form N SAniety scale was 61 following a dificult in felligence test, 65 when it was given after a disturbin tnovie, but only -36 when administered after relation taining. lemrermainder correlations for individual ite fbr the S-Anicts seale piven under conditions with varying smaunts of stress are reported in Table 27 of Append D Hin summary, stability, as measured by test-retest coefficients is relatively high for the STAI T-Anxiety scale Sha low forthe S-Anviety scale, as woud be expected for neasure assessing. changes in anxiety resulting from situational stress. The internal consistency for both the S ‘Amiety and T-Aniety scales are quite high as measted b ‘pha coeficéents and stem-remainder correlations, The in ternal consistency for Form ¥issightlvhigher than for Form X- which has resulted from replacement ofthe items inthe ‘erlee form with depressive content and weaker psycho metric properties. The overall median alpha cocfficieats for the S-Anwiety and T-Ansiety scales for Form Yin the norma tive samples ae -92 and 90, respectively, as compared to median alphas of 87 for S-Araiety and .89 for T-Anxety in the normative samples for Form X VALIDITY “The STAL provides operational measures of sate sal trait anriety as defined under "State and Trait Ansel)” in “ vlvidual STAT tems were re- at cach stage of the test ment process in order to be tetained for further wand valuation. The tet constuction and valida sisdesenbed by Spielherse serge etal. (1970) adn Apy P Manual, Representative findings with the STAT in aleted areas of research are discussed in Section 1V “Thasectincasmines evidence ofthe concurrent, ea sergent cergent andeonstructvabidityofthe STAL scales [traports research ndings relatingtothe fllowingsix areas ceeeeted oups, correlations between the S-Amuiety and ‘Tinsacty seals, correlations of the T-Ansiety seale with hice measures of trait anietys correlations of the STAT care Rah ether widely used measures of personality and ‘Sjestent correlations ofthe STAT scales with measures of ‘odeme aptitude and achievement; and investigations of ihe dees of diferent amounts and types of stress on S: Ansley cots. Section 1 Introduction Contrasted Groups Evidence of the construct saldity of the T-Aniety seale nay be seen in comparing the mean scores of the: ‘ares eeuropsvehiatric patient (NP) groups, reported in “Tiles, with thospof the dormal subjects reported in Tables Lind allbutone ofthe NP groups had substantially higher ‘Teanaiety scores than the normal subjects, prosiding e ence that the STAI discriminates between normals and puchistie patients for whom anxiety i a major symptom. ‘The lower TAnsiety scores of the character disorder grou fortiom the absence of anxiety is an important defini 1 provides further evidence of the construct valid (SEAL Table Salo reports that general medical and Sivpeal (GMS) patients with psychiatric complications had { T-aity scores than GMS patients without com- os indicating that the scale entified monpsy chiatric peat futents with emotional problems TSodenee of the construct validity of the S-Ansiety seale nas be observed in Table 1, in which the scores of fniltor recruits, tested shortly after they began highly: Stresfl traning programs, were much higher than those of College and high school students of about the same age who Seve tested under relatively nonstessful conditions, The ean S-Amsety scores forthe recruits were also much high- than their ov T-Anaiety scores, suggesting that these Subjects were experiencing a igh state of emotional turmoil Sheathes were tested, Incontrast the mean S-Anxiety and TeAnaiety scores for normal subjects tested under relatively ronsresfal conditions were quite similar (See Table 1). Further evidence of the constrvct validity of the STAT S~ ‘Anuety scale may be aoted in the finding thatthe S-Anxiety Scores ofelloge students were significantly higher under Ccunination conditions, and significantly lower after relaxa~ ‘don taining than when they were tested i a regular class period (see Tables 19 and 20)Correlations between the S-Ansicty and ‘T-Anxiety Seales ‘The coneltions between the Form ¥ S-Ansiety and TeAmity scales fr the normative amples of worn adults stdents, and tary recs are reported in Tae 12. The median coneation for tse seven sles wa 63 Fersons high in T-Anet tend fo be Fgher Anse even in elatiel neat sivations In pence Tat Ste Amsety Theon pedis higher cormtion, between § mity and TAnvets in sncal-vaaatne tation and lower comelationsn pskabdangr sists (Spee fer, 19,1072) Sine the correlations beeen he sales fem to depend upon the sieunt ad kind of stesso sed wth te condition underwhih the S-Amt see Administered, they hae mportat pation fore coe Struct ait of he STAT Tablet Carrttin betacen Sate sd Trot Amey Saks fr Working ‘Solent Rem ‘To determine the correlation between the S-Ansicty and T-Anvety scales under stressful and nonsteesfl ‘ditions, the Form N T-Anuiets scale was given at the begin hing and a the end ofa testing sesion in which college Students were exposed to varsing amounts and diferent Kinds of experimental stress. The S-Anuietscale was given on four eecasions during the same testing session, The mean ScAnwicy scores increased under canitions of grester Dror stres and decressed under more reed conditions. Whereas the T-Ansiety scores remained constait, For Temales, the correlations between the S-Anety and T- Anaiety sales varied between 11 and 53, with a median na correlations median relabi: teliability ceficint of 30, the corespond formales varied between 3 ity coeficient of Correlations between the S-Anviety and T-Anvety scales are typically higher under conditions that pose some threat tsellesteem, or under cumstances in which per sonal adequacy is evaluated; and corelations ate lower in Situations characterized by physiedl danger. Moresver, changes in S-Auniety esoked by threats of phsskal daner appear tobe untlated to level of F-Annety (Huse, 1957 Hodges & Spilberger, 1966, Lan, 1953), State tat sn ety corclations tend to be slighty higher when the STAL {cales re ivenin the same testingsession, one insmeditely following the athe, but such correlatinsare markedly low er ifthe subjects are expisel to or threatened with some form of physical danger. ind 67, Correlations of the T-Anviety Scale with Other Trait Ansiety Measures Evidence of the concurrent validity of the Faris S ‘T-Ansiely scale x presented in Table 13 4 which corel tions with the [PAT Ansicty Seale (Cattell & Scheter. 1953 the Taslor Manifest Ansiety Seale (TMAS, 1953), sd the “Affect Adjective Chockls{(AACL: 1990: Genet ace reported for college students. and ven psyehiaii patents, The IPAT Anat Sale and the TMS there the most widely used measures of trai nse a the tine Form X wasbeing developed Spielberg etal 0 Corseathos between the TAnsietycale, the IPAT. ao the TMAS were relatively high, ranging from 85 to 73. In conteast the AACL, General Form, cortelated only mea tritels with the other measures, sugsesting Hat this scales apparently less adequate ax a measore of trait ansets Siace the correlations among the IPST, the TUAS, and the T-Anxicte scale approached the eibiities ofthese “esles, the three inventories ean be quusidened. essential ‘equivalent measures of tritansiets. A jor avantaae sd the T-Anaiety seule, however, 4 that i cusst of ol tucente items, as compared withthe forty: thgecsitesn PAT and the fits-itein TMAS. and thus ecquires oly balf as time toadininisteras the other scales. Fora Yulso urea rat anviety with high interual consistency and wi items with depressive content or weak prechuetne prop crties The TMAS, by contrast, eantains Hes that is Feflect depression rather an anviet (e-f.Tery eal. "1 feel useless at tines,” and AL tines F think Lams no pod at AIM. Simarle, several IPAT items appear nore «lmels elated t anger than ansiety (eg, “Often Fget ars with people too quickly" Tales Correlations bencen the Trait Ass Seale Tad Other Mectere af Frit amen” Ansty (N= 128) (fee) Sle’ STAT TRAT SUALIPAT TAMAS STAEIPAT mar 3 Tas 50 35 B Ack oss "Based on Form NILE or the coreation oten the ST Correlations of the STAI with Other Personality Tests Cortelations ofthe STAL seen ot personality provide evidente of the convert and dr erpent validity ofthe STA Tn general ger corelatins sould be expected with measiresof ential distance ded psschopathologs. and snl correlators unl be Shpettdwith umreaeeontraty Imation dienes means ofin the correlations between the S-Anaiety and T-Ansiety Sales for different samples also provide information about the extent to which the relationships ong the mesure rellect acute anxiety or anxiety-proneness. ‘Correlations of Form X seals with the Minnesota Mul tiphasie Personality Incentory SIMD are reported in Table for hospitalized male neuropsychiatric patients from two Veterans Administration Hospitals. Although the correla tions between the T-Anaiety scale and individual MMPL Clinical scales were roughly comparable in the two samples the §-Anaiety-MMPI correlations were consistently higher for the Clarksbutg patients than for the Culfpoct patients This fining may be atteiotable tothe possibility tht the Clarksburg patients were more acutely disturbed, as in Gicated by their higher mean scores on all of the MMPI Clinical seals. ‘The Clarksburg patients were also sub: ‘Satay higher than the Gulfport patients on the Depres Son (D), Psychasthenia(P), and Schizophrenia (Se) scales, For which elevations reflect high levels of acute anuety (S ‘nvets) In eontast, the Gulfport sample consisted largely Gf eluonic schizophvenie patients with long histories of fospitlistion, Although the mean T-Anxity scores forthe Charsburg and Gulfport samples were nt significant dit ferent, the mean -Anety score of50.07 fr the Clarksburg patients was significantly higher than the mean S-Anxicty Fire of 46.20 forthe Gulfport patients (p <.00) sates erelatins af the SAL Sales wit the Minny Medaphene Perna etry ot ee led Neuropeyditri att! Glare et Guligort Fatiets i i 0) ‘Conant Mert Mean SD Stare Tra 4a 200 Em Te kool Ses Be Wee Tae Do tae Tat Ty Bat G80 Roohoo 335 Me eat a5 Biba IL Ro 2382 1097 for 1360, Bh 1958 “S30 ‘74 1945 B geBeeREaebes ‘Basten Foon ee ae ee Correlations between the STAT seals, the Comell Medic! Index, nd the U.S. Army Beta intelligence test are “so reported in Table 1 forthe Clarksburg patients, That the Comell Medial Index correlated 70 with both the ‘Teanniety and the S-Anxity scales indicates that a large ‘numberof medical symptoms are assoriated with high STAL scores, The absence ofa teltinship between the STAL Sean i gta tests epstent ith nding tht the SAT Gest meld to essres of neigence or inate spate Te aTATind Jackson's 7) Feronalty Research For Pllf ere routines sensor stents cent FerMUeI Site Unices's Coomning Cortes. Compete Sere Stefi attf 2 undergraduates Shihels dare pce af ee cents gt counseling for rae ans vocatond shims te remainder, fr Se paler tet the cents were males Sanne es percent were joes the others were ae Gea ame tcaes, ophomeres, ad seins sree sialintable the mean Amity and T-Araety sree Gate with enaheral problems were sical HUSH late of ents wi edoctonabsosatioral chem Pensable 15 also reports correlations of the STAI scales with he varus subsees ei Fy Since the T-Ansety sen Tektadaring persis dxpotons,whereasthe SOA Ses eler gantry conditions, comelations fetter ass eR auseearemore eect For bath crus cents, sneant postive opera eeebtates between he Tani ele ad SRE Agus an gst sees, and there asa aaa nee enive cowenccn withthe PAF Endurance rele For clients with emstinal problems, signa ess tive coeatuns were soo fund between the T-Amiey SeASRIRRE HI Aiioton, Dominance, Narterance, and Sie er aitough for cents with education: ool pskems no elssnshps were fund between FeeeLE aT Anas, thee was a sigiieant posit UUstalnion between the PAF Socal Recognition sale and Soult, the coreaans ofthe Seamaety scale ith TIARIS i seatcstended tobe sma tbat smaller tha than eianed ith the Ansty seal Cosson of Form Xe the subscale ofthe Eeduonll Drtonal Preference Seta (EPYS, 1654) ace Faete sable Mor ortsshnce dergrauate stds TEQUGMtne regular das period. Only the EPPS Absse- ee ee Senet correlated (¢ = 2} wth the {FQink scale Ths sme simple demonstrated 2 sign Sib ptice czeatin = 9 Between he EPFS base seeped the Mostly: Sale ofthe Multiple Affect ‘ij Check (SHAACE Zockerman & Labia 185, Mest e Cmreled 7 aad 2, respetvels, with te SOON ST ane ses Thos, the STAT sales were aint otic pero mensions mesored by he HEME cept for Abasemest The posite correlates be EES dhe Panety sale andthe EFPS Abssement sale Saco antuth the nding tata ofthese eles were acer duelated th ost, as mearored by the Miaaci. Tim Xand the Mooney Problem Checklist, College Form ibveonty& Cardone 18) were administered to tx a corey pul ele peril ofan itedctory sy der ee aia Sint Univers, The correlations Panes ei Stat sles andthe momber of problems